巴中市2006-2007年无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的通过对无偿献血者5项检验结果的分析，探求无偿献血管理的有效方法，从根本上降低血液报废率。方法对2006年1月至2007年12月巴中市无偿献血者丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体（抗-TP）的血液检验结果进行分析。结果无偿献血者血液检验总不合格率呈上升趋势，从2006年初的3．78％上升到2007年底的4．67％。抗-TP、抗-HIV、抗-HCV及ALT的不合格率呈上升趋势，HBsAg的不合格率呈下降趋势。检测项目不合格主要集中在抗-TP、HBsAg和ALT。结论无偿献血总不合格率呈上升趋势，但HBsAg的不合格率呈下降趋势。     

惠州市无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的了解惠州市无偿献血者血液检测情况,为招募低危无偿献血者,保障输血安全提供科学理论依据。方法收集2007～2011年惠州市无偿献血者资料并对其检测结果进行统计分析。结果共检测210 675例,总阳性率为6.74%,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)异常率为4.41%,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)和梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗-TP)阳性率分别为1.13%、0.35%、0.06%和0.79%,各年度检测结果阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论近5年检测的阳性率有升高趋势,有必要进一步提高检测方法的准确度,加强献血招募前教育和筛查,加强血液质量监控,确保血液安全。     

2010～2012年某市无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的分析2010～2012年芜湖市无偿献血者血液检测不合格的情况,以确立最佳献血模式,保证血源安全。方法收集2010～2012年芜湖市无偿献血者资料并对其检测结果进行统计分析。结果共检测94 043例,其中不合格8 101例,血液检测总不合格率为8.61%,呈现逐年升高的趋势,丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）不合格率为6.01%,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）和梅毒螺旋体抗体（抗-TP）阳性率分别为1.27%、0.32%、0.19%和0.83%,ALT为主要不合格项。结论针对不同人群制定科学有效的献血招募策略,积极探索有效的血液筛查方法,有助于减少血液资源的浪费,保障血液质量。     

2008～2011年重庆市江津区无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的调查重庆市江津区无偿献血者血液传染性疾病的感染状况,为无偿献血招募方式和招募策略提供依据,达到减少血液报废,净化血液资源,提高血液质量的目的。方法收集江津区2008～2011年13 499人次无偿献血者血液检测资料,对其丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体（抗-TP）检测不合格率进行统计学分析。结果 13 499人次无偿献血者血液检测总不合格率为4.54%,各年间总的不合格率差异有统计学意义,其ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP检测不合格率依次是1.65%、1.17%、0.34%、0.2%、1.3%,除ALT（P〈0.01）外,HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP各年间的不合格率比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论江津区无偿献血者血液检测不合格率排名依次是ALT、抗-TP、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV,其中ALT、HBsAg不合格率呈先降后升趋势,抗-HIV不合格率呈逐年上升趋势,抗-HCV和抗-TP呈逐年下降趋势。     

孝感地区无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的探讨孝感地区无偿献血者血液检测不合格情况,以保证血液安全。方法收集2012~2014年孝感市无偿献血者资料并对其检测结果进行统计分析。结果共检测84 783例,其中不合格2 618例,血液检测总不合格率为3.09%,呈逐年下降趋势,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)不合格率为1.24%,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)、梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗-TP)阳性率分别为0.72%、0.41%、0.01%、0.71%。结论应对不同人群制定科学的献血招募方式,探索有效的血液筛查方法,减少血液资源浪费,保证血液质量。     

2006～2010年天津市无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的分析天津市无偿献血者血液检测结果,为建立高质量的固定献血者提供依据。方法对2006～2010年本市无偿献血者ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒抗体5项传染性指标进行回顾性分析。结果无偿献血者ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒抗体阳性率分别为2.25%、0.37%、0.34%、0.09%、0.36%,各年间不合格率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各项血液检测不合格比例依次为:ALT>HBsAg>梅毒抗体>抗-HCV>抗-HIV。结论加强无偿献血前的健康征询,建立长期固定低危献血者队伍,提高检测水平,保证血液质量,减少血液报废。     

重庆市涪陵区7年无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的了解重庆市涪陵区无偿献血者血液检测情况，以采取措施，提高血液质量，保障输血安全。方法用赖氏法对血液进行ALT检测，用ELISA法对血液进行HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP可经输血传播的病原体检测。结果共检测72868例，检出阳性总数为5512例，总阳性率为7．56％；HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-TP、抗-HIV阳性率分别为3．09％、0．48％、1．27％、0．07％，ALT异常率为2．73％，各年度检测结果阳性率差异均有统计学意义。结论无偿献血人群中总阳性率逐年降低，HBsAg阳性率最高，ALT异常率次之，抗-TP阳性率排在第3位，抗-HCV和抗-HIV阳性率最低，提示应加强血液质量监控，确保输血安全。     

浙江省金华市215 827名无偿献血者的血液检测结果分析

目的 了解无偿献血者身体健康状况,为招募低危献血者提供依据及降低血液不合格率,确保临床用血安全,避免因血源性传染病而引起的医疗纠纷。 方法 对浙江省金华市2007-2011年近5年无偿献血者集中化检测结果进行回顾性统计分析。 结果 在215 827名献血者中,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)阳性率为1.01%(2475例), 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率为0.63%(1534例),丙肝病毒抗体(抗-HCV)阳性率为0.20%(489例),艾滋病病毒抗体(抗-HIV)反应率为0.16%(385例),确认后阳性率为0.012%(26例),梅毒螺旋体抗(抗-TP)阳性率为0.49(1203例)。不同年度间的ALT、HBsAg和抗-HCV阳性率整体上呈先降后升趋势,抗-HIV、抗-TP呈上下波动的趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P结论 ALT不合格是血液不合格的最主要因素,体质指数(BMI)异常的超重和肥胖无偿献血者应加强ALT的筛查,尤其是在高温季节;选用敏感性更高的HBsAg胶体金试纸条,以有效降低HBsAg阳性率;采用金标试剂对TP进行快速筛查,同时不断加强其他血源性传染病标志物的检测质量,最大限度地降低血液不合格率及减少临床输血风险。     

27779例患者输血治疗前血液传染性指标检测结果分析

目的 了解住院患者输血治疗前血液传染性指标乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、抗人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)、抗梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗-TP)的阳性率.方法 采用ELISA对2008~2010年于该院接受输血治疗的27 779例住院患者进行HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP初筛;初筛阳性标本进行确证检测,HBsAg、抗-HCV检测采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应,抗-TP检测采用梅毒螺旋体颗粒明胶凝集试验,抗-HIV阳性标本送艾滋病检测确证实验室进行确证检测.结果 27 779例患者HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-TP、抗-HIV确证阳性率分别为6.88%(1 910/27 779)、0.72%(199/27 779)、1.04%(290/27 779)、0.03%(8/27 779).结论 在输血治疗前对患者进行血液传染性指标的检测,有利于避免医疗纠纷,也有利于加强医护人员的自我防护,避免医源性污染.     

上饶市无偿献血者血液检测结果分析

目的了解上饶市无偿献血人群5项感染性标志物的感染状况,保证血液采集充足和安全,减少血液资源浪费。方法对2005～2010年本市无偿献血者标本HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒-TP及ALT检测结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果 5项指标检测总阳性率为4.12%,其中HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒-TP及ALT检测阳性率分别为:0.64%、0.18%、0.05%、0.69%、2.57%,从2010开展ALT快速筛查后,ALT的阳性率由2009年的4.87%下降到2010年的0.48%。结论加大无偿献血宣传力度,从低危人群中招募献血者,建立一支固定的自愿献血者可有效保障血液安全。     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Rosamicin in Urethral and Vaginal Secretions and Tissues in Dogs and Rats

In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect.     

Variations in atherosclerosis and remodeling patterns in aorta and carotids

Background

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that causes vascular remodeling that can be positive or negative. The evolution of arterial wall thickening and changes in lumen size under current "standard of care" in different arterial beds is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine arterial remodeling and progression/regression of atherosclerosis in aorta and carotid arteries of individuals at risk for atherosclerosis normalized over a 1-year period.

Methods

In this study, 28 patients underwent at least 2 black-blood in vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scans of aorta and carotids over a one-year period (Mean 17.8 ± 7.5 months). Clinical risk profiles for atherosclerosis and medications were documented and patients were followed by their referring physicians under current "standard of care" guidelines. Carotid and aortic wall lumen areas were matched across the time-points from cross-sectional images.

Results

The wall area increased by 8.67%, 10.64%, and 13.24% per year (carotid artery, thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta respectively, p < 0.001). The lumen area of the abdominal aorta increased by 4.97% per year (p = 0.002), but the carotid artery and thoracic aorta lumen areas did not change significantly. The use of statin therapy did not change the rate of increase of wall area of carotid artery, thoracic and abdominal aorta, but decreased the rate of change of lumen area of carotid artery (-3.08 ± 11.34 vs. 0.19 ± 12.91 p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Results of this study of multiple vascular beds indicated that different vascular locations exhibited varying progression of atherosclerosis and remodeling as monitored by CMR.     

Issues and challenges in nursing and nursing education in Japan

In this editorial we discuss the challenges and issues in nursing and nurse education in Japan. These include a rapid growth in the number of universities offering nursing programs without sufficient time for preparation of faculty; issues in the traditional ways of teaching in classrooms; the appearance of nursing shortages in a country with the highest rate of longevity in the world; and the position of nursing faculty in a society that is largely male dominated.     

Similarities and differences in clients treated and in medications prescribed by APRNs and psychiatrists in a CMHC

This study is part of a larger study comparing prescribing practices of psychiatrists and advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APRNs) using the following three groups of patients: patients treated by psychiatrists, those treated by APRNs, and those treated by both APRNs and psychiatrists at different times in 1 year. Demographics for 5507 patients were examined. A subsample of APRNs and psychiatrists prescribed similar total numbers of medications. Psychiatrists prescribed more types of antidepressant medications other than the SSRI antidepressants, and they prescribed more than twice the number of benzodiazepines. APRNs prescribed more SSRIs and spent more time with clients during medication visits.