17β-雌二醇调控子宫内膜癌细胞孤儿核受体ERRα表达的研究

背景与目的:雌激素受体相关受体α(estrogenreceptor-relatedreceptorα,ERRα)是孤儿核受体亚家族成员之一,可与雌激素受体α(estrogenreceptorα,ERα)竞争结合同一靶基因位点,从而干扰雌激素-雌激素受体核内信号通路的转导,因而可能在子宫内膜癌的发生方面发挥一定作用。本研究旨在探讨17β-雌二醇(E2)对子宫内膜癌细胞孤儿核受体ERRα的调控作用,明确ERRα在子宫内膜癌发生中的作用及与ER信号通路的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR和Westernblot方法,检测不同浓度17β-E(210-10、10-8、10-6mol/L)作用于ERα阳性的子宫内膜癌细胞系Ishikawa细胞和ERα阴性的子宫内膜癌细胞系HEC-IA细胞24h、48h后ERRαmRNA水平和蛋白水平的变化,并应用完全性ER拮抗剂ICI182780同时作用细胞,观察是否可阻断E2对ERRα的调控作用。结果:不同浓度的17β-E2作用于Ishikawa细胞24h、48h后ERRαmRNA水平及蛋白水平均有不同程度的下调,以10-8mol/L作用后下调最明显。同时加入10-8mol/LE2和10-6mol/LICI182780作用于Ishikawa细胞后,E2对ERRα的下调作用被阻断。不同浓度的17β-E2作用于HEC-IA细胞24h后ERRαmRNA水平出现不同程度上调,但蛋白水平未见明显变化。当17β-E2作用细胞48h后,ERRα蛋白水平出现明显上调,以10-8mol/L作用后上调最明显。同时加入10-8mol/LE2和10-6mol/LICI182780作用于HEC-IA细胞后,E2对ERRα的上调作用无明显变化。结论:17β-E2可下调Ishikawa细胞ERRα的表达,且这种降调作用是通过ER介导完成的;17β-E2可上调HEC-IA细胞ERRα的表达,且这种上调作用不被完全性ER拮抗剂ICI182780所阻断。     

雌激素效应环指蛋白对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞生长作用及其机制的探讨

目的:探讨雌激素效应环指蛋白(Efp)在子宫内膜癌IshikaWa细胞生长中的作用.方法:应用细胞生长试验检测17β-雌二醇(E2)对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞生长的作用,同时应用荧光定量RT-PCR、ELISA和蛋白质印迹法检测E2对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa 细胞Efp、VEGF mRNA和蛋白的表达影响,并应...     

服用他莫西芬发生子宫内膜癌的临床特点及雌激素受体表达

目的:研究因乳腺癌服用他莫西芬(tamoxifen,TAM)而发生子宫内膜癌的临床特征及雌激素受体的表达,并探讨其发病机制。方法:回顾性分析33例因乳腺癌服用他莫西芬发生子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料,设为研究组(TAMET组),将同期普通子宫内膜癌患者50例设为对照组(ET组)。免疫组化法检测癌组织雌激素受体ERα、ERβ的表达。结果:TAMET组多为高分化腺癌,组织学分化好,病理分期早;绝经前期2组ERα、ERβ表达差异无统计学意义,绝经期TAMET组ERα、ERβ表达高于ET组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:绝经期2组内膜癌的发生机制不同,TAM可能主要是ERβ参与TAMET的形成。     

子宫内膜癌组织中PTEN基因突变、PTEN蛋白及雌激素受体亚型的表达及意义

目的:检测子宫内膜癌组织中PTEN基因的突变、蛋白表达及雌激素受体亚型(ERα、ERβ)mRNA表达并探讨其意义。方法:采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性分析(PCR-SSCP)检测36例子宫内膜癌、20例正常子宫内膜组织中PTEN基因第5和第8外显子的突变;免疫组织化学法检测PTEN蛋白的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增ERα和ERβ片段检测其mRNA的相对表达水平。结果:子宫内膜癌组织中PTEN基因突变率和蛋白缺失率分别为30.6%和61.1%,高于正常子宫内膜组织(0)(P<0.05)。PTEN蛋白表达完全缺失在G2、G3级肿瘤高于G1级(P<0.05),PTEN基因突变率和蛋白缺失率均与肌层浸润、淋巴结转移及手术-病理分期无明显关系(P>0.05)。ERαmRNA、ERβmRNA在PTEN表达缺失的肿瘤中低于PTEN表达阳性者(P<0.05)。结论:PTEN基因突变与临床病理参数无关,蛋白表达缺失常发生细胞分化较差的子宫内膜癌。PTEN蛋白表达缺失与ERαmRNA、ERβmRNA表达水平有关。     

雌孕激素及米非司酮对人子宫内膜癌细胞孕激素受体亚型调控的研究

目的:通过体外实验探讨雌激素、孕激素及米非司酮对人子宫内膜癌细胞孕激素受体亚型表达的调节。方法:体外培养表达不同孕激素受体亚型的人子宫内膜癌细胞HECCA-A(PRA+)、HECCA-B(PRB+)及HECCA-AB(PRA+和PRB+),分别加入雌激素、孕激素和米非司酮,作用24、48h后采用蛋白质印迹法测定各组细胞中2种孕激素受体亚型蛋白的表达。结果:雌激素作用48 h后,HECCA-A、HECCA-AB细胞的PRA表达水平明显升高,PRA/PRB比值升高,P<0.05;孕激素及米非司酮作用48 h后,HECCA-B、HECCA-AB细胞的PRB表达水平明显降低,PRA/PRB比值升高,P<0.05。结论:雌激素上调子宫内膜癌细胞PRA的蛋白表达水平,孕激素及米非司酮下调PRB的蛋白表达水平。     

卵巢癌细胞ER亚型和p160共激活因子表达及其与他莫西芬和雌激素敏感相关性

目的:分析比较4种常见的人上皮性卵巢癌细胞系(A2780、CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2)雌激素受体(ER)亚型及p160共激活因子表达及其对他莫西芬(TAM)和雌激素敏感性的关系.方法:采用免疫印迹法和RT-PCR技术检测ERα、ERβ及p160共激活因子的表达,采用MTT试验测定卵巢癌细胞对TAM和17β-雌二醇(E2)的敏感性.结果:4种卵巢癌细胞均表达ERα,其中A2780细胞较低,CAOV-3和SKOV-L3细胞较高,ES-2细胞居中;ERβ的表达情况则与ERα恰好相反;3种p160共激活因子mRNA的表达水平均以A2780细胞为最低,而ES2、SKOV-3和CA-OV-3细胞则依次升高;4种卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2细胞则有不同程度的耐药性.其耐药倍数分剐为4.98、3.75和2.66;除SKOV-3细胞外,E2对CAOV-3、ES-2和A2780细胞均有不同程度的促增殖作用,其强度依次降低.结论:卵巢癌细胞ERβ表达水平与其对TAM的敏感性呈正相关趋势;3种p160共激活因子表达水平与卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性呈负相关趋势,与ERα而非ERβ的表达水平相一致.     

雌二醇对子宫内膜癌细胞AKT通路中细胞因子的影响

通过17β雌二醇（E2）诱导人子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞产生不同细胞因子,探讨雌激素在子宫内膜癌发展中的作用。方法:以浓度为1×10-6 mol/L雌二醇（E2组）作用于HEC-1A细胞8h、12 h后,或1×10-6 mol/L雌激素受体抑制剂（ER组）、25×10-6 mol/L AKT抑制剂（AKT组）分别预处理HEC-1A细胞60min,各加入1×10-6 mol/L雌二醇作用8h和12h后;采用荧光定量PCR及ELISA技术,分别检测细胞内VEGF、bFGF、IL-8基因mRNA及细胞培养上清液中蛋白表达情况。Western Blot检测以1×10-6 mol/L雌二醇作用HEC-1A细胞15min后,细胞内AKT蛋白表达情况。结果:E2组的VEGF、bFGF、IL-8 mRNA及蛋白的表达均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;ER组VEGF、bFGF、IL-8 mRNA和蛋白的表达,与E2组相比较,除了8h的VEGF蛋白和12 h的IL-8 mRNA表达无显著性差异及12 h的VEGF mRNA表达稍增加外,均明显低于E2组（P<0.05）;AKT组VEGF、bFGF、IL-8 mRNA和蛋白的表达,与E2组相比较,除了12 h的IL-8 mRNA表达无显著性差异外,均明显低于E2组（P<0.05）。雌二醇作用HEC-1A细胞15 min后,与对照组比较,细胞内p-AKT蛋白表达明显增强（P<0.05）。结论:雌二醇诱导子宫内膜癌产生细胞因子VEGF、bFGF、IL-8可能是通过激活AKT通路实现的。      

5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷联合曲古菌素A对乳腺癌SKBR-3细胞中性激素受体基因表达的影响

目的:探讨5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine,5-aza-dC)联合曲古菌素A(trichostatin A,TSA)能否诱导性激素受体阴性的乳腺癌细胞系SKBR-3同时重新表达功能性雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha,ERα)和雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR),并进一步研究诱导前后SKBR-3细胞对乳腺癌内分泌治疗敏感性的变化.方法:分别采用RT-PCR法和免疫细胞化学法检测5-aza-dC联合TSA诱导前后SKBR-3细胞和阳性对照MCF-7细胞中ERα、AR、孕激素受体(progestone receptor,PR)、雌激素调节蛋白pS2与前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA) mRNA和蛋白的表达水平;采用CCK-8法检测各内分泌治疗药物对5-aza-dC联合TSA诱导后重新表达ERα和AR的乳腺癌SKBR-3细胞增殖能力的影响.结果:5-aza-dC联合TSA能够诱导激素受体阴性的乳腺癌SKBR-3细胞同时重新表达ERα和AR,它们的下游产物PR、pS2以及PSA也相应表达;诱导后SKBR-3细胞中ERα和AR的表达量明显低于在MCF-7细胞中的表达量(P＜0.05).5-aza-dC联合TSA能明显抑制SKBR-3细胞的增殖能力(P＜0.05),加入雌激素类药物17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)后细胞的增殖能力略有上升,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在加入E2的基础上,分别再加入雌激素拮抗剂他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,TAM)或孕激素醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate,MA)后,二者都能使肿瘤细胞的增殖能力明显下降(P＜0.05);联合加入TAM和MA后,肿瘤细胞的增殖能力进一步明显下降(P＜0.05).结论:5-aza-dC联合TSA能够诱导乳腺癌细胞系SKBR-3同时恢复表达功能性的ERα和AR,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,同时使SKBR-3细胞恢复了对激素的依赖性和内分泌治疗的敏感性.     

依西美坦对子宫内膜癌细胞HHUA体外增殖的抑制作用

背景与目的:子宫内膜癌发生发展与雌激素相关,芳香化酶抑制剂依西美坦可以竞争性灭活芳香化酶,降低雌激素水平,影响细胞的凋亡。本实验观察芳香化酶抑制剂依西美坦对子宫内膜癌细胞HHUA体外增殖凋亡活性及芳香化酶P450、雌激素受体(ER)、Survivin表达的影响,以确定依西美坦能否抑制子宫内膜癌的生长及其可能的作用机制。方法:应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定不同浓度依西美坦作用的子宫内膜癌HHUA细胞的吸光度(A);应用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测6×10-7mol/L依西美坦作用的子宫内膜癌HHUA细胞的凋亡率;采用免疫组化法检测依西美坦作用的子宫内膜癌HHUA细胞的ER、Survivin蛋白表达变化;应用RT-PCR法检测依西美坦作用的子宫内膜癌HHUA细胞P450、survivin mRNA转录。结果:不同浓度依西美坦对HHUA细胞体外增殖有抑制作用,增加细胞凋亡率。依西美坦显著下调ER、Survivin蛋白表达(P<0.05)。依西美坦浓度为6×10-7mol/L,培养72 h,HHUA细胞ER、Survivin蛋白表达染色评分分别为2.62±0.36和1.89±0.57,与对照组染色评分3.77±0.12和3.47±0.15比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。同样条件下,P450 mRNA光密度比值为1.67±0.15,对照组2.94±0.25,两者相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。survivin mRNA光密度比值为1.56±0.14,对照组2.57±0.21,两者相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:依西美坦对子宫内膜癌细胞HHUA有增殖抑制和促凋亡作用,其抗肿瘤作用可能与降调P450、ER、survivin表达有关。     

雌激素诱导子宫内膜癌细胞血管因子生成的作用

目的探讨雌激素诱导子宫内膜癌细胞HEC-1A血管因子生成的机制,阐述雌激素在子宫内膜癌发生中的作用。方法以雌激素（E2组）作用于HEC-1A细胞30min,雌激素受体抑制剂（ER组）、AKT抑制剂（AKT组）、NF-κB抑制剂（NF-κB组）分别预处理HEC-1A细胞1h,各加入雌激素作用30min后;采用qRT-PCR检测各组细胞内血管因子mRNA表达,Westernblot检测血管因子蛋白的表达情况。结果 E2组的血管因子mRNA及蛋白的表达均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;ER组、AKT组及NF-κB组的血管因子mRNA和蛋白的表达均明显低于E2组（P〈0.05）。结论雌激素在子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞中起到信号传导的作用,可调节血管生成因子的表达,参与子宫内膜癌发生、发展的过程。     

Cytologic classification of precancer and cancer of the endometrium and esophagus and of malignant lymphomas

The paper discusses cytological classifications of precancer and cancer of the endometrium, esophagus and malignant lymphomas presented by cytologists from five Soviet research institutes of oncology. The classifications were based on the data of 4400 cases in conformity with WHO histologic classifications.     

E-钙粘蛋白及PTEN基因编码蛋白与胃癌浸润转移

目的:观察抑癌基因PTEN蛋白和ECD在胃癌组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌生物学行为及预后的关系。方法:以兔抗人PTEN多克隆抗体、鼠抗人ECD单克隆抗体,采用SABC免疫组化法,检测100例胃癌手术切除标本中拟测指标的表达。以χ2和Logrank检验对结果做统计学分析。结果:ECD、PTEN蛋白在非癌胃粘膜中均见表达;在胃癌组织中表达下调或缺失。ECD异常表达率为42.0%;弥漫型胃癌异常表达率(48.57%),明显高于肠型胃癌(26.67%),(P<0.05);ECD异常表达与浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白缺失率为59%;弥漫型胃癌缺失率(65.71%)明显高于肠型胃癌(43.33%),(P<0.05);伴淋巴结转移的胃癌缺失率(64.47%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者(41.67%),(P<0.05);PTEN蛋白缺失的患者比阳性表达者预后差(P=0.0066)。65.85%PTEN阳性表达者同时伴ECD正常表达。结论:两种标志物与胃癌浸润转移有关,PTEN表达与胃癌患者预后密切相关。将两种指标联合检测,可作为正确判断胃癌患者预后,指导临床治疗的分子生物学指标。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers

BACKGROUND: Frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in many observational studies. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers in two large cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (88 764 women) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (47 325 men). Diet was assessed and cumulatively updated in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990 among women and in 1986 and 1990 among men. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum was ascertained up to June or January of 1996, respectively. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated with the use of pooled logistic regression models accounting for various potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: With a follow-up including 1 743 645 person-years and 937 cases of colon cancer, we found little association of colon cancer incidence with fruit and vegetable consumption. For women and men combined, a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98-1.05). A difference in vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.03 (95% CI = 0.97-1.09). Similar results were obtained for women and men considered separately. A difference in fruit consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR for colon cancer of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.89-1.03) among women and 1. 08 (95% CI = 1.00-1.16) among men. For rectal cancer (total, 244 cases), a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.02 (95% CI = 0.95-1.09) in men and women combined. None of these associations was modified by vitamin supplement use or smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Although fruits and vegetables may confer protection against some chronic diseases, their frequent consumption does not appear to confer protection from colon or rectal cancer.     

世界卫生组织骨质疏松症防治工作报告和防治建议

引 言 作为对第51号综合处理非传染性疾病预防与控制的世界卫生组织决议的反应,1998年7月WHO成立了致力于不断完善对骨质疏松预防和治疗策略的工作小组。小组成员来自世界各国致力于骨质疏松研究的知名专家。Harry K.Genant为本届主席。这一项世界范围内的骨质疏松教育计划旨在通过世界范围的研究,不断改善对骨质疏松的诊断水平和发展并完善对骨质疏松病人的合理治疗。其重点将以发展中国家为主。并为各国政府及其卫生部门和病人群体提供世界性有关骨质疏松症的总体的、完整的指导性资料。该项研究、教育计划的实施将由世界各国的骨质疏松症研究和治疗机构共同完成,并经权威学术机构、政府和非政府组织进行有针对性的回顾研究,最终由WHO审议通过。     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。