喉软骨发育不良的研究进展

喉软骨发育不良又称先天性喉软骨软化症或先天性喉喘鸣,是临床比较常见的婴幼儿喉部疾病,常表现为由于喉或气管发生阻塞,患者用力呼吸时,气流通过喉或气管狭窄处发出特殊声音,即喉喘鸣。阻塞的原因可以是气道管腔内,也可以是外压性。气道阻塞部位可位于鼻、咽、喉及气管。临床上多种疾病可引起喉喘鸣,如先天性喉喘鸣、急性喉炎或急性喉气管支气管炎、呼吸道异物、先天性喉狭窄及喉蹼等。该文就喉软骨发育不良的病因、病理、临床表现、诊断及治疗等进行综述。     

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现将2006年我国儿童呼吸系统疾病的临床进展报道如下。1反复喘息和慢性咳嗽婴幼儿反复或持续喘息是常见的呼吸系统症状,除哮喘外,其他引起气道狭窄的疾病如支气管发育异常、免疫功能缺陷引起反复病毒感染等也是常见的病因,临床上,易将引起婴幼儿反复或持续喘息的其他疾病误诊为哮喘,病因鉴别非常重要。范永琛[1]对婴幼儿反复喘鸣的病因临床类型与小儿哮喘进行了文献综述,有呼吸道病毒感染、支气管、肺发育因素等。罗征秀等[2]对58例婴幼儿反复、持续吼喘(wheezing)进行了病因分析,其中哮喘26例,气管支气管软化10例,气管支气管狭窄9例,异物4…     

婴幼儿反复和持续喘鸣音83例原因分析

目的　提高临床医生对喘鸣音的鉴别诊断能力。方法　对临床以持续喘鸣≥ 4周或反复喘鸣≥ 3次、年龄≤ 3岁的 83例住院患儿进行病因分析。结果　气管、支气管软化 7例 ,气管、支气管狭窄 5例 ,吸入因素 6例(2例为胃食管反流 ,3例为异物 ,1例为腭裂 ) ,闭塞性毛细支气管炎 2例 ,支气管肺发育不良 3例 ,先天性心脏病3例 ,早产儿 3例 ,婴儿多囊肾 1例 ,婴幼儿哮喘 5 3例。结论　婴幼儿出现喘鸣音最多见的原因为婴幼儿哮喘 ,小婴儿必须排除先天性因素的可能性 ;6个月以内的小婴儿 ,持续或反复的喘鸣音 ,对常规治疗无效或不敏感 ,应做纤维支气管镜、肺CT检查以排除其他原因所致的喘鸣音。     

42例咯血患儿病因分析

目的了解儿童咯血的病因。方法采用回顾性调查方法，对４２例咯血原因待查患儿进行了病因分析。结果４２例咯血患儿中，气管、支气管炎引起的咯血１８例（４３％），特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症７例（１７％），支气管内膜、肺结核４例（１０％），心、肺血管畸形及支气管扩张症分别为３例（各占７％），消化道重复畸形、肿瘤所致的咯血在儿童也可见到。结论气管、支气管炎是儿童咯血最常见的病因，特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症是儿童咯血的常见原因     

气管,支气管异物69例

气管、支气管异物６９例青海省儿童医院（８１０００７）蔡晶娟小儿呼吸道异物吸人以婴幼儿为多。常常以突发性呛咳或呼吸急促就诊．现将我院气管、支气管异物６９例报告如下。临床资料我院１９８６年２月～１９９５年９月收治气管及支气管异物６９例，其中男４２例，女２...     

婴幼儿气管支气管异物误诊分析

目的：婴幼儿气道异物发病率高、误诊率高,该文探讨婴幼儿气管、支气管异物误诊的临床特点及早期诊断问题以指导临床。方法：回顾性分析8例误诊的气管支气管异物的临床特点及延误诊断情况(在60例支气管异物中)。结果：8例分别诊断为喘息性支气管炎4例,气管炎2例,肺炎1例,支气管异物1例(该例始诊断为支气管异物,行气管镜检查未能发现异物而排除诊断出院,因病情不缓解再次入院。)。以咳嗽、喘息伴(或不伴)间断发热为主要表现。咳嗽8例,喘息6例,发热3例;听诊局部呼吸音减弱3例,喘鸣6例,有异物吸入史者4例。X线透视示纵隔摆动阴性的4例,经抗感染平喘等治疗3～7 d后均出现纵隔摆动。5例做肺功能检查,其中胸内大气道阻塞性通气功能障碍3例,功能残气量变化4例。结论：婴幼儿气管支气管异物的异物吸入史并不可靠,对于反复咳嗽、喘息的婴幼儿,经抗感染平喘治疗不见好转者,虽然无异物吸入史,也应考虑是否有气管支气管异物。疑诊气管支气管异物的婴幼儿复查胸透,可提高发现纵隔摆动的机率,减少误诊。肺功能的大气道阻塞性通气功能障碍和功能残气量的变化有助于婴幼儿气管支气管异物的诊断。     

儿童致命性喉息肉1例报告

患呼吸窘迫症状的儿童常需要急救。急性上呼吸道阻塞最常见于声门下喉炎、喉气管支气管炎、会厌炎及异物吸入等,血管神经性水肿和局部过敏性水肿也可引起阻塞。青少年乳头状瘤患者在出现气管阻塞症状前常有长期声音嘶哑,晚期患者可有喘鸣、呼吸困难。有些作者曾报道过成人单发性喉息肉致急性气道阻塞的病例。本文报道一例小儿前连合喉息肉致上呼吸道完全阻塞的病例。病例3岁,男性。轻度上感、咳嗽、声音嘶哑一个月。入院前晚因剧咳吵醒家人,从床上扶起时有喘鸣     

肺动脉悬吊:一种新的诊断方法及临床资料复习

肺动脉悬吊或称左肺动脉畸形,乃是一种发育异常,在婴儿期常伴有重要的呼吸系统疾病。呼吸道阻塞症状主要由于畸形的肺动脉侵及气管支气管和支气管软骨发育不良,导致气管软骨软化而引起。病例报告:11周女婴,因肺炎合并哮喘住院。体查:呼吸急促,喘鸣显著。胸部X片:肺轻度膨胀过度。气管呈明显弓形右移,及气管隆凸(carina)下移。吞钡检查见纵隔结构压迫食道前缘,提示肺动     

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目的分析儿童咯血病因构成、临床特点及支气管镜表现。方法收集2002年1月至2011年3月于北京儿童医院住院治疗的104例咯血患儿临床资料,分析其临床特点、影像学特点和支气管镜表现,总结儿童咯血的病因构成。结果 104例中特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症24例、支气管炎29例、肺炎11例、支气管扩张症7例、支气管内膜结核3例、支气管异物5例、支气管动脉肺动脉瘘6例、肺静脉闭塞或缺如3例、疑诊支气管-肺血管发育异常10例(未行血管造影确诊)、肺囊性腺瘤样畸形1例、支气管黏液表皮样癌1例、支气管炎性假瘤1例、韦格纳肉芽肿1例、未分化结缔组织病1例、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关性小血管炎1例。结论儿童咯血病因复杂,需要结合咯血特点、影像学和支气管镜检查进行诊断和鉴别诊断,急慢性下呼吸道感染、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症和先天性支气管肺血管发育异常是引起儿童咯血主要病因。     

小儿慢性咳嗽的诊断思路

目前对慢性咳嗽诊断的时间界限尚无统一认识 ,一般是指咳嗽持续 1～ 3个月或以上。咳嗽是机体对一切引起呼吸道刺激的保护性反射动作。咳嗽的控制中枢在延髓 ,其兴奋性刺激可来源于呼吸道、中枢或肺外 ,如咽、喉、气管、支气管、胸膜以及耳等。在儿童 ,慢性咳嗽是门诊常见的疾病之一。不同的年龄 ,导致长期慢性咳嗽的病因常不一样 ,所以不同的年龄段 ,应考虑不同的病因。1　慢性咳嗽的病因1.1　婴幼儿期　该年龄阶段的小儿以感染性疾病为最常见 ,如上呼吸道感染、气管炎、支气管炎、肺炎等 ;其次为支气管异物、消化道疾病等 ;气管支气管、肺…     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. CONCLUSION: In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.