ER、PR和CerbB-2表达与乳腺癌临床病理因素相关性分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌巾雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人表皮生长因子受体-2(CerbB-2)癌基因表达及其与乳腺癌临床病理的相关性.方法:采用常规免疫组化法检测213例临床病理资料完整的乳腺癌组织中的CerbB-2、ER和PR表达.结果:CerbB-2、EB和PR的阳性率分别为43.2%(92/2131、54.0%(115/213)、50.7%(108/213).CerbB-2的表达与肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移和临床分期呈正相关(P<0.05),与病理类型无关,在ER和PR均阳性组的表达低于二者均阴性组的表达(P<0.05);ER和PR的表达与患者的肿瘤大小、病理类型无关.结论:CerbB-2、ER、PR表达与乳腺癌的发生发展有关,CerbB-2、ER、PR的测定是判断乳腺癌预后的重要指标,可以为临床制定乳腺癌的综合治疗方案提供重要依据.     

乳腺癌淋巴结转移相关因素的多元分析

目的通过对Ki-67标记指数、DNA含量及倍体情况、微血管密度(MVD)、组织蛋白酶D(Cathepsin-D)、端粒酶(hTERT)在乳腺癌中的表达,结合乳腺癌肿瘤大小、组织学分级及雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、p53、CerbB-2等的表达,进一步明确各指标与乳腺癌淋巴结转移的关系,为预后提供有价值的信息。方法用图像分析系统对Ki-67、MVD及DNA含量进行定量检测;用免疫组织化学S-P法检测乳腺癌、乳腺癌前病变及良性病变中Cathepsin-D、hTERT基因蛋白、Ki-67、抗FⅧ-RA的表达;选择10项可能影响乳腺癌淋巴结转移的相关因素进行量化,应用SPSS 10.0统计软件包多因素Logistic逐步回归分析。结果Ki-67标记指数、MVD、细胞DNA相对倍体均值(U值)按乳腺良性病变、乳腺癌前病变及乳腺癌的顺序呈递增趋势,且随乳腺癌分级的增高而显著增高。Cathepsin-D与肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移、ER、PR呈正相关(P<0.05),与CerbB-2呈负相关(P<0.05);hTERT在乳腺癌与癌前病变组,乳腺癌与良性病变组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与组织学分级ER、PR、p53表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,与淋巴结转移密切相关的因素为:肿瘤大小、组织学分级、MVD、Cathepsin-D。结论乳腺癌肿瘤大小及病理组织学分级仍然是判断乳腺癌淋巴结转移和预后的密切相关因素。多种指标的联合应用有助于提高乳腺癌预后预测的正确性。     

ER、PR、CerbB-2、P53、Ki-67在乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的 分析乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征及5种免疫组化指标表达情况的关系,探讨其临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法对338例乳腺癌患者的术后石蜡标本进行ER、PR、C-erbB-2、Ki-67、P53检测,并对患者临床特征进行分析.结果 乳腺癌组织中ER、PR、C-erbB-2的阳性表达率分别为51.75%、34.9%、36.7%.P53和Ki-67的阳性表达率分别为53.8%、91.1%.肿瘤直径≤2 cm中ER、PR的阳性表达率最高(61.6%和43%).P53、ki-67的阳性表达与C-erbB-2的表达呈正相关,P53、Ki-67 的阳性表达均与ER阳性表达呈负相关.结论 乳腺癌组织中ER、PR、CerbB-2与P53、Ki-67之间有一定的联系,联合检测对乳腺癌诊断、治疗选择和预测预后有重要意义.     

CerbB-2、P53、Ki-67、ER、PR在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的分析乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征与其手术标本中5项免疫组化指标表达情况的关系，探讨其临床意义。方法观察300例乳腺癌患者手术标本中CerbB-2、Ki-67、p53、ER、PR的表达情况，与其临床病理特征作回顾性分析。结果发现CerbB-2、Ki-67、p53、ER、PR的表达与乳腺癌病理组织学分级以及淋巴结转移相关（P〈0．05），与病理组织学分类无关（P〉0．05）。结论免疫组化指标CerbB-2、Ki-67、P53、ER、PR可作为乳腺癌的分子指标，对乳腺癌诊断、治疗选择和预测预后有重要意义。     

乳腺癌患者超声声像图特征与PR、ER、ki67表达的相关性研究

目的探讨乳腺癌患者超声声像图特征与孕激素受体(PR)、雌激素受体(ER)和Ki-67表达的相关性。方法选择78例乳腺癌患者,采用彩色多普勒超声检查乳腺癌患者肿物的直径、毛刺征、钙化、淋巴结转移情况。选取乳腺癌患者组织病理材料,采用免疫组化法测定标本中PR、ER、ki67表达水平。并对对患者不同声像图特征下的PR、ER、ki67表达水平及相关性进行研究。结果不同直径肿瘤ER阳性表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.9250,P<0.05),Ki-67表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.5978,P<0.05)。乳腺癌肿瘤直径大小与Ki-67表达呈正相关(r=0.3686,P<0.05)。有无毛刺征PR阳性表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.5791,P<0.05),ER阳性表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.2428,P<0.05),Ki-67表达水平间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.044,P>0.05)。淋巴结是否转移PR阳性表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.7815,P<0.05),ER阳性表达水平间差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.0394,P<0.05),Ki-67表达水平间差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.8851,P<0.05)。乳腺癌肿瘤淋巴结是否转移与PR、ER表达呈负相关(r值分别为-0.2476和-0.3929,P<0.05),但与Ki-67表达呈正相关(r=0.2503,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者超声声像图特征与PR、ER、ki67有一定的相关性,临床工作中可以根据患者超声声像图的表现对患者的病情、转归、预后进行评估,在一定程度上指导临床治疗,也可以对乳腺癌患者进行粗略筛查。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中ER、PR、Ki-67、p53表达与超声造影特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、Ki-67、p53表达与超声造影特征的相关性.方法 选取2014年1月—2016年10月符合研究要求的乳腺浸润性导管癌患者78例,收集患者临床资料.所有患者均行超声造影检查、病理检查及相关免疫组织化学检测.分析患者癌组织中ER、PR、Ki-67、p53表达与超声造影特征的相关性.结果 肿块边缘呈毛刺征和有淋巴结转移患者的ER、PR、Ki-67、p53阳性表达率分别明显高于无毛刺征和无淋巴结转移患者(P<0.05).在等-低增强患者的ER和PR阳性表达率显著低于高增强患者(P<0.05).增强均匀患者p53阳性表达率显著低于增强不均匀患者(P<0.05);有灌注缺损患者Ki-67阳性表达率高于无灌注缺损患者(P<0.05).在不同彩色多普勒超声血流显像(CDFI)血流分级患者ER、PR、Ki-67、p53阳性表达率比较存在明显差异,随CDFI血流分级的增高其阳性表达率随之上升(P<0.05).结论 乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中ER、PR、Ki-67、p53表达与超声造影特征存在一定相关性,超声检查可为临床评估患者病情及治疗提供更多依据.     

子宫内膜癌PR、ER、PTEN、p53及Ki-67的表达情况及其与预后的相关性分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌孕激素受体(PR)、雌激素受体(ER)、磷酸酶与张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)、p53及Ki-67与临床病理特征和预后的相关性.方法 选取2008年7月-2009年1月收治的子宫内膜癌198例,收集患者临床、病理及术后随访等资料,对PR、ER、PTEN、p53及Ki-67与临床病理特征的关系和对预后的影响进行相关性分析.结果 ER阳性表达率在病理分型、FIGO分级、组织病理学分期、肌层浸润程度中比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);不同病理分型、组织病理学分期中PR阳性表达率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);p53阳性表达率随组织病理分级越高表达水平越高,与病理分型有关(P＜0.05);Ki-67随着组织病理学分级越高表达水平越高(P＜0.05).FIGO分级Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有淋巴结转移、PR阴性表达是影响子宫内膜癌患者预后生存的危险因素(P＜0.01).结论 PR表达水平与子宫内膜癌患者预后密切相关.     

PPARγ和FOXO3a在雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)和叉头框蛋白O3a(FOXO3a)在雌激素受体(ER)阳性乳腺癌组织的表达及临床意义。方法 回顾性分析89例女性ER阳性乳腺癌患者的临床资料,采用免疫组化染色法检测ER阳性乳腺癌组织中ER、孕激素受体(PR)、Ki-67、PPARγ和FOXO3a表达,荧光原位杂交法检测人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)表达,并分析PPARγ和FOXO3a表达与ER阳性乳腺癌患者临床病理特征的关系。结果 PPARγ和FOXO3a表达均与淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、病变部位、肿瘤直径、组织学分级以及PR、HER2和Ki-67表达无关(P>0.05)。ER阳性乳腺癌组织中PPARγ与FOXO3a表达呈正相关(r_s=0.321,P<0.05)。结论 PPARγ、FOXO3a与ER阳性乳腺癌发生、发展有关,有望成为潜在的治疗靶点。     

CerbB-2、P53、ER、PR在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨CerbB-2、P53、ER和PR在乳腺癌的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法对198例乳腺癌组织标本进行CerbB-2、P53、ER和PR检测。结果阳性表达率:CerbB-2 为37．37％(74／198),P53为28．79％(57／198),ER为44．95％(89／198),PR为49．49％(98／198); CerbB-2和P53阳性表达率与有无淋巴结转移、临床分期有关(P<0．01);CerbB-2、P53共同阳性表达与淋巴结转移有关(P<0．01)。结论联合检测乳腺癌CerbB-2、P53、ER和PR基因袁达对判断预后和指导内分泌治疗有实用价值。     

HER2、EGFR、ER、PR在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法 用免疫组化方法检测182例乳腺浸润性导管癌和小叶癌患者HER2、EGFR、ER、PR的表达情况,并进行比较.结果 HER2、EGFR、ER、PR表达阳性率分别为36.8%、42.3%、53.8%、50.5%.HER2的表达与EGFR呈正相关性(P<0.05),与ER和PR呈负相关(P<0.05).HER2、EGFR、ER、PR表达与乳腺癌的组织学分级相关(P<0.05).HER2、EGFR、ER表达与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05),HER2、EGFR、ER、PR与乳腺癌的病理学类型、患者年龄及肿瘤大小无关(P>0.05).结论 乳腺癌中HER2、EGFR表达提示患者预后不良,ER、PR表达提示患者预后良好,HER2、EGFR、ER、PR是判断乳腺癌预后的有效指标,并可作为临床选择内分泌治疗或基因靶向治疗的指南.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。     

Effects of amendments of N, P, Fe on phytoextraction of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in soil of Zhangshi by mustard, cabbage, and sugar beet

Soil contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the Zhangshi irrigation area is very hard to be remediated. Phytoextraction is considered as an efficient method to remove these toxic metals from soil. In the present study, three vegetables including sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Linn.) were used to bioaccumulate heavy metals in soil through pots experiment for 90 days; and nutrient elements were applied to stimulate the phytoextraction of metals. Results of bioconcentration factors (BCF) and translocation factors (TF) from this study showed that these plants could phytoextract heavy metals, but the accumulation and translocation of metals differed with species of plants, categories of heavy metals, and some environmental conditions (e.g. nutrients). Meanwhile, the addition of nutrient elements, such as N, P, and Fe, could affect the phytoremediation of heavy metals via promoting the normal metabolism of vegetables or changing forms of metals. Results of this study could provide some available information for in-site bioremediation of soil from Zhangshi irrigation area.