氯吡格雷的药理学,临床疗效和耐受性

氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)是一种具有不可逆抑制血小板聚集的噻吩并吡啶化合物,化学结构与噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)类似.与阿司匹林等药物不同,它产生抗血小板聚集作用不是通过花生四烯酸代谢途径,而是通过抑制ADP对血小板的诱导作用.1 药效学特征1.1 作用机制 氯吡格雷通过阻断ADP受体,抑制纤维蛋白原与它的血小板受体(即糖蛋白GP Ⅱ b-Ⅲa)结合,但不是直接干扰GP Ⅱb-Ⅲ a复合物的形成,可能是间接的减少纤维蛋白耗的结合.氯吡格雷抑制健康志愿者ADP和凝血酶诱导的血小板聚集,它选择性地减少可抑制活比腺苷酸环化酶的功能性ADP受体的数目.大鼠血小板体外实验表明,氯吡格雷与血小板表面腺苷酸环化酶偶联的ADP结合是直接的、竞争性的和不可逆的.     

血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体P140基因的分离及鉴定

目的:为深入研究抗血小板糖蛋白抗体基因的表达提供途径.方法:采用抑制血小板聚集和间接免疫荧光试验,对3种抗人血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa单克隆抗体(简称血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体)P140、P256和H7的抑制血小板聚集的能力和血小板结合特异性进行了比较.将单克隆抗体P140的轻链和重链Fd段基因连接于克隆载体pGEM T-Easy上,并进行测序.结果:鼠源血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体P140的特异性和敏感性优于P256和H7,测序分析结果准确.结论:鼠源血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体P140血小板结合特异性和抑制血小板聚集的能力均较强.该鼠源性免疫球蛋白基因是一个值得深入探讨的抗血小板抗体基因.     

血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体P140基因的分离及鉴定

目的：为深入研究抗血小板糖蛋白抗体基因的表达提供途径。方法：采用抑制血小板聚集和间接免疫荧光试验，对3种抗人血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb／Ⅲa单克隆抗体(简称血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa抗体)P140、P256和H7的抑制血小板聚集的能力和血小板结合特异性进行了比较。将单克隆抗体P140的轻链和重链Fd段基因连接于克隆载体pGEMT-Easy上，并进行测序。结果：鼠源血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa抗体P140的特异性和敏感性优于P256和H7，测序分析结果准确。结论：鼠源血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa抗体P140血小板结合特异性和抑制血小板聚集的能力均较强。该鼠源性免疫球蛋白基因是一个值得深入探讨的抗血小板抗体基因。     

胃泌素释放肽前体融合蛋白的制备及其在肿瘤研究中的应用

目的克隆胃泌素释放肽前体(pro-GRP)基因、构建重组质粒pGEM-T-pro-GRP和表达载体PMS-31b-pro-GRP、在大肠杆菌中热诱导表达并制备融合蛋白。方法从BGC823胃癌细胞中提取总RNA,利用pro-GRP特异引物,扩增人pro-GRP分子的cDNA全长。将pro-GRP基因定向克隆于pGEM-T载体转化JM109,DNA测序鉴定基因序列。将pro-GRP基因定向克隆于原核高效表达载体PMS-31b,转化大肠杆菌POP2136经42℃热诱导表达MS2-pro-GRP融合蛋白。将融合蛋白分离纯化后,十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)凝胶鉴定。结果经聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增成功获得210bp的pro-GRP基因,目的基因序列正确。SDS-PAGE显示热诱导后表达的融合蛋白分子量约为18000。结论成功克隆pro-GRP基因,并表达和纯化了PMS-31b-pro-GRP融合蛋白,为建立pro-GRP检测方法奠定了基础。     

蝎镇痛抗菌活性肽BmK AS的融合表达及蛋白切割

目的构建镇痛抗菌活性肽BmK AS原核融合表达载体,实现可溶性表达,获得重组活性肽BmK AS。方法利用本实验室已构建成功的pET 28a-AS质粒,设计引物经过聚合酶链式反应,将目的基因克隆至pET 32a载体中,构建融合表达载体pET 32a-AS,优化诱导表达条件,实现BmK AS在大肠杆菌BL21(DE 3)中的融合可溶性表达,通过金属离子螯合亲和薄层色谱法对重组蛋白进行初步分离纯化,获得重组融合蛋白后采用凝血酶进行切割去除纯化标签,经SDS-PAGE检测切割效果。结果成功构建重组表达质粒,优化得到低温诱导促进蛋白可溶性表达的方法;采用金属离子螯合亲和薄层色谱法获得重组蛋白;电泳结果表明凝血酶可以切割融合蛋白。结论实现活性肽BmK AS在大肠杆菌中的融合可溶性表达,经凝血酶切割后获得重组镇痛抗菌活性肽BmK AS,为后续药理活性研究奠定基础。     

AoGDW肽抑制血小板聚集的作用机制

目的研究RGD(精氨酸-甘氨酸-天门冬氨酸)肽衍生物-AoGDW(ω-氨基辛酸-甘氨酸-天门冬氨酸-色氨酸)抑制血小板聚集的作用机制。方法采用双色荧光标记以及流式细胞技术检测AoGDW肽对CD41抗体与血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体结合的抑制作用以及对血小板膜上P-选择素表达的影响。结果随着AoGDW肽浓度的增加,CD41抗体与活化血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体结合率呈现下降趋势,相对于阴性对照组,P<0.01。但CD41抗体与静止血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体的结合率以及CD62p抗体与静止血小板P选择素的结合率与阴性对照组相比,P>0.05。结论AoG-DW肽是通过占据血小板上纤维蛋白原的结合位点即活化的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体而发挥抑制血小板聚集的作用,并且不具有活化血小板的作用,是一种选择性的GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂。     

pTAT-XIAP融合蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的将X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)插入质粒pTAT-HA,构建pTAT-XIAP原核表达载体,以获得高产量、高纯度的pTAT-XIAP融合蛋白。方法将pTAT-XIAP融合蛋白表达载体转入大肠杆菌BL21plysS,异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导融合蛋白表达,产物经镍离子亲和层析柱(Ni-NTA)亲和层析纯化,并用Western blot方法鉴定。结果 pTAT-XIAP融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得表达,纯化后蛋白呈单一条带,表达产物经Western blot分析证实目的蛋白表达。结论构建重组融合表达载体,在大肠杆菌中成功表达并纯化pTAT-XIAP融合蛋白。     

蜂毒肽融合蛋白在裂殖酵母中的表达研究

将抗菌肽之一的蜂毒溶血肽(Melittin)基因序列定向克隆到表达载体pESP-2中,构建GST-Melittin融合蛋白。利用载体上严格受硫胺素浓度调控的启动子Pnmtl,采用先扩大培养后诱导表达的两步培养法,实现了融合蛋白在裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces Pombe中的异源表达。然后通过GST亲和层析法一步纯化得到融合肽。研究中1L培养液收集到约5g鲜活酵母菌,纯化得到400μg融合蛋白,融合蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot验证,表明蜂毒肽融合蛋白已在裂殖酵母中高效的表达,并可以通过GST亲和层析法得到有效纯化。初步的活性实验证明所获得Melittin蛋白对Escherichia Coli DH5α菌种有良好的抑菌效果。     

乳铁素的融合表达及其体外抗菌活性鉴定

为降低乳铁素Lf-cinB表达时对宿主细胞的毒害,提高乳铁素的表达量及纯化效果,合成了牛乳铁蛋白肽基因,克隆至E.coli表达载体pTYB11中,构建了与蛋白质内含子(intein)的C端融合的表达载体pTYB11-cinB。重组质粒转化至E.coliBL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达,融合蛋白intein-cinB主要以可溶形式存在于胞内。利用载体中intein中的chitin结合域,将融合蛋白通过chitin亲和层析一步纯化,经DTT诱导in-tein的自我切割活性,实现Lf-cinB在亲和柱上的切割与分离,透析冻干后得到了纯度94%的重组Lf-cinB。活性检测结果显示,重组Lf-cinB对多种检测菌均有抗菌活性。研究认为,内含肽在抗菌肽的基因工程中具有重要的应用前景。     

新基因Betatrophin原核重组蛋白表达及纯化

目的 构建人Betatrophin基因(h-Betatrophin)原核表达载体,诱导Betatrophin重组蛋白表达及纯化,为制备Betatrophin蛋白多克隆抗体及其功能研究打下基础.方法 体外克隆Betatrophin cDNA序列,酶切后连接到PET32 a(+)原核表达载体上,构建重组载体h-Betatrophin-PET 32 a,然后转入大肠杆菌BL 21(DE 3),用异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导蛋白表达,SDS-PAGE-考马斯亮蓝染色及Western blotting检测蛋白表达情况,然后用Ni-NTA His·Bind(R)Resin纯化目的蛋白.结果 成功构建Betatrophin基因原核表达载体,诱导表达Betatrophin重组蛋白表观分子量正确,经纯化后可以得到纯度较高的Betatrophin重组蛋白.结论 重组载体h-Betatrophin-PET 32 a转入大肠杆菌BL 21后通过诱导及纯化可获取到纯度很高的Betatrophin重组蛋白,为后期研究Betatrophin基因功能奠定基础.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.