BOLD-MRI评价2型糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧合状况

目的 采用BOLD-MRI评价糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧合水平改变情况及其与血糖水平的相关性。方法 对23例2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）于降血糖治疗前后及23名健康志愿者（对照组）行肾脏BOLD-MRI,测量肾脏皮、髓质R2^*值,并进行统计学分析。结果 糖尿病组降血糖前、降血糖后及对照组肾皮质的R2^*值均低于肾髓质（P均<0.001）。糖尿病组降血糖前肾髓质R2^*值高于降血糖后和对照组（P均=0.001）,降血糖后肾髓质R2^*值与对照组差异无统计学意义（P=0.941）。糖尿病组降血糖前、降血糖后、对照组间肾皮质R2^*值差异无统计学意义（P=0.572）。糖尿病组肾髓质R2^*值与血糖值呈正相关（r=0.365,P=0.002）,而肾皮质R2^*值与血糖值无明显相关性（r=-0.014,P=0.908）。结论 降血糖治疗可以改善肾髓质的氧合状况;BOLD-MRI可用于评价糖尿病患者降血糖治疗前后肾组织氧含量的变化。     

99mTc-Gd-DTPA-BMA的制备及其在荷瘤裸鼠体内的生物学分布

目的 探讨以^99mTc标记Gd-DTPA-BMA的可行性及其在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布的特征。方法 采用氯化亚锡还原法,用^99mTc标记Gd-DTPA-BMA,TLC法测定^99mTc-Gd-DTPA-BMA的放射化学纯度,将标记物注入荷A549肿瘤裸鼠体内,分别行SPECT显像及MRI增强成像,并测定其体内分布。结果 ^99mTc-Gd-DTPA-BMA放射化学纯度为99.2%,室温放置6 h后放射化学纯度大于95%。该标记物主要通过肾脏排泄,注射后肿瘤组织在SPECT及MRI下均能获得较好的显示或增强,且在肿瘤组织中具有较高的每克组织百分注射剂量率。结论 作为一种潜在的双模式显像剂,^99mTc-Gd-DTPA-BMA值得进一步研究。     

31P-MRS扫描序列选择及进展

人体许多组织中的含磷化合物可提供有关疾病微环境变化的重要信息。磷磁共振波谱（³¹P-MRS）是研究人体不同组织的能量代谢和生化改变的无创性方法，可用于诊断疾病和监测治疗反应。磷的磁旋比低，在体含量相对较低，故³¹P-MRS信噪比低；针对不同目的适当选择扫描序列可提高³¹P-MRS质量。本文针对³¹P-MRS不同扫描序列及其特点进行综述。     

血氧水平依赖磁共振功能成像评价国人女性正常乳腺

目的 观察不同年龄、不同腺体类型、不同部位正常乳腺组织的R2^*值及其与乳腺组织血供的相关性。方法 BI-RADS 1级患者18例,脂肪型和少量腺体型6例,多量腺体型8例,致密腺体型4例。根据女性乳腺组织的血管构筑特点,将乳腺组织分成乳头乳晕后区(相当于中央区)、前部和后部。应用3.0T MR系统进行成像,以Functool软件处理原始数据,比较不同腺体类型、乳腺不同部位、绝经组与月经期组患者乳腺的R2^*值以及R2^*值与乳腺组织信号增强率之间的关系。结果 左侧乳腺各部位的R2^*值为:中央部(64.77±17.29)Hz,前部(51.95±21.24)Hz,后部(47.41±16.18)Hz;右侧乳腺分别为:中央部(66.17±19.80)Hz,前部(52.48±12.21)Hz,后部(46.13±12.56)Hz,同侧乳腺不同部位的R2^*值有明显差别。脂肪型和少量腺体型中,腺体前部的R2^*值高于中央部和后部,而多量腺体型和致密型乳腺中央部的R2^*值高于其他两个部位,3型之间腺体各部位R2^*值差异无统计学意义。绝经组乳腺中央部的R2^*值小于月经期组,而前部和后部均大于月经期组。乳腺中央部信号增强率最小,腺体后部最大,随着R2^*值减小,信号增强率增加。结论 国人女性正常乳腺组织血氧含量变化存在一定规律。BOLD-fMRI可以监测组织氧合状态和血管功能,可为乳腺疾病的诊治提供一定的参考。     

体素内不相干运动MRI评估子宫肌瘤血流灌注及分子扩散状态的观察者间一致性

目的 探讨体素内不相干运动(IVIM)MRI评估子宫肌瘤血流灌注及分子扩散状态的不同观察者间的一致性。方法 采用3.0T MR仪对23例子宫肌瘤患者进行T2WI及多b值DWI。2名观察者利用后处理软件选择子宫肌瘤最大层面勾画ROI,使用双指数模型,生成IVIM MRI相关的参数图(D图、D^*图、f图),得到数值分布的直方图,分别计算各参数的位于直方图左侧第25%、50%、75%位置的数值及平均值,比较2名观察者测量数据的一致性。结果 23例子宫肌瘤患者中,2名观察者对12例选择最大层面的结果一致;2名观察者间测得的23例子宫肌瘤的D_mean、D25、D50、D75值平均值差值为0~0.07 mm²/s,f_mean、f25、f50、f75值平均值差值为0~0.01,D^*_mean、D^*25、D^*50、D^*75值平均值差值为0~5.38 mm²/s;2名观察者测量的25个IVIM MRI参数的ICC值> 0.9,测量的33个IVIM MRI参数的ICC值> 0.8。结论 采用IVIM MRI评估子宫肌瘤血流灌注及分子扩散状态的不同观察者间的一致性好,这种方法可行。     

99Tcm-ZPPAb在荷H22肝癌小鼠体内的生物学分布特性及显像特征

目的 探讨⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb在荷瘤鼠体内生物学分布特征及显像特征。方法 ①建立荷H₂₂肝癌小鼠模型48只,分为实验组及对照组,各24只。制备⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb及⁹⁹Tc^m-IgG。②体内分布实验:取实验组与对照组各21只小鼠,分别经尾静脉注射⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb和⁹⁹Tc^m-IgG 7.4 MBq,于30 min、1、2、3、4、5、6 h,每时相取3只,计算各脏器每克组织的放射性摄取比率(%ID/g值)及肿瘤与对侧肌肉组织的放射性计数比值(T/NT值)。③显像实验:取实验组与对照组各3只小鼠,分别经尾静脉注射⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb和⁹⁹Tc^m-IgG 7.4MBq,于30 min、1、2、3、4、5、6 h计算T/NT值。结果 ⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb标记率为70%,⁹⁹Tc^m-IgG标记率为85%。体内分布实验结果显示,实验组荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤组织不同时相间%ID/g值差异无统计学意义(F=0.89,P=0.5231),各时相肿瘤组织%ID/g值均高于除肝脏、肾脏和血液以外的其他组织器官(F=9.36,P=0.0007)。两组间同时相肿瘤组织%ID/g值差异有统计学意义(F=13.49,P=0.0001)。实验组不同时相T/NT值差异无统计学意义(F=1.53,P=0.2237);两组间同时相T/NT值差异有统计学意义(F=23.69,P=0.0001)。显像实验结果显示,实验组不同时相T/NT值差异无统计学意义(F=1.00,P=0.4526),两组间同时相T/NT值差异有统计学意义(F=6.09,P=0.0048)。结论 ⁹⁹Tc^m-ZPPAb标记简单,标记率较高,在肿瘤组织中有较高的摄取与滞留,有望成为肿瘤阳性显像剂。     

分化型甲状腺癌患者131I治疗后胸腺显影伴甲状腺球蛋白升高的临床分析

目的 分析分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者¹³¹I清除术后残留甲状腺组织治疗后¹³¹I全身扫描（¹³¹I-WBS）胸腺异常碘摄取并伴甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）升高的发生率,探讨胸腺碘摄取及其对Tg升高的影响机制。方法 回顾性分析316例接受¹³¹I-WBS检查的DTC患者¹³¹I-WBS影像及实验室检查资料,观察胸腺异常放射性碘摄取情况及血清Tg水平。结果 316例患者共735例次¹³¹I-WBS检查中,4例患者共5例次显像可见胸腺异常放射性碘摄取,占0.68%（5/735）,均为治疗剂量全身扫描（Rx-WBS）条件下,且均为第2次¹³¹I治疗后出现胸腺异常放射性碘摄取,其中1例患者在第3次¹³¹I治疗后仍出现胸腺异常放射性碘摄取。3例患者共4例次Rx-WBS检查前血清Tg水平升高,分别为13.80 μg/L、＞ 300.00 μg/L、16.40 μg/L、20.60 μg/L。结论 ¹³¹I清除术后残留甲状腺组织治疗后Tg升高患者¹³¹I-WBS仅上纵隔处出现异常摄取时,应注意排除胸腺原因所致可能,以避免不当治疗。     

多次激发平面回波成像DWI鉴别乳腺良恶病变

目的 探讨基于多次激发平面回波成像（rs-EPI）技术的DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的乳腺占位性病变患者20例,分别行基于单次激发平面回波成像（ss-EPI）技术的DWI和rs-EPI DWI,比较两种采集方法及不同病变组织间ADC值差异,绘制ROC曲线,比较两种DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变效能。结果 ss-EPI DWI和rs-EPI DWI中正常腺体组织、良性病灶及恶性病灶ADC均值分别为（1.89±0.15）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.36±0.26）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.10±0.27）×10^-3 mm²/s和（1.89±0.16）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.41±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s、（0.96±0.25）×10^-3 mm²/s。相同方法不同组织间ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,两种方法所获得各组织ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ss-EPI DWI中以1.25×10^-3 mm²/s、rs-EPI DWI中以1.20×10^-3 mm²/s为ADC诊断乳腺恶性病变阈值,敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积分别为80%、69%、0.775和90%、84%、0.925。结论 与ss-EPI DWI相比,rs-EPI DWI可提高鉴别乳腺良恶病变的敏感度和特异度。     

对比增强MRA鉴别脊髓血管畸形及脊髓非血管畸形所致继发性血管纡曲

目的 观察¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像对¹³¹I-治疗剂量全身显像（¹³¹I-RxWBS）阴性且甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）阳性分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）复发或转移的诊断价值及对治疗方案的影响。方法 对72例接受¹³¹I清除残留甲状腺并接受大剂量¹³¹I治疗后随访中发现Tg阳性而¹³¹I-RxWBS阴性DTC术后患者行¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像,将显像结果与手术病理或6~36个月临床随访结果进行对照,评价¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像对Tg升高而¹³¹I-RxWBS阴性DTC复发或转移的诊断效能。结果 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT诊断Tg升高而¹³¹I-RxWBS阴性的DTC复发或转移的准确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为83.33%（60/72）、89.47%（34/38）、76.47%（26/34）、80.95%（34/42）和86.67%（26/30）。¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像改变了35例（35/72,48.61%）患者的治疗方案,其中23例（23/35,65.71%）接受手术者在临床随访中均未见甲状腺癌复发及转移,其余12例（12/35,34.29%）随访期内均显示病情进展。结论 对于¹³¹I-RxWBS阴性而Tg阳性的DTC患者,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT有助于诊断和定位复发及转移病灶,指导后续治疗。     

对比99Tcm-DX与99Tcm-HAS显像诊断小肠淋巴管扩张症

目的 比较⁹⁹Tc^m-DX与⁹⁹Tc^m-HSA显像对小肠淋巴管扩张症的诊断效能。方法 收集56例低蛋白血症患者,均在7天内接受⁹⁹Tc^m-DX与⁹⁹Tc^m-HSA显像;以病理检查、胶囊肠镜或临床最终诊断作为“金标准”,评价2种检查方法的诊断效能,应用Kappa检验分析这两种方法的一致性。结果 38例（38/56,67.86%）最终诊断为IL,其中原发性IL34例,继发性IL4例;余18例中,10例诊断为乳糜性单或多浆膜腔积液,1例为肾病综合征,2例为不明原因失蛋白性肠病,5例为不明原因低蛋白血症。⁹⁹Tc^m-DX与⁹⁹Tc^m-HSA显像诊断IL的灵敏度分别60.53%（23/38）、94.73%（36/38）,特异度为88.89%（16/18）、61.11%（11/18）,准确率为69.64%（39/56）、83.93%（47/56）,阳性预测值为92.00%（23/25）、83.72%（36/43）,阴性预测值为51.61%（16/31）、84.62%（11/13）;两者诊断符合率为67.85%（38/56,Kappa=0.392,P<0.05）。结论 ⁹⁹Tc^m-HSA显像诊断IL的灵敏度较高,而⁹⁹Tc^m-DX显像的特异度较高,两者结合可能有助于提高诊断IL的准确性。     

乳腺单纯型黏液癌的MR影像学表现

目的 分析乳腺单纯型黏液癌(PMBC)的MRI影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的23例PMBC患者的MRI特点。结果 PMBC的MR多表现为卵圆形肿块(18/23,78.26%),多数病灶边缘光整(15/23,65.22%);T1WI呈等低信号(22/23,95.65%)或均匀低信号(1/23,4.35%)。肿瘤的强化方式为环形强化(15/23,65.22%)、不均匀强化(7/23,30.43%)及无强化(1/23,4.35%)。早期增强率为(103.90±50.50)%。时间-信号强度曲线以流入型为主(17/22,77.27%);T2WI呈明显高信号(23/23,100%),多伴内部低信号分隔(21/23,91.30%)。DWI均呈明显高信号,ADC值为(2.05±0.38)×10^-3 mm²/s。结论 PMBC的MR表现具有一定特征性。     

骨盆功能不全性骨折18F-FDG PET/CT表现

目的 观察骨盆功能不全性骨折（PIF）¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT表现。方法 回顾性分析23例接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查的PIF患者,观察其PET/CT表现。结果 23例PIF中,17例为肿瘤患者,均未见明显骨转移;6例因排查肿瘤而接受检查,均排除肿瘤;其中20例（20/23,86.96%）为双侧、3例（3/23,13.04%）为单侧PIF,多累及骶、髂骨,少数累及耻骨;主要表现为骶骨翼或/和骶骨体或/和髂骨高密度影,部分病灶可见骨折线,累及耻骨时表现为局部骨质中断;病灶放射性摄取轻-中度增高,最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）为5.01±2.21,与肝脏血池平均标准摄取值比值（SUR-BP）为1.97±0.78。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT中,PIF主要表现为骶骨翼或/和骶骨体或/和髂骨高密度影,部分病灶可见骨折线,累及耻骨时局部骨质中断,而无溶骨性破坏及周围软组织肿块形成,伴轻-中度放射性摄取增高,有助于与骨转移癌相鉴别。     

Value of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with fever of unknown origin and unexplained prolonged inflammatory syndrome: a single centre analysis experience

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of ¹⁸F‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose (¹⁸F‐FDG)‐positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) or unexplained prolonged inflammatory syndrome (UPIS) in real life. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study including 14 patients with FUO or UPIS hospitalised in our institution (Strasbourg University Hospital, France) between January 2005 and July 2006. ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT was considered helpful when abnormal results allowed an accurate diagnosis. Results: ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT was helpful in half the patients (7/14) for final diagnosis. A diagnosis was reached in 87.5% of the patients (7/8) with an abnormal ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT but only in 50% of the patients (3/6) with a normal ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT. Conventional chest and abdominal CT was performed in 13 patients before ordering ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT. We considered that ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT was essential to establish the final diagnosis in only 23% of the patients (3/13) since neither chest nor abdominal CT identified abnormalities consistent with the final diagnosis. However, among the three patients, two were diagnosed with large vessel vasculitis and one patient with local prosthetic infection. Conclusions: Our study supports the potential interest of ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT in the diagnostic workup of FUO and UPIS as it helped establish a fine diagnosis in half of the cases. However, ¹⁸F‐FDG‐PET/CT appeared to be essential to the final diagnosis in only 23% of the cases. In our opinion, this protocol should be performed as a second level test, especially when conventional CT is normal or is unable to discriminate between active and silent lesions.     

Vitamin C transporter Slc23a1 links renal reabsorption,vitamin C tissue accumulation,and perinatal survival in mice

Levels of the necessary nutrient vitamin C (ascorbate) are tightly regulated by intestinal absorption, tissue accumulation, and renal reabsorption and excretion. Ascorbate levels are controlled in part by regulation of transport through at least 2 sodium-dependent transporters: Slc23a1 and Slc23a2 (also known as Svct1 and Svct2, respectively). Previous work indicates that Slc23a2 is essential for viability in mice, but the roles of Slc23a1 for viability and in adult physiology have not been determined. To investigate the contributions of Slc23a1 to plasma and tissue ascorbate concentrations in vivo, we generated Slc23a1^–/– mice. Compared with wild-type mice, Slc23a1^–/– mice increased ascorbate fractional excretion up to 18-fold. Hepatic portal ascorbate accumulation was nearly abolished, whereas intestinal absorption was marginally affected. Both heterozygous and knockout pups born to Slc23a1^–/– dams exhibited approximately 45% perinatal mortality, and this was associated with lower plasma ascorbate concentrations in dams and pups. Perinatal mortality of Slc23a1^–/– pups born to Slc23a1^–/– dams was prevented by ascorbate supplementation during pregnancy. Taken together, these data indicate that ascorbate provided by the dam influenced perinatal survival. Although Slc23a1^–/– mice lost as much as 70% of their ascorbate body stores in urine daily, we observed an unanticipated compensatory increase in ascorbate synthesis. These findings indicate a key role for Slc23a1 in renal ascorbate absorption and perinatal survival and reveal regulation of vitamin C biosynthesis in mice.     

In vitro immunogenic and immunostimulatory effects of zwitterionized 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine compared with nonzwitterionized vaccine

Background: It was hypothesized that the observed slight immunostimulatory effect of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (pneumo-23) vaccine might be due to the presence of low levels of zwitterionic motifs. Therefore, it was hypothesized further that introducing zwitterionic motifs experimentally into polysaccharides of pneumo-23 vaccine might render it an effective immunostimulatory agent.Objective: This study was conducted to assess the in vitro immunostimulatory effect of zwitterionized pneumo-23 (Z-P23) vaccine compared with the nonzwitterionized commercial pneumo-23 (C-P23) vaccine.Methods: In vitro proliferation, ELISA-based in vitro cytokine synthesis (interleukin [IL]-2, interferon [IFN]-γ, and IL-10), and immunofluorescence microscopy-based immune cell profiling (CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD21⁺ cells) assays were used to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of Z-P23 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of immunosuppressed cancer (IC) patients and healthy control subjects in comparison with PBMC exposed to C-P23, concanavalin A (positive control), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (negative control).Results: Z-P23 induced proliferation of PBMC in the IC (81.1%) and control (75.1%) groups significantly higher than that achieved with concanavalin A in the IC group (51.0%; P = 0.01) but not in the control group (89.2%; P = NS). This was also significantly higher than that achieved with C-P23 in the IC (4.8%; P < 0.001) and control (6.2%; P < 0.001) groups. Z-P23 induced IL-2 and IFN-γ synthesis in the IC group (0.61 and 0.45 ng/mL, respectively) significantly more than that with C-P23 (0.4 and 0.45 ng/mL; P = 0.002 and P <0.001), concanavalin A (0.45 and 0.31 ng/mL; P = 0.021 and P = 0.03), and PBS (0.41 and 0.29 ng/mL; P = 0.005 and P = 0.04) but not the control group. Z-P23 induced expansion of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD21⁺ lymphocytes (39.3%, 42.7%, and 8.1%, respectively) in the IC group higher than that with C-P23 (28.3%, 30.1%, and 5.5%; P = 0.01, P = 0.003, and P = NS), concanavalin A (27.2%, 35.8%, and 4.1%; P = 0.02, P = 0.048, and P = 0.035), and PBS (25.6%, 31.9%, and 4.2%; P = 0.018, P = 0.02, and P = 0.045).Conclusion: The in vitro immunostimulatory potential of Z-P23 was clearly observed on PBMC of IC patients as well as, to a lesser extent, healthy control subjects, stimulating the synthesis of core cytokines of T-helper 1, and primarily inducing CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T cells.     

5.0T与1.5T MR波谱定量肝脏质子密度脂肪分数的一致性

目的 观察5.0T与1.5T MR波谱(MRS)定量肝脏质子密度脂肪分数(PDFF)的一致性。方法 分别以5.0T及1.5TMR仪对脂质含量各为0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%及30%的脂质乳液模型采集¹H-MRS,以jMRUI软件分析获得PDFF。前瞻性对11例脂肪肝患者及12名健康成人肝脏感兴趣容积(VOI)采集¹H-MRS,分别以jMRUI软件及相应工作站进行分析并获得PDFF。观察各方法所测脂质乳液模型及肝脏PDFF的一致性。结果 针对脂质含量0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%及30%的脂质乳液模型,以jMRUI软件基于5.0T与1.5T ¹H-MRS所测PDFF均一致性良好并呈正相关。针对全部人体肝脏VOI,以jMRUI软件及工作站针对5.0T与1.5T ¹H-MRS所测的PDFF亦均一致性良好且均呈正相关。结论 5.0T与1.5T ¹H-MRS用于定量肝脏PDFF一致性良好且呈正相关;临床以工作站测量肝脏PDFF有利于简化工作流程。     

CCR6 is required for IL-23–induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disorder, but the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still poorly understood. IL-23 is expressed in psoriatic skin, and IL-23 injection produces IL-22–dependent psoriasiform changes in mouse skin. Th17 cells produce IL-22 and display CCR6, the CCL20 receptor; CCR6⁺ T cells and CCL20 are abundant in psoriatic skin. We investigated a possible role for CCR6 in recruiting Th17 cells and producing psoriasiform pathology by injecting IL-23 into the skin of WT and Ccr6^–/– mice. Unlike for WT mice, IL-23–injected ears of Ccr6^–/– mice showed neither substantial epidermal/dermal changes nor increased Il22 mRNA expression. However, injection of IL-22 yielded equivalent psoriasiform changes in WT and Ccr6^–/– mice. Surprisingly, IL-23–injected ears of WT and Ccr6^–/– mice contained similar numbers of Th cells able to make IL-17A and/or IL-22. Furthermore, in ears of Rag1^–/– mice, IL-23 initially induced skin changes and levels of Il22 mRNA that were indistinguishable from WT mice, revealing at least one non–T cell source for IL-22. We conclude that CCR6 is essential in a model of IL-23–induced, IL-22–mediated dermatitis, which develops in sequential T cell–independent and T cell–dependent phases. These findings reveal an expanded role for CCR6 in IL-23–related responses and identify CCR6 as a potential therapeutic target in psoriasis.     

Prostaglandin E2 and IL‐23 plus IL‐1β Differentially Regulate the Th1/Th17 Immune Response of Human CD161+CD4+ Memory T Cells

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)‐23, and IL‐1beta (β) propagate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by enhancing the development and function of IL‐17 producing CD4⁺ T helper (Th17) cells. CD4⁺ T cells that express the C‐type lectin‐like receptor CD161 have been proposed to be the physiologic pool of circulating Th17 cells implicated in IBD. We sought to understand how PGE2, alone and in combination with IL‐23 and IL‐1β, modulate human peripheral CD161⁺CD4⁺ memory T cells. We found that CD161⁺ cells comprise a significant proportion of human peripheral CD4⁺ memory T cells. PGE2 and IL‐23 plus IL‐1β synergistically induced early IL‐17A secretion from CD161⁺CD4⁺ memory T cells and the selective enrichment of IL‐17A⁺CD161⁺CD4⁺ memory T cells in culture. Conversely, IL‐23 plus IL‐1β partially opposed the PGE2‐mediated repression of early interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) secretion from CD161⁺ cells, as well as the PGE2‐mediated depletion of IFN‐γ⁺CD161⁺ cells. Our results suggest that PGE2 and IL‐23 plus IL‐1β induce the Th17 immune response preferentially in CD161⁺CD4⁺ memory T cells, while divergently regulating their ability to express IFN‐γ. We hypothesize that Th17‐mediated chronic inflammation in IBD depends on the net response of CD161⁺CD4⁺ memory T cells to both PGE2 and IL‐23 plus IL‐1β. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 268–273     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤的常规MRI与DWI特征

目的探讨胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)的常规MRI、DWI特征及其病理基础。方法回顾性分析24例经手术病理证实的DNT的常规MRI、DWI及病理学表现。在ADC图上测肿瘤及对侧正常脑实质ADC值,并进行比较。结果常规MRI上肿瘤多见于额叶和顶叶。11例肿瘤呈尖端指向脑室的三角形或扇形,8例呈类圆形,4例呈脑回状,1例为大脑半球内弥漫结节状病变。17例肿瘤位于大脑半球凸面,9例肿瘤邻近颅骨受压变薄。23例单发肿瘤呈T1WI低信号,T2WI均呈高信号。18例患者接受T2W FLAIR序列检查,其中12例肿瘤周围见薄环状高信号。13例肿瘤未见明显强化,9例肿瘤内见强化。肿瘤周围未见明显水肿。20例肿瘤平均ADC值(1.98×10-3 mm2/s)大于对侧正常脑实质(0.83×10-3 mm2/s,t=20.44,P<0.01)。24例肿瘤内均见特殊的胶质神经元成分,7例病理诊断为单纯型DNT,17例为复杂型DNT。结论 DNT的常规MRI表现具有一定特征性,与肿瘤内特殊的胶质神经元成分有关;DNT的ADC值明显增高,有助与其他脑皮质区肿瘤相鉴别。     

A confinement of N-heterocyclic molecules in a metal–organic framework for enhancing significant proton conductivity

A series of N-heterocyclic⊂VNU-23 materials have been prepared via the impregnation procedure of N-heterocyclic molecules into VNU-23. Their structural characterizations, PXRD, FT-IR, Raman, TGA, ¹H-NMR, SEM-EDX, and EA, confirmed that N-heterocyclic molecules presented within the pores of parent VNU-23, leading to a remarkable enhancement in proton conductivity. Accordingly, the composite with the highest loading of imidazole, Im_13.5⊂VNU-23, displays a maximum proton conductivity value of 1.58 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ (85% RH and 70 °C), which is ∼4476-fold higher than H⁺⊂VNU-23 under the same conditions. Remarkably, the proton conductivity of Im_13.5⊂VNU-23 exceeds the values at 85% RH for several of the reported high-performing MOF materials. Furthermore, Im_13.5⊂VNU-23 can retain a stable proton conductivity for more than 96 h, as evidenced by FT-IR and PXRD analyses. These results prove that this hybrid material possesses potential applications as a commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

A series of N-heterocyclic⊂VNU-23 materials have been prepared via the impregnation procedure of N-heterocyclic molecules into VNU-23.