超声诊断巨大肾外型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例

<正>患者女,21岁,因间断发作右腹部隐痛近4个月,发现右侧肾周肿物近1个月,以腹部巨大包块(性质待定)入院。体格检查:一般情况良好,腹部平坦,未见胃肠型及蠕动波,全腹部无压痛,右腹部未触及异常包块,双侧输尿管走行区无压痛,双肾区无压痛、叩击痛。尿常规及头颅CT均未见明显异常。超声检查:右肾大小正常,形态欠规整,右肾上极后上方见一大小约125 mm×75 mm×90 mm团状高回声,边界清,与右肾上极     

超声检查输尿管囊肿合并结石嵌顿1例

患者男,24岁.因反复尿频尿急,下腹部不适半年,尿痛尿血3d.查体:腹平软,右肾区叩击痛(+),下腹部压痛(+),无反跳痛,未触及明显包块.尿常规检查,潜血阳性,有镜下血尿.超声检查显示:右肾大小形态正常,集合系统分离,无回声区前后径10.1 mm;右侧输尿管全程扩张,上段内径约6.0 mm,下段内径约4.0 mm;膀胱充盈时,于膀胱后壁右侧输尿管开口处探及一大小约36.1mm×30.6 mm×44.4 mm的囊状无回声区,壁厚2.2mm,并于右侧输尿管开口相对的囊壁上探及一大小约8.0 mm×6.0 mm的团状强回声横在其上,后伴声影.CDFI示:右侧输尿管开口及囊壁团状强回声旁均可见喷射的彩色尿液流动信号(图1).排尿后复查囊腔形态无明显改变.超声诊断:(1)右侧输尿管囊肿合并结石嵌顿;(2)右肾及输尿管轻度积水.后经膀胱镜检查及手术治疗证实.     

遗传性结节性硬化病超声表现一例

患者女,21岁,傣族.以"产后间断性发热1个月伴阴道出血十余天"为主诉入院.入院后进行常规超声检查,第1次超声报告为"双肾增大伴双肾实质多发高回声团,建议进一步检查".据此将患者转入泌尿外科,行CT检查.CT示(图1):(1)双肾病变:①恶性占位性病变,肾癌或脂肪肉瘤;②以平滑肌及血管为主的错构瘤;(2)左肾轻度积水;(3)双侧髂骨、骶骨(骶髂关节弯)及T12、L1-5椎体骨质密度增高灶,成骨性转移待排除.3 d后对其行第2次超声检查,超声示:双肾体积明显增大、形态异常,右肾大小13.7 cm×6.5 cm×4.7 cm,左肾大小14.9 cm×7.2 cm×5.1 cm.双肾实质内可见较多大小不等的高回声与低回声肿块,肿块间尚可见少许正常肾脏组织回声,肿块以高回声为主,形态尚规则,肿块边界清、内部回声尚均匀,但较大高回声肿块内可见不规则无回声区;高回声肿块内未见明显血流信号,较大低回声肿块内可见较丰富血流信号(图2);右肾内最大高回声肿块大小约4.8 cm×2.9 cm,最大低回声肿块大小约3.6 cm×2.7 cm,均位于右肾上极;左肾内最大高回声肿块大小约3.2 cm×2.7 cm,位于左肾上极;最大低回声肿块大小约6.5 cm×4.1 cm,位于左肾下极.另于左、右肾各见一无回声区,均位于双肾的中上部,大小分别约1.4 cm×1.2 cm和1.7 cm×1.5 cm.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断右肾囊瘤型动静脉瘘1例

正患者男,55岁。右腰腹部隐痛不适1年余,加重1个月就诊。体格检查:血压135/75mm Hg,心率70次/min,腹软无压痛,肝、肾区无叩击痛。既往有肾炎并行右肾穿刺活检史。彩色多普勒超声检查示:右肾内可见大小约62mm×34mm无回声囊腔样结构,无回声囊腔通过约3.0mm交通口与肾内段动脉相通,另通过大小约2.5mm交通口与肾内静脉相通;彩色及频谱多普勒示:右肾段动脉血流通过交通口进入无回声囊腔内,交通口处呈动脉样频谱,血     

右侧肾上腺血管瘤一例

<正>患者,女性,59岁,主因"体检发现右侧肾上腺区肿物5 d"入住江苏省苏北人民医院。患者5 d前在体检时发现右侧肾上腺区肿物,既往体健,无肥胖,无高血压、糖尿病及冠心病等,体质量无明显下降。入院检查:双肾区无隆起,双肾未触及,双肾区叩痛(-)。双输尿管行经区无叩击痛,耻骨上区无隆起,膀胱位于耻骨下,触痛(-)、压痛(-)。实验室检查:糖类抗原(CA153、CA125、CA199)、甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原及血清皮质醇检查均正常。超声检查:右侧肾上腺区见混合性回声42 mm×33 mm,边界清晰,内见数个液性暗区,较大者约24 mm×22 mm,未见血流信号。超声提示:右侧肾上腺区混合性回声团     

自发性肾出血急诊超声1例

患者男,65岁.发热40余天,于2天前因原因不明的右侧中下腹突发疼痛伴面色苍白、出冷汗,急诊入我院.既往有肺结核病史.查体:腹部轻度膨隆,未见肠型及肠蠕动波,右侧腹及右下腹压痛明显,右下腹反跳痛阳性,右肾区叩击痛阳性.急诊超声检查声像图示:右肾形态正常,大小约12.6 cm×7.4 cm×6.7 cm,肾内结构紊乱,右肾中上极实质区外侧可探及局灶性无回声区,大小约2.3 cm×2.0 cm,周边见高回声包绕.CDFI示仅于肾门部探及散在少许星点状血流信号,盆腔及下腹腔结构紊乱,并见少许不规则无回声.     

超声诊断巨输尿管及输尿管开口异常1例

患者男,15岁,5d前因无明显诱因右腰部疼痛伴发热,外院超声提示“右肾萎缩,右侧输尿管增宽”,服用抗炎药后症状无改善,来我院就诊。体格检查：体温38．7℃,双肾区无包块,右肾区轻压痛,无叩击痛,右侧输尿管走行区压痛。左肾区及左侧输尿管走行区无压痛。超声行肾、输尿管、膀胱检查。超声显示：左肾大小约12．7cm×5．7cm×6．5cm,形态规则,边界清,肾实质回声暗淡均匀,肾盂肾盏区未见异常;左侧输尿管区未见异常。右肾大小约5．6cm×2．2cm×2．4cm,肾实质回声增强,皮髓质分界不清（图1）,肾盂肾盏区分离,     

Meckel-Gruber综合征超声表现1例

孕妇,21岁.孕1产0,孕34周.外院超声检查为脑膨出畸形来我院要求引产.产前超声检查:宫内单活胎,双顶径82 mm,枕部颅骨回声连续中断,局部可见一大小约23 mm×27 mm、不均匀低回声膨出.胎儿双肾体积明显增大,回声增强,右肾大小约49 mm×61 mm,左肾大小约48 mm×46 mm(图1),内见多数大小不等的无回声区;羊水指数42mm.余未见明显异常.超声提示:(1)宫内单活胎;(2)胎儿脑膜脑膨出畸形;(3)胎儿双肾囊性病变;(4)羊水过少.     

超声误诊先天性巨输尿管合并患侧肾不发育1例

患者女,58岁,因“下腹胀痛”就诊.妇科超声:子宫切面形态正常,大小42 mm×31 mm×44 mm,肌层回声均匀,内膜清晰居中,厚度为3 mm;子宫后方见116 mm×24 nn无回声区,边界清,内可见光带分隔;CDF1于上述无回声区内未见彩色血流信号.超声提示:盆腔囊性包块,考虑输卵管积水.腹腔镜检查;子宫附件未见异常,右侧盆腔腹膜后腊肠样包块,约12 cm×2cm.肾分泌性造影及CT平扫:右肾未显影;左肾积水;盆腔内囊性占位性病变,约72 mm×31 mm.剖腹探查见右肾约指甲大小,右输尿管明显扩张,束端呈囊球状.术后病理:右肾不发育,右侧先天性巨输尿管.     

右肾肾盂纤维上皮性息肉超声表现1例

患者女,36岁.因右侧腰部疼痛2月入院.尿常规未见异常.超声检查:左肾大小、形态及实质回声正常.右肾集合系统分离约32 mm,右肾盂测及一大小约61 mm×26 mm×21mm实性等回声,呈楔形,边界清楚,边缘规则,彩色多普勒于其内未测及明显血信号,其上缘中央部可见11 mm×3mm的沿肾盂走行的条状无回声.右肾肾盏扩张,肾盏内可见散在分布稍高回声纤维分隔带.超声诊断:①右侧肾盂实性占位并右肾中度积水,肾盂癌待除外;②右肾盏散在纤维分隔.CT:右肾盂占位性病变并右肾积水.肾盂静脉造影:右肾肾盏扩张、积水,右肾盂及输尿管显影不佳.逆行泌尿系造影:右肾盂输尿管移行区狭窄.手术结果:右肾肾盂内见一大小约60 mm×35 mm×30 mm实性灰白色息肉样肿块,向上段输尿管管腔延续.病理结果:息肉样组织表面为正常肾盂上皮,实质部分为大量的纤维组织和血管,并可见少量慢性炎细胞浸润.病理诊断:右肾盂纤维上皮性息肉.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."