ER、PR和CerbB-2表达与乳腺癌临床病理因素相关性分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌巾雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人表皮生长因子受体-2(CerbB-2)癌基因表达及其与乳腺癌临床病理的相关性.方法:采用常规免疫组化法检测213例临床病理资料完整的乳腺癌组织中的CerbB-2、ER和PR表达.结果:CerbB-2、EB和PR的阳性率分别为43.2%(92/2131、54.0%(115/213)、50.7%(108/213).CerbB-2的表达与肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移和临床分期呈正相关(P<0.05),与病理类型无关,在ER和PR均阳性组的表达低于二者均阴性组的表达(P<0.05);ER和PR的表达与患者的肿瘤大小、病理类型无关.结论:CerbB-2、ER、PR表达与乳腺癌的发生发展有关,CerbB-2、ER、PR的测定是判断乳腺癌预后的重要指标,可以为临床制定乳腺癌的综合治疗方案提供重要依据.     

雌激素受体孕激素受体及人表皮生长因子受体2在乳腺癌患者中的表达及与临床病理的关系研究

目的 探讨雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)及人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)在乳腺癌患者中的表达及临床病理的关系.方法 选择2019年2月至2021年5月乳腺癌患者132例,取患者病灶组织及癌旁组织(癌旁组织距离病灶边缘超过3 cm).借助免疫组织化学法检测ER、PR及HER2蛋白阳性率;查阅病历资料,记录并分析...     

乳腺癌组织学分级与ER、PR、CerbB-2、Ki-67表达的关系

目的 探讨乳腺癌组织学分级与雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体-2(CerbB-2)、Ki-67表达的相关性.方法 用免疫组织化学法测定169例乳腺癌组织中ER、PR、CerbB-2、Ki-67的表达;Bloom-Richardson系统Nottingham改良方案测定组织学分级.结果 169例患者ER、PR、CerbB-2和Ki-67表达的阳性率分别为56.21%、63.91%、54.44%和75.15%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级乳腺癌组织中ER、PR的阳性表达率间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);随着组织学分级的递增CerbB-2、Ki-67的阳性表达率随之增加(P<0.05);ER的表达与CerbB.2、Ki-67的表达间有相关关系(P<0.05).结论 乳腺癌组织中ER、PR的表达不随组织学分级的增加而增加;CerbB-2、Ki-67的表达随组织学分级的增加而增加;ER的表达与CerbB-2呈负相关.而与Ki-67呈正相关.     

乳腺癌患者HER-2、ER和PR的表达及临床价值

目的通过对人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)进行联合检测,为乳腺癌的治疗和预后判断提供理论依据。方法应用免疫组织化学SP法检测151例乳腺癌患者的HER-2、ER和PR的表达。结果乳腺癌标本中HER-2、ER和PR阳性表达率分别为40.40%、44.37%、45.70%,HER-2的阳性表达率随着临床分期的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),淋巴结转移患者HER-2的阳性表达率显著高于无转移者(P<0.05),ER和PR阳性表达率显著低于无转移者(P<0.05)。结论联合检测HER-2、ER和PR,对评估乳腺癌的生物学行为、指导治疗及判断预后具有重要的临床意义。     

乳腺癌中EGFR和CD_(44)的表达及其临床病理意义

目的明确乳腺癌中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和CD44的表达及其与临床病理特征之间的关系。方法对115例手术切除的乳腺癌标本进行EGFR、CD44免疫组织化学染色,分析其表达情况与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、临床分期、ER、PR、C-erbB-2表达等临床病理特征的相关关系。结果乳腺癌EGFR、CD44表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期显著相关(P<0.05),而与发病年龄、肿块大小、C-erbB-2表达无明显相关性。EGFR的表达与ER、PR相关(P<0.05),而CD44的表达与ER、PR无明显相关性。EGFR的表达与CD44无明显相关性。结论 EGFR、CD44与乳腺癌的发生发展有密切关系,其表达有助于判断预后及指导治疗。     

雌激素受体孕激素受体及人表皮生长因子受体2在脑膜瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)及人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的表达与脑膜瘤临床病理和预后的关系。方法采用链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(SP)法检测33例脑膜瘤组织中ER、PR及HER2受体的表达,分析它们与肿瘤良恶性的关系。结果 ER在脑膜瘤组织中的表达率为3%(1/33),PR表达率为61%(20/33),HER2表达率为21%(7/33)。其中PR在良性患者表达率为72%(18/25),非良性患者表达率为25%(2/8),表达率差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.607,P=0.018)。HER2在良性患者表达率12%(3/25),非良性患者表达率为50%(4/8),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=5.236,P=0.022)。结论 ER表达与脑膜瘤无关,PR及HER2表达与脑膜瘤病理性质有关,可作为脑膜瘤预后判定及治疗的重要参考指标。     

乳腺癌中EGFR、p53和C-erbB-2基因蛋白表达及意义

目的 探讨上皮生长因子受体(EGFR),p53和C-erbB-2基因蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及意义.方法 收集乳腺癌标本98例,用SP免疫组织化学方法,检测EGFR、p53和C-erbB-2基因蛋白的阳性率.结果 EGFR、p53和C-erbB-2在乳腺癌中的阳性率分别为61.22%、46.93%和54.08%.浸润性癌中EGFR和p53阳性率明显高非浸润件癌(P<0.05),淋巴结转移组明显高于无转移组(P<0.05).结论 EGFR,p53和C-erbB-2过表达是乳腺癌预后不良的重要指标.     

肝郁脾虚证乳腺癌与分子分型的临床研究

目的 探索乳腺癌肝郁脾虚证与分子分型雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)、Ki-67的关系,阐述乳腺癌肝郁脾虚证在乳腺癌分子分型中的散布趋势、预后价值及关联性.方法 选取适宜纳入规范的乳腺癌患者86例,其中肝郁脾虚证患者、非肝郁脾虚证患者各43例.依照分子分型和ER、PR、HER...     

乳腺癌超声特征与雌激素受体孕激素受体Her-2 Ki-67表达的关系

目的探索乳腺浸润性导管癌及导管原位癌超声表现与雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体-2(Her-2)、增殖指数Ki-67表达的关系。方法收集山西省肿瘤医院2017年8月至2018年10月手术治疗的乳腺癌患者225例,术前进行超声检查并详细记录乳腺肿物的超声特征:大小、边界、形态、内部回声、后方回声衰减、微钙化。术后行石蜡病理组织学诊断及检测ER、PR、Her-2表达、Ki-67表达,分析浸润性导管癌和导管原位癌的超声特点与ER、PR、Her-2表达、Ki-67表达之间关系。结果不同的PR组间微钙化发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PR阴性组更多出现微钙化;ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67不同组的其他超声特点差异无统计学意义;浸润性导管癌和导管原位癌组的Ki-67阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),浸润性导管癌组的Ki-67阳性率高于导管原位癌组。结论乳腺癌超声特点与ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67表达之间有一定联系,对判断乳腺癌分子亚型和预后有诊断价值。     

PPARγ和FOXO3a在雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)和叉头框蛋白O3a(FOXO3a)在雌激素受体(ER)阳性乳腺癌组织的表达及临床意义。方法 回顾性分析89例女性ER阳性乳腺癌患者的临床资料,采用免疫组化染色法检测ER阳性乳腺癌组织中ER、孕激素受体(PR)、Ki-67、PPARγ和FOXO3a表达,荧光原位杂交法检测人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)表达,并分析PPARγ和FOXO3a表达与ER阳性乳腺癌患者临床病理特征的关系。结果 PPARγ和FOXO3a表达均与淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、病变部位、肿瘤直径、组织学分级以及PR、HER2和Ki-67表达无关(P>0.05)。ER阳性乳腺癌组织中PPARγ与FOXO3a表达呈正相关(r_s=0.321,P<0.05)。结论 PPARγ、FOXO3a与ER阳性乳腺癌发生、发展有关,有望成为潜在的治疗靶点。     

Alcohol,Age, and Piloting: Judgment,Mood, and Actual Performance

We have previously described acute and carry-over effects of alcohol on young and older pilots' performance. In the present paper we report the effects of alcohol and age on self-assessment of performance and mood in the same study. Young and older pilots flew in a simulator during an alcohol and placebo condition. In the alcohol condition, they flew after reaching. 04 g/dL (.04%) BAL, after. 10% BAL, and then 2,4, 8,24, and 48 h after. 10% BAL (they flew at the same times in the placebo condition). They rated confidence in ability to fly, mood, alertness, and intoxication before each flight, and perceived workload and performance after each flight. As reported in Morrow et al., alcohol had both acute and carry-over effects for 8 h on actual flight performance, with greater acute impairment for older pilots. The present study reports that these older pilots tended to be more aware than the young pilots of acute and carry-over alcohol impairment out to 4 h. By 8 h, however, all pilots were unaware of impairment. Alcohol also had a biphasic effect on mood, which increased on the ascending limb and decreased on the descending limb of the BAL curve.     

Smooth-pursuit eye movements,and diazepam,CPZ, and secobarbital

This study examined the effects on smooth-pursuit eye tracking of single doses of CPZ (0.667 and 1.334 mg/kg), diazepam (0.071, 0.142, and 0.284 mg/kg), and secobarbital (100 mg). Only the barbiturate significantly affected the ability to follow a moving target with smooth-pursuit eye movements. In repeated testing of a single subject, 130 mg of secobarbital disrupted smooth-pursuit movements at least until 24 hrs after ingestion.This study was supported in part by grant MH-19477, USPHS, and USFDA contract No. 72-42. Dr. Holzman is the recipient of Research Scientist Award No. K5-MH-70900, USPHS. We express our thanks to Dr. Alfred Heller for helpful comment.     

Opiates,catecholamines, behavior,and mood

Indirect evidence has linked opioid reinforcement with changes in noradrenergic metabolism secondary to drug administration. Methodological precedents for biobehavioral correlations in depressive illness have suggested an important association between changes in mood and biogenic amine excretion patterns in the urines of patients during depression and recovery. This paper presents preliminary data on the possible relationship between changes in catecholamine excretion that were observed and the changes in behavior, mood, psychiatric status, and cardiorespiratory physiology secondary to heroin administration and methadone-assisted withdrawal. This study focuses on the urinary excretion of MHPG, since an appreciable fraction of this metabolite is probably derived from norepinephrine originating in the brain. The subjective changes in mood associated with heroin use, the decrease in respiratory rate, and the behavioral and mental status effects associated with opiate intoxication were observed only in the individuals whose MHPG excretion increased during the period of opiate administration.     

Gradualism, identity, reinforcements, and change

This paper reflects the ongoing development of gradualism, a drug treatment perspective that seeks to make use of the full array of effective, creative, and innovative harm reduction and abstinence-oriented treatments available to help addicted individuals move along a continuum from active/chaotic use to abstinence or moderation, as appropriate. The essence of gradualism is an emphasis on positive change and transformation as therapeutic goals. The paper first looks at manifestations of gradualism in harm reduction treatment facilities. Following this is a discussion of the role of identity transformation in the change process. The final section explores how contingency management or motivational incentive interventions could be used in harm reduction settings to facilitate this kind of therapeutic movement.     

Temperature,pH, salinity,hardness, and particulates mediate nickel toxicity to eubacteria,an actinomycete,and yeasts in lake,simulated estuarine,and sea waters

The survival of some eubacteria, an actinomycete, and yeasts after acute and chronic exposures to nickel (Ni) in lake, simulated estuarine, and sea waters and the influence of environmental factors on Ni toxicity were determined. Nickel toxicity to microbes in marine systems was reduced by increasing the salinity, by decreasing the temperature, and by the incorporation of simulated sediment. The toxicity of Ni to microbes in fresh water was reduced by increasing the pH, by increasing the hardness, and by the incorporation of suspended particulates. Chronic toxicity studies indicated that fresh waters are more sensitive than marine waters to Ni pollution, as microbial survival was greater in marine than in fresh waters stressed with equivalent concentrations of Ni.     

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of peracetylated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of hexakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-alpha-cyclodextrin (TAalphaCyD), heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TAbetaCyD), and octakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (TAgammaCyD) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. An anhydrous and a bi-hydrate crystalline forms of TAalphaCyD, two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and three pseudopolymorphs (i.e. methanolate, hydrate, and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAbetaCyD, as well as two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and isostructural pseudopolymorphs (e.g. hydrate and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAgammaCyD were isolated and characterized. The amorphous forms of each TACyD were also obtained. Thermal data for desolvation of TAalphaCyD.2H2O and TAbetaCyD.CH3OH were reconciled with their crystal packing features. Melting temperatures and enthalpies of the crystalline forms of each TACyD can be referred to for possible solid-state interactions with drugs.     

Lesbian,Gay, Bisexual,and Transgender Youth: Health Concerns,Services, and Care

Abstract

This paper was developed from a presentation made at the FDA/Industry Workshop held at Sandoz Research Institute, East Hanover, New Jersey on November 20, 1986.     

Chemistry,Manufacturing, and Controls Information in NDAs and ANDAs,Supplements, Annual Reports,and Other Regulatory Filings

Advice to the pharmaceutical industry regarding the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls and microbiology (sterility assurance) information to be included in regulatory submissions to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) can be found in the pertinent statutes, regulations, and guidances. The primary statute is the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the Act); applicable regulations appear in 21 CFR 312 and 314. Neither the Act nor the regulations provide sufficient detail on the information that should be included in these submissions. Over the past 14 years CDER has issued a series of guidelines and guidances that provide specific detail related to the recommended filing mechanisms and information that CDER expects applicants to provide. Some of these guidances are applicable to original submissions and some are applicable to post-approval changes. This article will provide an overview of The Act, the pertinent regulations, and the pre- and post-approval guidances.