GC法测定复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的:建立测定复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80含量的气相色谱方法。方法:采用脂肪酸甲酯化法进行样品前处理。气相色谱条件:DB-WAX毛细管柱(PEG-20000,30 m×0.32 m×0.25 m);氢火焰离子化检测器(FID);进样口温度250℃,检测器温度为250℃;柱温初始温度为80℃,以10℃.min-1升温至220℃,保持20 min;载气为氮气,恒定流速1 mL.min-1,进样方式为分流进样,分流比10∶1;进样量为1μL。结果:聚山梨酯80的进样浓度在0.1～5.0 mg.mL-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=3)为97.4%～100.7%。结论:该方法简便快速,可用于复方苦参注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定。     

HPLC测定石榴子中的3种化学成分

目的 研究不同干燥温度、干燥时间下石榴子药材中果糖、葡萄糖与5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量的变化规律,为评价石榴子质量提供参考。方法 取石榴子药材,置60、80、105℃的烘箱中,分别烘1、4、8、12、18、24、36、48 h后取样;采用Mercury NH₂色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),以乙腈-水(70:30)为流动相,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,示差折光检测器测定样品中果糖、葡萄糖的含量;采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液(2:98)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长284 nm,测定样品中5-HMF的含量;采用SPSS 26.0软件分析干燥温度、干燥时间与果糖、葡萄糖、5-HMF含量的相关性。结果 随干燥温度及干燥时间的增加,石榴子药材中果糖、葡萄糖的含量呈下降趋势,5-HMF的含量呈上升趋势,温度为80、105℃时,变化较为明显;干燥温度、干燥时...     

GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量

目的:建立GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。方法:采用DB-WAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),氢火焰离子检测器(FID);以萘为内标;进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃,程序升温(初始温度105℃,保持3min,以3℃·min-1的速率升至140℃,再以100℃·min-1的速率升至210℃,保持5 min),分流进样,分流比2.0∶1,进样量1μL。结果:樟脑、乙酸龙脑酯浓度分别在1.81~27.18μg·m L-1和5.53~82.95μg·m L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率(n=9)分别为103.9%和105.2%。结论:本方法可用于测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。     

气相色谱法测定美洛昔康中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立测定美洛昔康中有机溶剂残留量的方法.方法 气相色谱法,PEG-20M(30m×0.32mm,0.25μm)弹性石英毛细管柱,氢火焰离子化检测器,柱温:35℃(恒温5min),以10℃·min-1的升温速率至140℃(恒温2min);以20℃·min-1的升温速率至220℃(恒温5min).进样口温度:250℃;检测器温度:250℃;载气:氮气;进样方式:直接进样法;进样量:1μL.结果 4种溶剂的回收率在100.0%～101.5%之间,相对标准偏差均小于2%,最低检出限为1.0×10-3 μg·mL-1～5.0×10-3 μg·mL-1.结论 本方法准确、简便、快捷,可用于美洛昔康中的有机溶剂残留测定     

红核妇洁洗液含量测定方法的改进

目的:对红核妇洁洗液含量测定方法进行改进.方法:建立同时测定红核妇洁洗液中糠醛、愈创木酚二组分含量的气相色谱法,采用DB-FFAP毛细管柱(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm);FID检测器;色谱条件:柱温从90℃开始以1℃·min-1升到100℃再以5℃·min-1升到140℃(保持5分钟)以20℃·min-1升到180℃(保持5分钟).进样口温度200℃、检测器温度230℃;分流进样,分流比1:20.结果:糠醛加样回收率为98.98%,RSD=2.60%;愈创木酚加样回收率为98.31%,RSD=2.18%,重复性良好.结论:本法测定结果准确可靠、快速、简便,可用于红核妇洁洗液的质量控制.     

气相色谱法测定甲磺酸达比加群酯中氯仿残留量

目的 建立顶空气相色谱测定甲磺酸达比加群酯中氯仿残留溶剂的方法.方法 采用DB-624(6％氰丙基苯基-94％甲基聚硅氧烷,30 m×0.53 mm×3.0μm)毛细管色谱柱,检测器:ECD;检测器温度:300℃;氮气为载气,流速为3.0 ml/min,分流进样,分流比为10:1;程序升温:初始温度60℃,维持10 m...     

HPLC法测定磷酸川芎嗪葡萄糖注射液的含量及有关物质

目的:建立磷酸川芎嗪葡萄糖注射液含量及葡萄糖降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Inertsil C_(18)(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(25:75:0.13),流速0.8 mL·min~(-1),UV295 nm检测。结果:川芎嗪在0.12-0.92 mg·m~(-1)范围内r=0.9997(n=5);5-HMF在0.14-11.4μg·mL~(-1)范围内r=0.9999(n=11),线性关系良好。川芎嗪和5-HMF的检测限分别为0.8 ng和0.5 ng。分析了3批样品,川芎嗪的含量为标示量的99.4%-100.0%。主要有关物质5-HMF为0.29-0.35μg·mL~(-1),未见其他有关杂质。结论:该法同时测定川芎嗪含量及制剂中5-HMF,过程简便、灵敏、准确。为该药提供了切实可行的质控方法。     

气相色谱法测定西洛他唑中残留溶剂

目的 建立气相色谱法测定西洛他唑中残留溶剂的方法.方法 采用PEG-20M石英毛细管柱(15m×0.53μm×1μm);柱温:60℃;检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度200℃,进样口温度180℃;直接进样1uL,进样口分流比5:1,载气为氮气,流速:3.0mL/mL,线速度:25cm/s.结果 2种残留溶剂均呈现较好的线性关系(丙酮:r=0.9966,异丙醇:r=0.9972);平均回收率为98.2％～102.3％.结论 本测定方法简便、准确,适用于西洛他唑中残留溶剂丙酮与异丙醇的同时测定.     

气相色谱法测定清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立测定清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑含量的气相色谱法。方法:采用DB-FFAP弹性石英毛细管柱(25 m×0.32 mm×0.50μm);FID检测器;载气：N₂;流速1 mL/min,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;柱温：初始温度70℃,保持4 min,然后以10℃/min升温至120℃,保持5 min,再以5℃/min升温至180℃,保持2 min,最后以25℃/min升温至200℃,保持5 min;进样量1μL;分流比2∶1。结果:薄荷脑质量浓度在0.01～0.10 mg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.998 5),平均回收率为99.9%(n=9,RSD=3.8%)。结论:本方法快速、简便,结果可靠、准确,重现性好,适用于清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑含量的测定。     

毛细管气相色谱法检测葛根素衍生物中的残留溶剂

目的:建立葛根素衍生物中二氯甲烷、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、吡啶4种有机溶剂残留量的检测方法。方法:采用气相色谱法,色谱柱为 HP-5(交联5%苯甲基聚硅氧烷)毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm×0.23μm),载气为氮气。检测器温度:250℃;进样口温度:280℃;程序升温:初始温度为36℃,保持0.5min,以每分钟3℃升至70℃,保持1min(延迟时间3min,保持250℃)。分流进样,分流比为1:100,柱前压为37.5kPa。结果:被测物均得到很好的分离,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系,精密度良好。结论:本方法简单、快捷,且灵敏度高,可用于葛根素衍生物中的残留溶剂检测。     

Mechanism of block by fluoxetine of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3)-mediated currents in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells

The effect of fluoxetine (Prozac) on 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) (5-HT(3))-mediated currents in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells was examined using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Fluoxetine produced a significant reduction of peak amplitude without altering the activation time course of 5-HT(3)-mediated currents. These effects were concentration-dependent, with an IC(50) value of 4.15 microM. No voltage dependence was evident in fluoxetine's block of 5-HT(3)-mediated currents over the entire voltage range tested. The extent of block by pre-application of fluoxetine was significantly greater than that by co-application. Fluoxetine also increased the apparent rate of current desensitization to 5-HT application. Using a first-order kinetics analysis, the open-channel blocking rate constants were 0.06 microM(-1)s(-1) (k(+1), association rate constant) and 0.05 s(-1) (k(-1), dissociation rate constant), with an apparent K(d) (=k(-1)/k(+1)) of 0.83 microM. This value is close to an IC(50) of 1.11 microM obtained from the reduction in tau, the time constant of desensitization. Intracellular application of fluoxetine for long durations had no effect on the amplitude or kinetics of 5-HT(3)-mediated currents. Similarly, norfluoxetine, the major metabolite of fluoxetine, reduced the peak current, and enhanced the rate of current desensitization in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 2.66 microM, indicating that norfluoxetine is more potent than fluoxetine in blocking 5-HT(3)-mediated currents. These results indicate that, at clinically relevant concentrations, fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, block 5-HT(3)-mediated currents in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells.     

Kinetic studies with 5-azacytidine-5'-triphosphate and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

In order to further understand the biochemical mode of action of 5-azacytidine, a potent antileukemic agent, kinetic studies were performed with 5-azacytidine-5'-triphosphate (5-aza-CTP) and purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and calf thymus. RNA polymerase could catalyze the incorporation of the fradulent nucleotide, 5-aza-CTP, into RNA. The apparent K_m value for 5-aza-CTP was estimated to be 350 and 390 for the E. coli and calf thymus enzymes respectively. The K_m value for 5-aza-CTP was about 18-fold greater than the K_m value for CTP (20 μM). The apparent V_max value for CTP was about 2-fold greater than the V_max value for 5-aza-CTP. 5-Aza-CTP was a weak competitive inhibitor with respect to CTP; the apparent K_i value for 5-aza-CTP was estimated to be 680 and 810 μM for the E. coli and calf thymus enzymes respectively. On the other hand, CTP was a potent competitive inhibitor with respect to 5-aza-CTP; the apparent K_i value of CTP was estimated to be 16 μM. 5-Aza-CTP did not appear to inhibit the incorporation of UTP into RNA in the reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerase. These data suggest that the inhibition of RNA synthesis in cells by 5-aza-cytidine is not produced by the inhibition of RNA polymerase by 5-aza-CTP.     

Exclusion of exogenous 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine from DNA in human leukemic cells. A study with [2(-14)C]- and [methyl-14C]5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine

Modification of DNA-cytosine by a 5-methyl group is thought to be an important mechanism which regulates the expression of eukaryotic genes. This modification takes place after semiconservative replication. There is very little evidence, if any, that 5MeCyt could be naturally incorporated into mammalian DNA in semiconservative replication. We have clarified the possibility of incorporating 5MedCyd pharmacologically into human leukemic cells in vitro. To this end, we developed a novel small-scale synthesis method for 14C-labeled 5MedCyd starting from commercially available [14C]dThd derivatives. Particular attention was focused upon possible incorporation of radioactive 5MedCyd derivatives into the acid-soluble cellular fraction as well as into nucleic acids and protein in human cells. The results showed that [2(-14)C]- and [methyl-14C]5MedCyd were incorporated into human leukemic cells to a similar extent. The radioactivity originating from these compounds was incorporated mainly into the acid-soluble pool and nucleic acids. The exact nature of the intracellular radioactive molecules in RNA is not known, but the radioactive label in DNA hydrolyzate co-chromatographed exclusively with thymine. Hence, 5MedCyd is deaminated to thymidine before incorporating into DNA. This deamination had taken place already (partially) in the culture medium. Human leukemic cells do effectively protect their DNA from incorporation of exogenous 5MedCyd.     

Disposition of 5-fluorouracil during chronic hepatic arterial infusion to patients with carcinoma in the liver and effect on circulating platelets

5-Fluorouracil was administered by continuous hepatic intra-arterial infusion to eight patients with the diagnosis of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metastases. Its elimination characteristics were investigated to see if they correlated with therapeutic effect or reduced clinical toxicity when the drug was given by this route. Urinary excretion of drug and metabolites was similar to findings after intravenous bolus doses. Disposition changes could not be correlated with therapeutic effect or clinical toxicity. A dose-related biphasic effect of 5-fluorouracil was found on circulating platelets. Doses greater than 6 mg kg^?1 d^?1 decreased the number of circulating platelets, while doses less than that resulted in an increase in circulating platelets. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of the effect of 5-fluorouracil on platelets.     

Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter genotype may influence the prolactin response to clomipramine

RATIONALE: A 44-base-pair insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin (5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) gene gives rise to a bi-allelic polymorphism designated long (l) and short (s). The s variant is associated with a lower expression of 5-HTT sites and a reduced efficiency of 5-HT reuptake. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the increase in brain 5-HT function produced by acute 5-HT reuptake blockade is influenced by the 5-HTT promoter l/s polymorphism. METHODS: We measured the increase in plasma prolactin that follows acute administration of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine as an index of 5-HT neurotransmission in 14 healthy female subjects (7 with ss genotype and 7 with ll genotype) using a placebo-controlled crossover design. RESULTS: Clomipramine-induced prolactin release was significantly greater in subjects with the ll genotype. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that acute 5-HT reuptake blockade produces a greater increase in 5-HT neurotransmission in subjects with the ll genotype than in those with an ss genotype. These results are consistent with clinical data indicating that subjects with an ss genotype may have a poorer therapeutic response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) monotherapy.     

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in calcitonin-producing cells

A common feature of the calcitonin-producing cells (C cells) is their capacity to produce and store arylethylamines. The activity of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA/5-HTP decarboxylase) was measured radiometrically in the thyroid glands of various species and in the ultimobranchial gland of the chicken. The enzyme activity was well correlated with the number of amine-containing C cells, demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy in these tissues. The ultimobranchial gland had a conspicuously high activity of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The follicular cells of the thyroid appeared to have no or only a very low activity of this enzyme.     

5-Methoxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine-induced desensitization as a discriminative tool for the 5-HT3 and putative 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig ileum

Summary Agonist-induced desensitization has been utilized to discriminate and independently isolate the neuronal excitatory receptors to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the guinea pig ileum (5-HT₃ and putative 5-HT₄ receptors). Electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparations, and non-stimulated segments of whole ileum were used. Exposure to 5-methoxytryptamine (10 mol/l) inhibited completely responses to 5-HT at the putative 5-HT₄ receptor without affecting 5-HT₃-mediated responses. Conversely, exposure to 2-methyl-5-HT (10 mol/l) inhibited completely responses to 5-HT at the 5-HT₃ receptor without affecting putative 5-HT₄-mediated responses. The inhibition with 5-methoxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-HT, either alone or in combination, appeared selective as responses to KCI, DMPP, carbachol, histamine, and substance P were unaffected or only very slightly modified. Furthermore, the pA₂ values for ICS 205–930 at the putative 5-HT₄ (pA₂ = 6.2 to 6.5) and 5-HT₃ (pA₂ = 7.6 to 8.1) receptors (estimated in the presence of 2-methyl-5HT and 5-methoxytryptamine, respectively) were consistent with those estimated in the absence of desensitization.5-Methoxytryptamine, but not 2-methyl-5-HT, suppressed completely but reversibly the concentration-effect curve to renzapride, suggesting that responses to this agent are mediated exclusively via agonism at the putative 5-HT₄ receptor.It is concluded that 5-methoxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-HT can be utilized as selective probes to discriminate the putative 5-HT₄ receptor from the 5-HT₃ receptor in guinea pig ileum. This finding is of importance as no selective antagonist exists for the putative 5-HT₄ receptor. Furthermore, the presently described method of agonist-induced desensitization and 5-HT receptor discrimination may be useful for the identification and characterization of the putative 5-HT₄ receptor in other tissues and species. Send offprint requests to D. E. Clarke at the above address     

注射用脱氧氟尿苷与5-氟尿嘧啶对照治疗恶性肿瘤121例

目的:验证和比较注射用脱氧氟尿苷(5'-DFUR)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)抗肿瘤疗效和安全性.方法:121例晚期恶性肿瘤患者进行5'-DFUR单药(n=22)或联合化疗(n=99),后者随机分为治疗组(n=54)和5-FU对照组(n=45).5'-DFUR用法为3 000mg·m-2,静脉滴注,d1～d5;5-FU用法为750mg·m-2,静脉滴注,d1～d5;单药和联合化疗组均给药21～28d为1个周期,2个周期为1个疗程.结果:可评价疗效119例患者,单药组有效率13.6%(3/22),各病种之间差异无显著性.联合化疗中,对照组有效率为11.6%(5/43),治疗组有效率为20.4%(11/54),两组之间差异无显著性,既往治疗与否与疗效无明显相关性.单药组主要不良反应为白细胞下降、恶心呕吐、乏力、腹泻、口腔溃疡等.联合化疗组的不良反应主要为骨髓抑制、恶心呕吐、乏力、神经毒性及口腔黏膜损伤等,治疗组和对照组差异无显著性.结论:5'-DFUR单药和联合其他药物对乳腺癌、胃肠道肿瘤均有一定疗效,但与5-FU对照组之间差异无显著性.     

Recent developments in C5/C5a inhibitors

Complement factor 5a (C5a) is formed upon complement system activation in response to infection, injury or disease. Whilst C5a is a potent mediator of immune and inflammatory processes, excessive production or inadequate regulation of C5a has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous immuno-inflammatory diseases, predominantly through experimental studies utilising animal models of disease. Both acute and chronic conditions may benefit from C5a inhibition, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, psoriasis, haemorrhagic shock and neurodegenerative conditions. The potentially broad clinical application for treatments that inhibit the activity of C5a at C5a receptors and the large global market for anti-inflammatory therapeutics have made C5a and the C5a receptor attractive targets for academic and commercial drug development programmes. In the past 5 years, interest in C5a as a drug target has grown substantially, and this activity has resulted in a collection of patents and scientific papers reporting novel C5a and C5a receptor inhibitors and antagonists, and generated a secondary stream of patent applications broadly claiming the use of C5/C5a inhibitors as a method of treating various immune and inflammatory conditions. This paper will review the physiology and pathophysiology of C5a and discuss the development of C5a and C5a receptor inhibitors in light of the recent scientific and patent literature.     

Antagonism of baclofen's effects on rat striatal 5-HT metabolism: A model for 5-HT agonistic properties?

The increase in the rat striatal concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) elicited by baclofen was antagonized by the 5-HT antagonists pipamperone (10/30 mg/kg i.p.), cyproheptadine (30 mg/kg i.p.), methiothepin (1 mg/kg i.p.), and GP 50 302 (1/3 mg/kg i.p.), but not by cinanserin (1–30 mg/kg i.p.), pizotifen (1–10 mg/kg i.p.), spiroperdol (0.1–1 mg/kg i.p.), or haloperidol (0.1–1 mg/kg i.p.). The 5-HT agonists, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and MK 212 (3/10 mg/kg i.p.) also showed an antagonistic effect. Methysergide (5–20 mg/kg i.p.) and quipazine (2.5/5 mg/kg i.p.) were previously shown to act similarly, whereas mianserin (5–20 mg/kg i.p.) was inactive and methergoline at lower doses (0.25–0.5 mg/kg i.p.) increased the effect of baclofen, which was reversed at higher doses (1 mg/kg i.p.). The alterations by these compounds of the 5-HT increase elicited by baclofen were more or less similar; however, they were less clear-cut and occurred at higher doses. These interactions were not the result of interferences of the compounds with the absorption, distribution, or metabolism of baclofen nor with its effect on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, since the increase in dopamine concentrations it caused was not affected by any of the compounds. A comparison of our results with published data on the antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches, on spiroperidol or 5-HT displacement, on 5-HT-stimulated adenylate cyclase, and with electrophysiological results suggests that the antagonistic effect of compounds interfering with the 5-HIAA elevating action of baclofen is not related to 5-HT receptor blocking properties of these drugs, Instead, it seems to be much more related to 5-HT agonists properties. It is speculated that this model might reveal presynaptic agonistic properties of drugs, but more data are needed to confirm or reject this.