100例三尖瓣下移畸形的心电图分析

分析１００例三尖瓣下移畸形的心电图发现：１．右心房大６７％。２．Ｉ°房室阻滞４２％。３．右束支阻滞７２％。Ｖ１呈多向、错折和低电压。４．Ｂ型预激综合征１４％。５．右胸导联Ｑ波伴Ｔ波倒置１２％。６．有室上速发作确切病史２３％。我们认为紫绀型先心病患者有室上速发作史及Ｂ型预激综合征，或有右心房大、房室阻滞，尤其Ｖ１呈多向、错折和Ｒ＜１．０ｍＶ，要考虑为三尖瓣下移畸形。右心房增大的发生率随心脏增大和动脉血氧饱和度降低而升高，而ＲＶ１＜１．０ｍＶ的发生率随年龄增长和动脉血氧饱和度降低而增加。Ｐ波增高且宽和心房颤动可估测预后。     

显性间隔部房室旁路的体表心电图定位诊断

本文回顾分析已成功进行射频消蚀、定位诊断明确的６１例间隔旁路患者的体表心电图。各部位旁路心电图特点：（１）Ｖ１导联呈ｒＳ型或δ波为负向为右侧旁路，否则为左侧旁路；（２）右侧间隔旁路的特点：Ｖ１导联δ负向或Ｖ１呈ｒＳ型且ｒ＜４０ｍｓ，Ｖ２Ｒ／Ｓ≥１，敏感性９６％，特异性９８％）；（３）右前间隔Σδ≥＋２，右中间隔－１≤Σδ＜＋２，右后间隔Σδ＜－１；（４）左后间隔旁路：Ｖ１呈“Ｍ”型右束支阻滞图形或ＲＳ型且Ｒ／Ｓ型＝１，Ⅱ导联δ波为负向（敏感性９０％，特异性９９％）。总之，根据体表心电图Ｖ１、Ｖ２、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ五个导联δ波和ＱＲＳ波形态对显性间隔旁路进行简便精确的定位     

分支性室性心动过速伴不规则传出阻滞

例1患者女性，36岁。临床诊断：肾病综合症。心电图（图1）为Ⅰ、Ⅲ及V1导联非同步记录，窦性P波在V1导联较为清晰，频率70～100次／分，与QRS波完全无关。QRS波宽大畸形，R-R间距极不规则，变动在0．28～0．79s之间，长、短异位R-R之间无明确的倍数关系，提示异位搏动传出时伴有不规则的传出阻滞。Ⅲ导联R12为心室夺获。异位搏动的QRS波表现为左后分支伴完全性右束支阻滞型，提示该种异位搏动起源于左前分支。心电图诊断：窦性心律不齐；左前分支型室性心动过速（VT）伴不规则传出阻滞；不完全性房室脱节。     

快室速性房颤合并室内差异传导的蝉联现象1例

患者女性，54岁。临床诊断：冠心病。心电图示：各导联均无P波．代之以纤细的f波。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈R型．aVL导联呈rs型，V3导联呈RS型．V4导联呈Rs型，V5、V6导联呈qR型（图略）。图1为Vs导联，R波间距、振幅不等．心室率平均210次／分。R11～15呈右束支阻滞型，其前有0．40s长间歇，符合阿什曼现象。心电图诊断：①快室速性房颤；②室内差异传导伴蝉联现象。     

三尖瓣下移畸形伴巨大房性P波1例

患者，男，28岁。因反复心慌、心累10年余，加重1周入院。入院体检：T36．7C，P78次／min，R22次／min，BP18／10kPa，口唇紫错明显，肝颈征（＋），双肺闻及湿性罗青，心界向左扩大，心律齐，HR78次／min，P2亢进，胸骨有缘四肋间触及收缩期震颤，听诊可闻双粗糙的Ⅳ级收缩潮杂音，肝助下4cm，双下肢水肿。辅助检查：超卢心动图示有心房明显扩大，可见房化的右空，三尖瓣下移畸形，膈瓣挛缩；右心室造影示三尖瓣下移畸形合并室间隔缺损。入院时心电图如图1，窦性心律，P波高而尖，Ⅱ导联P波振幅为0．6mV，V1呈正负双向，类似食管导联…     

起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

右室心尖部起搏时体表心电图V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形分析

目的分析右室心尖部起搏患者V1导联呈现右束支阻滞图形的特点、出现的可能机制以及鉴别诊断方法。方法选取北京大学人民医院2005—2007年于右室心尖部植入起搏电极的患者,分析患者完全右室起搏时V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形患者的超声心动图、胸部X线等资料,并与同期V1导联呈左束支阻滞图形变化的右室起搏患者以及植入左室心外膜电极的患者的临床资料以及体表心电图特点进行对比。结果共有9例患者术后完全心室起搏时V1导联呈右束支阻滞图形,术后超声心动图以及胸部X线检查证实起搏电极均位于右心室,QRS波平均电轴为-61.7±15.6,与随机选取50例术后体表心电图呈左束支阻滞的右室电极植入患者心电图相比,QRS波电轴差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与7例行左室心外膜起搏者QRS波电轴差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。呈右束支阻滞者其肢体导联I、aVL导联QRS波均直立,与呈左束支阻滞患者相同,而左室心外膜起搏者其I、aVL导联QRS波为负向。结论当患者V1导联呈右束支阻滞形态时可通过I、aVL导联QRS波形态和QRS波电轴可以判断是否为右室起搏。     

右束支阻滞室性期前收缩伴束支性逸搏的QRS波形正常化1例

患者男性，53岁。临床诊断：冠心病，心律失常。心电图（图略）示：窦性P波下传的QRS波群呈完全性右束支阻滞。Ⅰ、aVL、V5、V6导联呈qRS型，S波钝；Ⅱ、V4导联呈Rs型，S波钝；Ⅲ、aVR导联呈rsr’型。R钝；V1导联呈rsR’型。室性期前收缩呈左束支阻滞图形，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、V5、V6导联主波向上，Ⅲ、V1导联主波向下。图1为V导联连续记录。窦性P-P间距0．66s，频率91次／分，P—R间期0．13s，     

60例肺栓塞心电图分析

目的分析心电图改变在肺栓塞（PE）中的诊断作用。方法对60例经肺CT或动脉造影明确诊断的PE者，分心电图特征以反作治疗前后的对比。结果 出现心电困改变者为58例，占96．67％。其中最多见的为QⅢ有38例（占63．33％），SⅠ为35例（占58．33％），TⅢ28例（占46．67％）。同时具备SⅠ QⅢTⅢ23例（占38．33％）Tv1～3倒王27例（占45％），aVR导联出现终末R波21例（35％）；右束支阻滞（RBBB）17例（占28．33％）；ST段下移改变15例（占25％）；肺型P波5例（占8．33％）。结论心电图对PE的诊断虽非特异性和非诊断性，但有许多特征对提示诊断有一定价值     

致心律失常性右室发育不良1例

患者男性,37岁。因突感心悸、心慌,急诊心电图（图1A）示：未见明显P波,心室率190次／分,QRS波群宽大畸形,呈完全性左束支传导阻滞形,R—R间距规整。aVL导联呈R形。心电图诊断：阵发性室性心动过速。彩超检查符合致心律失常性右室发育不良改变,经射频消融治疗后复查心电图（图1B）示：窦性心律,心率68次／分。右胸导联、下壁导联QRS波后可见一界限分明的低振幅小棘波（称Epsilon波）,导致QRS波群酷似右束支阻滞形。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.