新生儿甲基丙二酸血症及丙酸血症各2例

甲基丙二酸血症(methylmalonic academia,MMA)和丙酸血症(propionic acidemia,PA)是两种较少见的常染色体隐性遗传病。由于该类疾病较少见,缺乏特异性临床表现,且新生儿科医生对此病的认识不足,常难以在新生儿期明确诊断,以致延误治疗[1]。MMA及PA的临床表现均由于严重的代谢性酸中毒及异常代谢产物堆积的毒性作用所致[3],因此发病症状相似,偶有特殊表现的报道[4]。现报告吉林大学第一医院新生儿科2011—     

丙酸血症1例

患儿,女,19d,因拒乳、嗜睡6d、抽搐1次入院。患儿6d前无明显诱因出现拒乳,嗜睡,反应差,无发热,无呕吐。当地医院予抗感染治疗无好转来本院就诊。第1胎第1产,足月剖宫产。患儿父母体健,非近亲结婚,否认家族中有特殊病史。体检:精神萎糜,嗜睡,全身皮肤苍白,无出血点及黄染,皮肤弹     

有机酸血症5例

目的 提高对遗传代谢病神经系统症状的认识。方法应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC／MS）对5例病人的尿样本作有机酸分析。进行筛查诊断，对3例丙二酸血症（MMA）及2例丙酸血症（PA）作以确诊。确诊后接受相应饮食和药物治疗。结果治疗后5例有机酸血症患儿智力、运动发育情况均有改善。结论有机酸血症临床表现复杂。对于不明原因的酸中毒伴意识障碍、惊厥、发育迟滞等症状的病人。须警惕遗传代谢病。GC／MS尿有机酸分析是有机酸尿（血）症筛查与诊断的可靠方法。早诊断及早治疗对改善预后尤为关键。     

高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征诊治研究进展

高胰岛素血症-高氨血症综合征（hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome，HI/HA syndrome）是先天性高胰岛素血症（HI）中第二大常见亚型。患有该综合征的儿童有空腹和高蛋白质饮食诱发的低血糖，并伴有持续高氨血症。编码谷氨酸脱氢酶的基因GLUD1致病变异是HI/HA综合征的病因。谷氨酸脱氢酶在肝、肾、脑和胰腺细胞中表达。即使在血糖正常的情况下，HI/HA综合征患者出现神经系统损害较常见。服用ATP敏感的钾离子通道开放剂二氮嗪可以很好地控制HI/HA综合征患者的低血糖，但高氨血症无法改善。     

植物固醇血症被误诊为家族性高胆固醇血症1例

正植物固醇血症(OMIM:210250)是罕见的遗传代谢病,于1974年首次被报道,其主要临床特征为血清植物固醇水平增加,总胆固醇水平轻到中度增高[1-2]、多发皮肤肌腱黄色瘤及早发动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病,严重者于5岁左右死于心肌梗死[3]。由于临床表型酷似纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症,也称为假性纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症,极易误诊漏诊误治[4]。目前认为植物固醇血症发病率为1/600万,全球报道病例仅约百例[5]。植物固醇血症的主要致病基因不同于家族性高胆固醇血症,为三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G5或G8(ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5或8分别由ABCG5、ABCG8基因编码)缺陷[1]。     

瓜氨酸血症一例

患儿男，１３岁，因头痛、嗜睡２３天，呕吐３天，意识不清１２小时入院。入院２３天前，因腹痛口服氨酚待因片（成份为对乙酰氨基酚和可待因）后１０分钟出现头痛，呈间歇性，伴嗜睡，走路时似喝醉酒样。２０天前抽搐１次，表现为双眼凝视，牙关紧闭，双手握拳，四肢强直...     

儿童低脂蛋白血症

血浆脂蛋白的生物合成及代谢血浆脂蛋白是由蛋白质和脂类(甘油三脂、胆固醇及其酯、磷酯)所组成。各类脂蛋白的脂类没有质的差别只有量的不同,脂蛋白的蛋白部分称载脂蛋白,它分为A、B、C、D等类。各类脂蛋白所含的载脂蛋白不一样,如乳糜微粒(CM)和极低密度脂蛋白     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.