南京市中小学生身高、体重和超重肥胖自我报告值的准确性

  目的  评价南京市中小学生身高、体重和体重状况的自我报告值的准确性及其影响因素。  方法  采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,抽取南京市12个区小学4年级至高中3年级的在校学生进行面对面问卷调查及体格检查。采用配对t检验分析客观测量值与自我报告值之间差异,不同方法所收集数据之间的一致性比较采用kappa和Bland-Altman法进行分析。  结果  南京地区中小学生人群中依据客观测量数据所得的超重和肥胖比例分别为16.70%和10.97%。调查对象的身高自我报告值被高估1.33 cm,体重和体重指数（body mass index,BMI）分别被低估1.16 kg和0.76 kg/m2,差异均具有统计学意义（均有P < 0.05）。性别、年级、父母文化程度、城乡情况和体重状况均可影响自我报告值的准确性。自我报告与客观测量参数的体重状况分类的总体一致率为83.89%（κ=0.662）。Bland-Altman分析显示身高、体重和体BMI自我报告与客观测量数据的差值超出95%一致性限范围的点均小于5%。  结论  南京市中小学生身高和体重自我报告值与客观测量数值之间存在较好的一致性,适用于儿童青少年人群的大样本流行病学调查。     

上海市闵行区成年居民身高与体质量和腰围自报值与测量值的Bland-Altman分析

目的评价上海市闵行区居民身高、体质量和腰围自报值与测量值的一致性,为采取有针对性的防治策略提供依据。方法 2017年6月—2018年5月,采用多阶段抽样方法,抽取≥18岁常住居民1 698人,采用自报和测量的方式分别收集身高、体质量、腰围数据,并进行一致性比较分析。结果调查对象身高、体质量、腰围知晓率分别为61.72%、61.66%、25.80%。调查对象身高自报值高于测量值1.14 cm,体质量自报值高于测量值0.17 kg,腰围自报值低于测量值2.72 cm,身高(t=15.18,P0.01)、体质量(t=2.55,P=0.01)、腰围(t=12.03,P0.01)自报值与测量值差值间差异均有统计学意义。80.92%调查对象自报BMI分类准确,超重肥胖调查对象自身BMI低估率12.04%、高估率5.71%。Bland-Altman分析显示,身高、体质量、腰围自报值与测量值的差值超出95%一致性限范围的点均5%,分别为4.97%、1.31%、4.18%。结论上海市闵行区居民存在身高、体质量和腰围自报值与测量值整体一致性良好,但超重肥胖被自报低估并存的现象。     

巨大儿与13～18岁青少年肥胖的关系

目的探讨出生体重4000g以上与青少年体质量指数（BMI）及腰围的关系,为探讨出生体重与青少年BMI及腰围的相关性提供参考。方法共抽取出生体重在2500g以上的13～18岁青少年3458人,测量身高、体重、腰围。根据出生体重分为巨大儿组（n=514）和正常出生体重组（n=2944）。结果巨大儿组身高、体重、BMI及腰围均明显高于正常出生体重组（P值均〈0.01）。巨大儿组超重、肥胖检出率分别为15.2%和10.5%,正常出生体重组分别为11.4%和6.5%。校正年龄和性别后,非条件Logistic回归显示,巨大儿组超重和肥胖的危险性分别是正常出生体重组的1.404和1.552倍。以腰围为应变量进行多元线性回归分析显示,性别、年龄、出生体重为腰围的独立危险因素。结论巨大儿组青少年BMI和腰围均存在异常。肥胖的预防应该从胎儿期抓起。     

中国成年人文化程度与体格指标的长期变化关系

目的 分析中国慢性病前瞻性研究（CKB）人群文化程度与成年人不同阶段体格测量指标及其长期变化之间的关系。方法 本研究在参加第2次重复调查的研究对象中,剔除调查时年龄>65岁者、体格测量指标缺失或极端值者、基线或重复调查时自报患有重大慢性病者。分析研究对象的文化程度与25岁、基线调查时（2004-2008年）和重复调查时（2013-2014年）BMI和腰围、及每5年体重与腰围的变化值的关系。结果 纳入分析3 427名男性和6 320名女性。研究对象的体重和腰围都随年龄增长逐渐增加。从25岁到基线调查[年龄（45.2±6.5）岁],男性和女性每5年体重变化值分别为（1.70±2.63）和（1.27±2.10）kg。从基线到重复调查[年龄（53.2±6.5）岁],男性和女性每5年体重变化值分别为（1.12±2.61）和（0.90±2.54）kg,每5年腰围变化值分别为（3.20±3.79）和（3.83±3.85）cm。无论是25岁、基线还是重复调查时,文化程度低的女性BMI和腰围都更大。而在男性中,25岁时文化程度越低的男性BMI略大;到了基线和重复调查时,不同文化程度者间的BMI差异消失,但初、高中文化程度者的腰围及其增幅略高于其他文化程度者。结论 无论男性或女性,随年龄增长,体重和腰围都在不断增加。文化程度与BMI和腰围的关系存在性别差异。     

上海市某社区老年居民腹型肥胖与糖尿病的关系

以腹部肥胖为特征的中心性肥胖是导致多种疾病如心脑血管疾病、糖尿病的独立危险因子，体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）和腰臀比（WHR）作为简易的肥胖体表测量指标已广为接受，而腰围／身高比值（WHtR）也是方便有效的肥胖体表测量指标。因此，我们以徐家汇中心城区部分60岁以上老年居民为对象，通过调查糖尿病与WHtR、BMI、WC、WHR的关系，评价这4个指标对于预测糖尿病（DM）发生风险的可行性和价值，以期能为进一步的干预提供一定依据。     

江苏省成人身高、体重、腰围自报情况准确性分析

目的了解在现场调查中实行自报身高、体重、腰围的可行性。方法在江苏全省范围内,采用多阶段按比例随机抽样方法,对18岁及以上城乡居民进行问卷调查,从中获取身高、体重、腰围的自报值,并与实测值进行比较。结果调查人群身高、体重、腰围的知晓率分别为49.98%、60.17%和31.88%;身高、腰围自报值与实测值均差分别为1.15厘米和-2.03厘米,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。体重自报值与实测值间未见显著性差异(P=0.22)。通过Logistic回归分析发现,城乡、性别、文化程度、社会经济地位等因素对身高、体重、腰围知晓率均有影响;自觉健康状况、体重情况等未见有显著影响。结论江苏省成年人中身高、体重、腰围知晓率尚不高,自报值与实测值间的差异尚在可接受范围。若在今后的工作中实行身高、体重、腰围自报,仍需不断宣传卫生知识和推广适宜的测量工具。     

合肥市青少年体重控制心理、行为调查

目的了解不同性别、年龄和年级青少年体重控制心理行为状况及其与超重、肥胖的相关性。方法选取合肥市某中学的初一、初二年级学生为研究对象，进行问卷调查和人体测量。问卷调查内容包括学生及其父母的社会人口统计学特征、体重自我评价和体重控制心理行为。测量身高、体重，计算体重指数（BMI），分别依据BMI值和体重自我评价进行分组。结果青少年不良的体重控制心理、行为和总体不良的体重控制心理行为报告率分别为17．4％、3．8％、19．1％，女生的报告率（20．6％、4．3％、22．6％）均高于男生（14．5％、3．3％、15．8％）（P〈0．05）。BMI评价和自我评价为肥胖学生不良的体重控制心理、行为和总体不良的体重控制心理行为的报告率均最高（P〈0．05）。两种方法评价肥胖和超重与不良的体重控制心理行为的正相关均有统计学意义，且不受其他因素的影响。结论女生不良的体重控制心理行为较男生严重。排除社会因素的混杂作用，肥胖与青少年不良的体重控制心理行为相关联。     

荆州市居民身体测量知晓率以及准确性分析

目的 探讨人群自报体重、身高、腰围及BMI的准确性及影响因素,为提高人群健康监测意识和行为提供一定依据。方法 利用荆州市慢性病及其危险因素监测数据,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法收集荆州市18岁及以上在本地居民基本信息,采用问卷询问被调查者的身体测量情况（自报身高、体重、腰围及BMI）,统一方法测量调查者身高、体重、腰围并计算BMI,计算身高、体重、腰围BMI自报值准确性及影响因素。结果 身高自报值较实测值平均偏高（0.22±3.79）cm,体重自报值较实测值平均偏低（0.62±2.76）kg,腰围自报值较实测值平均偏高（0.10±29.25）cm,BMI自报值较实测值平均偏低（1.73±6.49）kg/m2。身高自报准确率为82.79%,多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大（40~69岁:OR=0.58,95%CI:0.46~0.73;69岁以上:OR=0.46,95%CI:0.32~0.65）以及退休（OR=0.70,95%CI:0.54~0.90）者身高自报准确率较低;文化程度大专及以上（OR=4.03,95%CI:2.91~5.57）、人均月收入大于2000元（OR=1.78,95%CI:1.33~2.396）者身高自报准确率较高。体重自报准确率为84.05%,多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大者体重自报准确率较低（40~69岁:OR=0.71,95%CI:0.60~0.83;69岁以上:OR=0.71,95%CI:0.54~0.94）;文化程度大专及以上（OR=2.18,95%CI:1.72~2.76）以及人均月收入大于2000元（OR=1.50,95%CI:1.23~1.83）者体重自报准确率较高。腰围自报准确率为85.81%,多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大（40~69岁:OR=0.64,95%CI:0.49~0.82）及退休（OR=0.60,95%CI:0.45~0.80）者腰围自报准确率较低;文化程度大专及以上者腰围自报准确率较高（OR=1.84,95%CI:1.29~2.62）。BMI自报准确率为57.31%,多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大（40~69岁:OR=0.64,95%CI:0.54~0.76;69岁以上:OR=0.72,95%CI:0.53~0.97）及退休（OR=0.92,95%CI:0.75~1.13）者BMI自报准确率较低;文化程度大专及以上（OR=3.10,95%CI:2.36~4.08）及人均月收入大于2000元（OR=1.98,95%CI:1.56~2.53）者BMI自报准确率较高。结论 荆州常住居民身高、体重的知晓率较高,但不到一半的居民知晓自己的腰围,对自身BMI知晓率则更低。应采取措施进一步提高居民身体测量知晓率和准确性。     

体质指数、腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比与城乡居民血压关系的研究

目的探讨反映肥胖的体格测量指标与血压的关系,并通过肥胖指标预测血压值。方法利用2006年"中国居民健康与营养调查"的数据,对我国九省城乡18～60岁的成年居民6 433人的体质指数(BMI)、腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比,以及超重率、肥胖率、中心肥胖率、高血压患病率进行横断面分析,同时分析体质指数、腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比与血压的关系,并通过多元回归方程以肥胖指标预测血压值。结果城市男性居民的平均BMI值、腰围、腰臀比、腰围身高比、收缩压、舒张压均显著高于农村居民(P<0.05)。城市女性居民的平均BMI值、腰围、超重率、肥胖率、中心肥胖率和高血压患病率均低于农村居民,但两者比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。无论是收缩压还是舒张压,均随着BMI值、腰围、腰臀比和腰围身高比的增加而升高。多元线性回归的结果显示,女性的年龄回归系数要高于男性。男性BMI值每增加0.77、腰围每增加2.43cm、腰臀比每增加2.66%和腰围身高比每增加1.54%,其收缩压升高1mmHg;而女性,相应的值分别为0.75、2.12cm、2.54%和1.53%时,其收缩压升高1mmHg。多元逐步回归方程中,腰围身高比仅和女性舒张压有相关关系。结论肥胖指标与血压之间具有稳定的正向线性关系。腰围身高比对收缩压和舒张压的预测作用并不好于其他反映肥胖的指标。     

城区学龄前儿童肥胖与血压的关系

  目的  调查青岛市城区学龄前儿童血压现状，明确学龄前儿童肥胖与血压的关系。  方法  采用整群方便抽样，抽取青岛市城区13家中等规模幼儿园，测量大、中、小班儿童身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压，评价体质指数（body mass index，BMI）、腰臀比、腰围身高比，分析儿童肥胖与血压间的关系。  结果  青岛市城区学龄前儿童收缩压（systoblic blood pressure，SBP）和舒张压（diastolic blood pressure，DBP）均值分别为（95.52±7.66）mmHg和（62.78±6.52）mmHg；调查儿童中高血压检出率为13.50%；儿童SBP和DBP与BMI、腰围、臀围和腰围身高比均呈正相关；BMI和年龄与血压存在线性回归关系；超重组和肥胖组儿童高血压患病风险分别为正常体重组的5.191和2.824倍。  结论  青岛市城区学龄前儿童高血压发病率较高，超重和肥胖是其血压升高的危险因素，因此在防控学龄前儿童肥胖的同时，学龄前儿童血压监测与高血压早期干预应尽快提上工作日程。     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.