梨状窝癌局部扩展的病理学研究

目的 探讨梨状窝癌局部扩展的规律,为梨状窝癌的手术治疗提供病理学依据。方法 应用石蜡包埋大体标本连续切片的方法,对２６例梨状窝癌全喉及次全喉及次全喉切除的标本进行了观察。结果 位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤（４例）主要向外侧咽侧壁扩展,位于梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤（５例）容易向喉腔及对侧梨状窝扩展。累及整个梨状窝１７例。声门旁间隙及甲状软骨是最易受侵犯的喉结构,环状软骨受侵较少;会厌及会厌前间隙的侵犯未见超过中     

梨状窝癌向邻近组织结构侵犯规律的组织病理学研究

目的探讨梨状窝癌侵犯邻近组织的规律。方法对68例梨状窝癌全喉或部分喉及下咽切除整体标本连续切片进行组织病理学研究。结果68例梨状窝癌中室、声带水平声门旁间隙受侵分别为63、38例，其受侵频度差异有统计学意义（x^2=21．37，P〈0．01）；甲状软骨受侵频度最高，为92．6％（63／68），喉软骨触压式侵犯89例次，浸润式51例次，浸润范围明显小于触压范围；环杓侧肌、环杓后肌、甲杓间和杓间肌受侵频度分别为63．2％（43／68），57．4％（39／68），55．9％（38／68），51．5％（35／68）；环杓关节和环甲关节受侵频度分别为31．0％（21／68），17．6％（12／68）。喉上神经侵犯频度67．7％（44／65）多于喉返神经27．7％（18／65）。梨状窝内壁（为主）癌14例，外壁（为主）癌18例，内外壁癌36例；梨状窝尖受侵34例，正常26例，黏膜下浸润8例；梨状窝癌淋巴细胞轻度浸润为66．2％（45／68），最多见。梨状窝癌黏膜下侵犯24例和跳跃式浸润8例。结论梨状窝癌对喉内的侵犯首先通过声门旁间隙；喉软骨膜和喉软骨可抵抗癌侵犯；环杓侧肌、环杓后肌、甲杓间和杓间肌经常受侵；梨状窝内壁癌可侵犯喉内结构，外壁癌可沿甲状软骨内壁向上、下、外侵犯，内外壁癌可同时侵犯喉内、外结构，是最严重的梨状窝癌病变。梨状窝尖侵犯是癌向下咽下方及邻近组织侵犯的重要标志。     

梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留术的技术方法和临床疗效.方法回顾性分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例.其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能.喉功能保留手术方法①切除范围声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉+声门旁间隙+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉+梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜分离后直接对合,缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理71例中65例(91.5%)行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助性放射治疗,剂量60～75Gy.结果寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率喉功能保留组分别为63.4%和49.6%;喉功能不保留组分别为52.4%和42.4%.喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71.4%(35/49),部分恢复者占28.6%(14/49).结论梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的.     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和杓状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定。临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床标志。为彻底切除半喉固定的梨状窝癌，仍以全喉切除较为安全可靠。     

喉咽部分切除术治疗梨状窝癌

本文报告4例经严格选择的梨状窝癌患者行喉咽部分切除并立即用胸大肌肌皮瓣作喉咽重建的方法和初步效果。强调入选病例的癌肿需局限于一侧梨状窝、杓会厌襞、杓隆起、室带平面的声门旁间隙,声带和声带平面的声门旁间隙不能受累,声带运动需正常。如甲状软骨受侵犯应视为禁忌症,除非病损局限于其后缘上部。术前通过喉镜检查、喉X线相及CT检查确定癌肿范围。手术方法:于颈部作两条平行切口,上方切口从乳突尖端至舌骨,下方切口沿锁骨上缘过中线越过气管。设计用于重建     

梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的 探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留犬的技术方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例。其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能。喉功能保留手术方法：①切除范围：声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉＋声门旁间隙＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复:喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜后直接讨合,对缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理：71例中65例（91．5％）行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助放射性治疗,剂量60－75Gy。结果 寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率：喉功能保留组分别为63．4％和49．6％;喉功能不保留组分别为52．4％和42．4％。喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71．4％（35／49）,部分恢复者占28．6％（14／49）。结论 梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和构状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定，临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床     

多层螺旋CT在诊断颈部肿瘤中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在颈部肿瘤病变中的应用价值。方法：应用Light Speed QX/i型MSCT检查32例颈部肿瘤患者（喉癌30例,颈段食管癌1例,甲状腺癌1例）,行三维重建及仿真内窥镜成像。结果：MSCT图像清晰,矢状面图像可显示会厌癌侵犯会厌前间隙,声带及声门下的情况以及有无侵犯甲状软骨达颈前软组织,冠状面图像可显示声门旁间隙、杓会厌皱襞及梨状窝受侵情况,并可显示甲状腺癌压迫并侵犯喉及气管情况,多平面重组配合增强扫描可显示转移淋巴结大小、数目与颈部血管关系等。结论：MSCT对术前明确肿瘤范围,行TNM分期及正确选择手术式有一定帮助。     

高性能CT在喉癌分期中的应用

用CT诊断喉新生物是因为新生物所含组织比正常喉软组织的密度高和能使正常解剖结构发生失真、变位或破坏,对估计喉旁和会厌前间隙新生物尤其有价值,肿瘤向深部浸润常使该处正常低密度的脂肪组织消失,而会厌癌早期扩散至会厌前间隙经临床或喉照相均难以作出估计。 CT可准确估计肿瘤向后下扩展,甲状软骨和杓状软骨间肿瘤的扩展,甲状软骨下角和环状软骨间肿瘤的潜入,这在梨状窝部肿瘤中并不少见。肿瘤向深部扩展至前或后连合,用CT检查亦较可靠,用喉照相确定则有困难。CT能充分显示声门下肿瘤与环状软骨间的关系,这正是术者在确定手术范围时所需要,比从声带下缘向下粗略测定肿瘤的范围要重要。     

广泛性喉咽癌1例

患者男 ,70岁。咽下刺痛感 2个月 ,进行性加重伴咽阻塞感 2 0天 ,于 1995年 5月 2 4日入院。查体 :左颈上部 ,下颌角前下 ,胸锁乳突肌前缘触及 1cm× 1cm的活动淋巴结一个 ,质稍硬。喉咽见 :会厌舌喉面、杓会厌襞间粘膜隆起不平 ,声门看不到 ,左侧梨状窝及右侧梨状窝内壁粘膜粗糙 ,伴有积液。病理报告 :喉咽鳞状细胞癌。行纤维喉镜检查见 ,会厌舌喉面、杓会厌襞、左梨状窝全部、右梨状窝内底壁及食管上口粘膜均有肿瘤浸润 ,声门区粘膜光滑 ,声室带边缘整齐。根据病变范围 ,为广泛切除肿瘤进行了充分的术前准备。于 1995年 5月 30日行左侧功…     

Role of CT in diagnosing carcinomas of the larynx. A comparable study with serial sections

Nineteen patients with carcinoma of the larynges and 1 patient with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were studied by comparing preoperative CT scannings with corresponding postoperative pathological findings obtained by serial sectioning of the laryngeal specimens. The results indicated that CT could clearly show the mucosa and deep tissues of the larynx including paraglottic space, preepiglottic space and subglottic region. The determination of cartilage invasion larger than 5mm was very accurate and reliable. It also significantly enhanced preoperative T-staging accuracy of medium and large laryngeal carcinomas and provided an important basis for selection of laryngeal conservative surgery. Nevertheless, CT scanning of the larynx has certain limitations.     

Supracricoid hemilaryngopharyngectomy in selected pyriform sinus carcinoma staged as T2

From 1964 to 1985 supracricoid hemilaryngo-pharyngectomy (SCHLP) was performed at the authors' institution for 34 selected pyriform sinus carcinomas staged as T2. Tumors involved the anterior part of the pyriform sinus, the lateral wall, the medial wall, and the whole aryepiglottic fold in all cases. Tumors with invasion of the apex of the pyriform sinus, of the retrocricoid region, of the posterior pharyngeal wall, or with fixation of the true vocal cord were excluded from the study. Such a technique was aimed at preserving physiologic phonation, respiration, and swallowing while achieving the same local control rate as pharyngolaryngectomy. Patients were monitored for at least 6 years or until death. No patients were lost to follow-up. The 5-year cause-specific survival rate was 55.8%. The main cause of death was second primary tumor. The 5-year actuarial local recurrence rate was 3.4%. The authors' experience with the SCHLP technique challenges the traditional teaching of pharyngolaryngectomy and establishes this technique as a safe method of voice preservation in selected cases of pyriform sinus carcinomas.     

Partial laryngopharyngectomy for piriform sinus carcinoma. Technique and preliminary results

This paper presents a technique for partial laryngopharyngectomy followed by a one-stage reconstruction and its preliminary results. This surgery is indicated for carefully selected cases in which the lesion is confined to the ipsilateral piriform sinus, aryepiglottic fold, arytenoid eminence and paraglottic space at the level of the false fold. The hyoid bone, thyroid ala, arytenoid cartilage, epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold, arytenoid eminence and false fold are removed on the affected side. Reconstruction is performed with the use of a pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap. The surgery was performed on four cases: two were successful; one suffered from persistent postsurgical aspiration because the reconstructed hypopharynx was too wide; and one developed necrosis of PMMC flap and a secondary reconstruction procedure was performed.     

Laryngeal spaces in the newborn larynx

ObjectivesDistributions of laryngeal spaces are important in understanding their functional significance. However, laryngeal spaces in the newborn larynx are enigmatic.MethodsFive normal human newborn larynges were investigated using whole organ serial section technique.ResultsThe chief newborn laryngeal spaces were the preepiglottic space, the paraglottic space and the cricoid area. They consisted of an areolar tissue area composed of brown adipose tissue (immature adipose tissue) and loose elastic and collagen fibers. The newborn preepiglottic space was immature and occupied a small area anterior to the epiglottis. The epiglottis lied on a somewhat horizontal axis and was partially obscured behind the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone overlapped the thyroid cartilage, partially obscuring the superior thyroid notch. The thyroid cartilage was present close to the hyoid bone and the thyrohyoid membrane ran between the superior surface of the thyroid lamina, and not the anteroinferior, but the posteroinferior surface of the hyoid bone. The preepiglottic space was located anterior, lateral and posterolateral to the thyroepiglottic ligament. However, the preepiglottic space was located anterior to the epiglottic cartilage. As seen in adults, the paraglottic space existed medial to the lamina of each bilateral thyroid cartilage. Each bilateral cricoid area was located along not only the superomedial but also the medial portion of the cricoid arch on both sides.ConclusionsAs the child grows, the preepiglottic space, occupying a small area anterior to the epiglottis, likely grows as the larynx descends and acquires the human adult vocal tract. From the functional histoanatomical point of view, the newborn laryngeal spaces appear to be favored for respiration and maintenance of a protective sphincter for the lower airway over phonation.     

Autologous fat injection laryngohypopharyngoplasty for aspiration after vocal fold paralysis

Injection laryngoplasty is one of the procedures for treating unilateral vocal fold paralysis. This is a preliminary report on modified injection laryngoplasty, ie, injection of liposuctioned autologous fat into the larynx and hypopharynx of patients who have aspiration and voice disorders after vocal fold paralysis. Lipoinjection was performed in 3 patients with these complaints with the endolaryngeal microsurgical technique under general anesthesia. The locations of fat injection were the vocal fold, the false vocal fold, the aryepiglottic fold of the larynx, and the medial wall of the pyriform sinus of the hypopharynx. Lipoinjection into the vocal fold, false vocal fold, and aryepiglottic fold strengthened laryngeal closure. Lipoinjection, performed into the thyroarytenoid muscle lateral to the oblong fovea of the arytenoid cartilage, made arytenoid cartilage rotation possible, and consequently strengthened laryngeal closure. Lipoinjection into the medial wall of the pyriform sinus of the hypopharynx reduced its capacity; consequently, the amount of residual food retained in it was reduced and pharyngeal clearance on the affected side was improved. The longest follow-up among the 3 patients has been 24 months. Their aspiration and glottal incompetence have been improved by this operation. We conclude that modified injection laryngoplasty (laryngohypopharyngoplasty) is one of the surgical options for preventing aspiration after vocal fold paralysis.     

A novel technique in the operative treatment of pyriform sinus carcinoma

Pyriform sinus carcinoma is a highly malignant carcinoma of the head and neck region as a result of its location and its potential for metastatic spread. Decisions regarding the operative procedure remain very difficult. In this paper, we present a modified partial laryngo-pharyngectomy in which, following extended vertical laryngectomy. the cancerous mass is removed from the involved pyriform sinus and the remaining hypopharynx is reconstructed by using the preserved outer perichondrium of the resected thyroid cartilage. This technique has been applied with adequate success during the last five years in five cases in our department. It is indicated when a pyriform sinus carcinoma does not extend to the pyriform apex and does not involve the anterior and posterior laryngeal commissures, paraglottic space, retrocricoid region and posterior pharyngeal wall beyond the midline. All patients treated were male and middle-aged. Our technique appears to be a reliable alternative for the operative treatment of pyriform sinus carcinoma.