外周动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉病变Gensini评分的相关性

目的探讨颈动脉和足背动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变Gensini评分的相关性。方法对270例行冠脉造影的患者进行Gensini积分评分。所有患者同时行血管超声检查,检测颈动脉IMT、粥样斑块面积、Crouse积分以及足背动脉IMT、血管内径、峰值流速,并与冠状动脉Gensini积分行相关性分析。结果 (1)从Gensini积分0组到积分4组,颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分和足背动脉IMT逐渐增高,足背动脉内径和峰值流速逐渐降低;(2)颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分、足背动脉IMT与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈正相关(P<0.01),足背动脉内径与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈负相关(P<0.01);(3)颈动脉IMT、斑块面积、斑块Crouse积分、足背动脉IMT以及足背动脉内径均为冠状动脉病变程度的独立相关因子。结论血管超声检查颈动脉和足背动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度相关性较好,包括冠脉早期病变,通过外周血管超声检查可客观评估冠状动脉病变的进展情况,尤其可为早期冠状动脉粥样硬化病变人群的管理和干预提供可靠依据。     

应用血管内超声显像技术评价冠状动脉病变与颈动脉病变相关性

目的 通过研究血管内超声、冠状动脉造影检查结果与体表颈动脉超声检测的颈动脉病变的相关性,分析颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系,进一步探讨颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病发病的预测价值.方法 38例拟诊为冠心病的患者行冠状动脉造影、血管内超声和体表颈动脉超声检查,其中8例患者经冠状动脉造影和血管内超声检查未发现冠状动脉有明显狭窄病变为对照组;30例经冠状动脉造影和血管内超声检查发现冠状动脉有明显狭窄病变为冠心病组,其中不稳定型心绞痛18例,稳定型心绞痛12例.将血管内超声及冠状动脉造影检查结果与颈动脉超声指标进行分析比较.结果 30例冠心痛患者冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率71.21%±9.81%,血管内超声示有不同类型的动脉粥样硬化斑块,平均面积狭窄率80.88%±7.77%;8例对照组无动脉粥样硬化斑块.冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率与血管内超声平均面积狭窄率之间差异有显著性(P<0.01);冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率与血管内超声平均面积狭窄率之间有显著相关性(r=0.663,P<0.01).根据冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率计算的Gensini积分分别与颈动脉粥样硬化的等级积分、Crouse积分和斑块数三项指标间均有相关性(P<0.01).颈动脉斑块对冠心痛的阳性预测值为70%(21/30),阴性预测值为75%(6/8).结论 应用血管内超声显像技术能准确诊断冠状动脉斑块的性质并测量冠状动脉狭窄率;与冠状动脉造影相比,血管内超声对评价冠状动脉病变更准确.颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度与冠状动脉血管内超声检查结果有很好的相关性;颈动脉超声检测对冠心病的诊断有一定的预测价值.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法入选经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的病例319例。将319例冠心病患者按照冠状动脉病变程度分为4组,比较各组之间颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数、脑梗死发生率的差异。另将319例冠心病患者根据有无脑梗死分为两组:脑梗死组、非脑梗死组,比较两组颈动脉斑块性质、颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数的差异。结果3支病变组、左主干病变组的颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数明显高于1支病变组、2支病变组(P0.05)。3支病变组脑梗死发生率为27.53%,左主干病变组脑梗死发生率为38.27%;1支病变组、2支病变组未发现脑梗死病例。脑梗死组不稳定性斑块发生率显著高于非脑梗死组(90.00%比46.02%,χ2=6.2949,P0.05)。结论冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度越严重,颈动脉粥样硬化越重,脑梗死发生率越高。颈动脉不稳定性斑块更易诱发脑梗死。     

血清同型半胱氨酸及颈动脉斑块Crouse积分与老年脑小血管病患者脑白质病变的相关性

目的 探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及颈动脉斑块Crouse积分与老年脑小血管病(CSVD)患者脑白质病变(WML)的相关性。方法 选取2021年10月至2022年9月于华北理工大学附属医院神经内科住院的老年CSVD患者210例，根据WML诊断标准分为WML组100例和非WML组110例，所有患者均完善颈部血管彩超检查评定颈动脉斑块Crouse积分，采用酶循环测定法检测血清Hcy水平，采用二元logistic回归分析WML危险因素。结果 WML组男性、年龄、Hcy及Crouse积分明显高于非WML组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。年龄、Hcy、Crouse积分是老年CSVD患者发生WML的危险因素(P<0.01)。Hcy、Crouse积分预测老年CSVD患者发生WML的截断值分别为15.05μmol/L和3.15分，二者联合检测WML的曲线下面积为0.792(95%CI:0.732～0.853,P=0.000)。结论 血清Hcy及颈动脉斑块Crouse积分与老年CSVD患者WML的发生及严重程度相关。     

颈动脉粥样斑块与冠状动脉病变的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉病变的临床相关性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影确诊的冠状动脉病变患者133例。根据冠状动脉造影检查结果,按照病变严重程度,分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组;按照冠状动脉病变支数,分为单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组;按照SYNTAX积分,分为0～22分组、23～32分组和≥33分组。超声检测入选患者颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉及其分叉处有无斑块形成并进行粥样硬化斑块积分（AS积分）,分析各组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及积分与冠状动脉病变的相关性。结果颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分与冠状动脉病变严重程度呈正相关（r分别为0.632、0.751）;与冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关（r分别为0.597、0.655）;与SYNTAX积分呈正相关（r分别为0.643、0.597）。冠状动脉轻度狭窄组与中度及重度狭窄组比较,单支病变组与双支及三支病变组比较,冠状动脉SYNTAX积分0～22分组与23～32分组及≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05～0.01）;冠状动脉中度与重度狭窄组比较,双支及三支病变组比较,SYNTAX积分23～32分组比较与≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论颈动脉粥样斑块检查能够反映冠状动脉病变的情况,适合临床冠心病的普查及随访。     

脂蛋白α、载脂蛋白B/A-1与颈动脉Crouse积分联合检测对冠状动脉病变程度的预测价值

目的探讨联合检测人血清脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白B/A-1(Apo B/Apo A-1)及颈动脉Crouse积分判断冠状动脉病变严重程度的可行性。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择2020年7月至2021年1月于我院行冠状动脉造影检查的患者122例,依据冠状动脉SYNTAX积分分为高危组(30例)和低危组(92例),比较两组基本临床资料、脂蛋白A、Apo B/Apo A-1、颈动脉Crouse积分以及其他实验室检查指标情况。多元线性回归及多因素Logistic回归用于评价脂蛋白A、Apo B/Apo A-1、Crouse积分与SYNTAX积分的相关性。受试者工作(ROC)曲线用于评价联合检测对冠状动脉高危病变的预测价值。结果在高危组和低危组患者中,糖尿病情况、脂蛋白A、Apo A-1、Apo B、Apo B/Apo A-1、Crouse积分及冠心病类型间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元线性回归提示糖尿病情况、脂蛋白A、Apo B/Apo A-1、Crouse积分与冠状动脉SYNTAX积分呈正相关(标准化系数β分别为0.215,0.167,0.166,0.405,P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果显示脂蛋白A、Apo B/Apo A-1、Crouse积分是冠状动脉高危病变的独立预测因素[OR分别为1.021(1.002,1.041),8.857(1.037,75.671),1.106(1.039,1.178),P0.05]。ROC曲线结果证实联合检测脂蛋白A、Apo B/A-1、Crouse积分对预测SYNTAX高危具有很好的价值,ROC曲线下面积为0.826(95%CI:0.744,0.908,P0.05)。约登指数最大为0.56,最佳截断值为0.15,敏感度和特异性分别为90%和66%。验证组包括11例高危病变和19例低危病变,经比对,联合检测的敏感度和特异性分别为72.73%和73.68%。结论脂蛋白A、Apo B/Apo A-1与颈动脉Crouse积分与冠状动脉病变程度相关,联合检测上述指标或有益于对冠状动脉病变程度的评估。     

冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

对１０３例经选择性冠状动脉造影的患者作颈动脉超声检查，用Ｇｅｎｓｉｎｉ方法计算冠状动脉造影积分，用Ｃｒｏｕｓｅ方法计算颈动脉斑块积分，分析颈动脉斑块积分与冠状动脉病变支数、冠状动脉造影积分之间的关系。结果表明，颈动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＳ）程度与冠状动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＡＳ）程度有明显的正相关关系。颈动脉斑块积分与冠状动脉病变支数之间ｒ＝０．６０，Ｐ＜０．００１；冠状动脉病变支数越多，ＣＡＳ的程度也越重，不同冠状动脉病变组之间颈动脉斑块积分及冠状动脉造影积分均有非常显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性研究

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性。方法:对84例拟诊冠心病的患者,行颈动脉超声和冠状动脉造影检查。结果:发现心绞痛组和心肌梗死组的颈动脉粥样硬化(AS)等级积分、Crouse积分和斑块数均明显高于非冠心病组(P<0.01和P<0.001),冠脉单支和多支病变组与非冠心病组的颈动脉粥样硬化指标亦有明显差异(<0.001和P<0.0001);冠脉造影积分和冠脉病变支数与颈动脉粥样硬化的等级积分、Crouse积分和斑块数均呈显著的正相关。颈动脉超声的敏感性为86.4％,特异性为64.0％,总的诊断符合率为79.8％。结论:测定颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的超声病理分型对冠心病的预测具有临床意义。     

颈动脉中膜厚度及踝臂指数对冠心病的预测价值

目的 探讨踝臂指数(ABI)、颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)对冠心病的预测价值.方法 连续入选不典型胸闷痛及可疑冠心病患者1 600例,均行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声和冠脉造影检查,并计算ABI,按冠脉造影结果将患者分为冠脉正常组、冠脉粥样硬化组和冠心病组,并以Gensini积分法计算各组患者冠脉病变程度,以Crouse积分法计算颈动脉斑块病变程度.结果 冠脉正常组、冠脉粥样硬化组和冠心病组间IMT、ABI差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),冠脉病变越严重IMT越大而ABI越小.线性相关分析显示颈动脉IMT、Crouse斑块积分与Gensini积分均呈线性正相关(r =0.691,P=0.016;r=0.788,P=0.012);而ABI与Gensini积分呈线性负相关(r=-0.776,P=0.021).分别作IMT、ABI预测冠心病的ROC曲线,IMT的ROC曲线下面积为0.862,95％可信区间为0.741～0.929,P =0.001;ABI的ROC曲线下面积为0.732,95％可信区间为0.602～0.858,P =0.006;IMT=1.62 mm为最佳预测值,其灵敏度78.5％,特异度63.5％;ABI =0.82为最佳预测值,灵敏度77.3％,特异度61.4％.两者联合应用的灵敏度为94.8％,特异度为96.3％.结论 IMT、ABI与冠脉病变程度有密切相关性,IMT、ABI对冠脉病变程度有一定的预测价值,两者联合应用可提高其敏感性和特异性.     

冠心病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

目的 :研究冠心病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法 :对 84例疑似冠心病的病人 ,行颈动脉超声和冠状动脉造影检查。结果 :发现心绞痛组和心肌梗死组的颈动脉粥样硬化 (AS)等级积分、Crouse积分和斑块数均明显高于非冠心病组 (P <0 .0 1) ,冠状动脉单支和多支病变组与非冠心病组的颈动脉粥样硬化指标比较有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;颈动脉超声的敏感性为 82 .0 % ,特异性为 75 .0 % ,总的诊断符合率为 80 .6%。结论 :测定颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的总积分对冠心病的预防具有临床意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.