人噬菌体抗体库的构建及人源性bFGF抗体的筛选

目的选用含高效价碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)抗体的自身免疫病患者外周血淋巴细胞为材料,构建人噬菌体抗体库,并从中筛选抗bFGF抗体克隆。方法收集自身免疫病患者外周血,提取淋巴细胞总RNA后逆转录得到cDNA第一链,经PCR扩增重链Fd段和轻链基因,分别构建到噬菌粒载体pComb3中,将重组噬菌粒载体电转化大肠杆菌XL1Blue,以辅助噬菌体VCSM13超感染,构建人噬菌体抗体库。经过3轮固相筛选,获得能结合bFGF的抗体克隆,并用ELISA进行进一步鉴定及筛选,获得具有高亲和力的抗bFGF噬菌体抗体克隆。结果构建的人源噬菌体抗体库库容为2.5×107,经3轮筛选获得具有bFGF特异性的Fab噬菌体抗体克隆。结论构建了人噬菌体Fab抗体库,并能够从中筛选出与bFGF特异结合的抗体克隆,为bFGF抗体药物研究奠定基础。     

用导向选择链更替技术建立抗肝癌抗原HAb18G的人源性Fab基因库

目的 :在嵌合HAb18 Fab抗体的基础上 ,利用载体pComb3X ,采用导向选择链更替技术建立全人源性Fab基因库。方法 :用RT PCR自肝癌患者外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)中 ,扩增全套人抗体Fd基因片段和L链基因。首先 ,将Fd基因克隆入已含嵌合L链基因的展示载体pComb3X/CL中 ,建立人 -鼠杂合的Fab基因库 ,以原核表达的非融合HAb18G的胞外区片段为抗原 ,筛选杂合的Fab基因 ,以得到人Fd基因。然后应用筛选出的Fd基因与人L链基因库配对 ,建立全为人Fab的基因库 ,并筛选全人Fab基因。将IPTG诱导的表达菌裂解 ,取其上清对pⅢ Fab融合蛋白的功能进行分析 ,并对其编码基因进行测序。结果 :建立了库容为 2× 10 7的杂合Fab基因库 ,经 6轮筛选后得到 7株杂合Fab基因。利用筛选的人Fd基因建立了库容为 0 .8× 10 7的全人Fab基因库 ,经 4轮筛选得到 2株亲和力较高、特异性强的人Fab基因。测序结果显示 ,2株Fab基因具有相同的Fd基因序列 ,与亲本抗体同属IgG2亚类 ;L链基因为κ型 ,可变区均属于Vκ3家族。结论 :利用导向选择链更替技术 ,筛选出特异性较强、完全人源化的抗肝癌抗原HAb18G的Fab抗体 ,为进一步的工作打下了基础。     

人源性噬菌体抗体库的构建和抗CEA抗体的筛选及表达

目的构建人源性噬菌体抗体库,筛选和表达人源性抗癌胚抗原(CEA)单克隆抗体。方法从结肠癌患者肠系膜淋巴结中的淋巴细胞克隆出免疫球蛋白Fd段和κ链基因,建成噬菌体抗体库。用人CEA对抗体库进行筛选,将得到的阳性克隆进行表达及检测。结果抗体库库容为5．2×106,Fab基因重组率为30％。ELISA及Western blot分析检测,证实表达出人源抗CEA单克隆抗体。DNA序列测定,证实所获基因为人免疫球蛋白可变区基因。结论成功构建噬菌体抗体库,从中获得人源性抗CEA的单克隆抗体。     

抗SARS-CoV抗原的人源Fab段噬菌体抗体库的构建

目的 :利用抗SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体阳性的SARS康复患者外周血淋巴细胞 ,构建人源Fab段抗体文库。方法 :制备外周血淋巴细胞总RNA ,逆转录成cDNA。以其为模板 ,利用针对家族特异性Ig基因的引物扩增重链Fd段和轻链基因 ,并重组到噬菌粒载体pComb3中 ,将重组噬菌粒载体电转化大肠杆菌XL 1Blue,酶切鉴定抗体库的重组率 ,并测定噬菌体抗体库的库容量。结果 :构建了源于SARS康复患者血清中抗Fab段的抗体文库 ,轻链、重链Fd段基因的重组率分别为91%和 75 % ,库容量为 7.2 3× 10 7。结论 :成功地构建了抗SARS CoV抗原的人源Fab段噬菌体抗体库     

人源性Fab段噬菌体抗体库的构建及抗人β1-AR抗体克隆的筛选

目的构建人源性Fab段噬菌体抗体库并筛选抗人β1-AR抗体克隆.方法通过RT-PCR从抗人β1-AR抗体阳性的扩张性心肌病(DCM)患者的外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出人IgG重链Fd段和κ、λ两轻链基因片段,将其克隆入噬粒pComb3中,构建人源性Fab段噬菌体抗体库,并利用噬菌体表面显示技术,以人β1肾上腺素受体细胞外第二环26肽(β1-ARECⅡ)为抗原肽,对此抗体库进行淘筛富集.结果成功地构建了库容量为1.4×106的人源性Fab段噬菌体抗体库,从此抗体库中筛选到了特异性抗人β1-AR Fab段噬菌体抗体阳性克隆.结论利用噬菌体抗体库技术可以获得表达抗人β1-AR抗体的重组克隆.     

人源腺病毒伴随病毒Ⅱ型单克隆抗体Fab段及其全抗体的研制

目的 运用噬菌体表面表达技术，获得基因工程抗腺病毒伴随病毒抗体Fab、IgG。方法 从酶联免疫吸附试验阳性的人外周血中分离淋巴细胞。提取总RNA，逆转录cDNA，聚合酶链反应扩增人IgG Fab轻、重链基因，利用pComb3载体构建噬菌体抗体库。用纯化的腺病毒伴随病毒为固相抗原筛选抗体Fab段，并在E.coli中进行分泌性表达。通过ELISA和间接免疫荧光试验、筛选和鉴定Fab抗体，并进行序列测定。然后将其重链和轻链基因克隆到全抗体表达载体pAC-L-Fc上。转染昆虫sf-9细胞，利用杆状病毒，昆虫细胞系统实现全抗体的分泌型表达，免疫沉淀试验鉴定它的抗蛋白。结果 分离到一株Fab克隆AAVs-31，腺病毒伴随病毒抗原和抗Fab抗体直接ELISA检测阳性，间接免疫荧光试验呈阳性，序列分析结果表明是一新的序列，所获得的基因为人源IgG Fab基因。由Gamma链和Kappa链组成。表达的全抗体ELISA反应、免疫荧光反应和间接免疫荧光试验均为阳性，免疫沉淀试验结果显示它结合病毒颗粒，不结合任一VP1、VP2、VP3单独衣鞘蛋白。结论 用噬菌体表面表达技术首次获得了抗腺病毒伴随病毒Ⅱ型单克隆抗体Fab段，并在真核系统中表达了其全抗体，它们识别的可能是衣鞘蛋白组装时形成的表位。     

人源抗丙型肝炎病毒噬菌体抗体库的构建及筛选

目的　构建人丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)特异性噬菌体抗体库 ,制备人源抗HCV单克隆抗体 (mAb)。方法　用常规RT PCR法 ,直接从 5例丙型肝炎患者外周血混合淋巴细胞中 ,扩增抗体重链Fd基因和κ轻链基因 ,与噬菌体载体pComb3连接 ,构建噬菌体抗体Fab库。对抗体库进行 5轮吸附 -洗脱 -扩增的亲和选择后 ,以ELISA法鉴定抗HCV噬菌体抗体。结果　RT PCR可有效地扩增出Fd和κ基因 ,并以此构建成容量为 1 2× 10 7的噬菌体抗体库。经 5轮亲和选择可使特异性噬菌体抗体得到高度富集 ,抗HCV噬菌体抗体阳性克隆达 96 %。结论　抗HCV噬菌体抗体库的构建和人源抗HCVmAb的制备 ,为HCV感染的诊断、治疗和发病机制的研究提供有效的分子工具     

人源抗丙型肝炎病毒噬菌体抗体库的构建、筛选及表达

用常规RT PCR法 ,直接从 5名丙型肝炎患者外周血混合淋巴细胞中扩增抗体重链Fd基因和κ轻链基因 ,构建噬菌体抗体Fab库。对抗体库进行 5轮吸附 洗脱 扩增的亲和选择后 ,以ELISA法鉴定抗HCV噬菌体抗体。 5轮亲和选择使特异性噬菌体抗体得到高度富集 ,抗HCV噬菌体抗体阳性克隆达 96 %。对一阳性克隆在大肠杆菌中表达 ,经ELISA及Westernblot分析鉴定 ,证实成功表达出人源可溶性Fab。对抗体基因VH和VκDNA序列进行测定 ,证实所获基因为抗体可变区基因。抗HCV噬菌体抗体库的构建和人源抗HCV单克隆抗体Fab段的制备 ,为HCV感染的诊断、治疗和发病机制的研究提供有效的分子工具。     

人源抗HBsAg 抗体Fd段和L链高效表达菌株的筛选

目的：选用高效表达载体分析高效表达人源抗HBsAg抗体的Fd段和L链，经体纯化和变性复性使Fd段和L链之间形成二硫键，最终制备有活性、高产量的人源抗HBsAg基因工程抗体Fab。方法：用PCR法从可溶性表达重组质粒抗HBsAg Fad Comb3扩增Fd段和L链后分别构建高效表达载体PQE32－Fd和PQE332－L，并分别导入大肠杆菌M15中进行表达，用SDS－PAGE筛选出高效表达克隆。结果：SDS-PAGE筛选的高效表达克隆M15－PQE32－Fd和M15－PQE32－L经IPTG诱导后以包涵体形式表达，其表达量很高。从高效表达克隆重新扩增Fd段和L链后进行测序鉴定发现所得的序列与已报道的抗HBsAg抗体Fab基因吻合率为97％。结论：虽然已有表达可溶性人源抗HBsAg基因工程抗体Fab的报道，但因其表达量低而不能实际应用。筛选出高效表人源抗HBsAg抗体Fd段和L链的克隆，因为包涵体形式表达需经变性复性，虽然变性复性后其产量会受影响，但因表达量很高，所以还是具有很高的实际应用价值。其包涵体变性复性条件仍需进一步探讨。     

人源抗呼吸道合胞病毒基因工程单克隆抗体Fab段基因的筛选和表达

目的采用噬菌体表面呈现和重组抗体技术构建人噬菌体抗体基因库，筛选获得人源抗呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）Fab段基因并在原核细胞中表达。为研制安全、有效的预防和治疗RSV感染的制剂奠定基础。方法从RSV感染患儿恢复期外周血淋巴细胞中提取细胞总RNA，用一组人IgGF出特异性引物，通过RT—PCR扩增得到一组轻链（κ和λ）和重链Fab段基因，并将此轻链和重链基因片段克隆于pComb3噬菌体载体，电转化XL1-Blu菌构建成抗RSV噬菌体抗体基因库。用纯化病毒颗粒作抗原对此抗体库进行了富集筛选，得到了特异性针对RSV的人源单克隆抗体Fab段基因，并在大肠杆菌中获得有效表达。用ELISA方法检测了此Fab抗体的抗原特异性，并对阳性克隆进行了基因序列分析。结果所构建的抗体库库容为108，从此抗体库中筛选得到的阳性克隆所表达的Fab抗体能与RSV纯化抗原特异性结合，保留了对RSV的抗原特异性。核苷酸序列分析证实，所获得的阳性克隆基因为人源IgG基因。结论本实验获得了特异性抗RSVFab抗体基因并在大肠杆菌中获得表达，表达产物能与RSV抗原特异性结合。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.