CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在自身免疫病中作用的研究进展

CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞具有独特的免疫抑制功能,通过细胞接触和细胞因子机制抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化与增殖,在自身免疫病中发挥着重要作用。通过研究CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞在自身免疫病中的作用,将会揭示这类疾病的发病机制,从而为治疗自身免疫病提供一个新途径。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞与自身免疫耐受

Cd4+CD25+T细胞是一具有免疫调节(或免疫抑制)作用的细胞群.是健康个体T细胞库的组成成分,约占CD4+T细胞5%～15%.它可以通过细胞接触依赖机制和抑制性细胞因子依赖机制主动抑制自身免疫T细胞的活化,维持自身免疫耐受,防止自身免疫病的发生.对这一细胞群生物学作用的揭示,对自身免疫病、移植排斥、肿瘤、感染等方面的研究都具有重要意义.本文综述了CD4+CD25+T细胞群的产生、维持、效应机制及其在自身免疫耐受中的作用.     

CD4+CD25+T调节细胞的研究进展

CD4 CD25 TH细胞通过抗原特异性方式或细胞接触的方式抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化,能有效地维持自身免疫耐受,是调节自身反应性T细胞和防止自身免疫病发生的重要调节细胞。     

NF-κB诱导激酶基因突变对CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞产生的影响

目的：探讨NIK基因变异鼠—aly鼠自身免疫病的产生与CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞的相关性。方法：利用NIK基因自然突变鼠—aly／aly鼠做为动物模型，aly／ 小鼠做为NIK基因正常对照鼠；CN4^ CD25^ T细胞亚群鉴定采用流式细胞分析仪(FACS)；用免疫组织化学方法观察胸腺结构。结果：aly小鼠的CD4 CD25^ CD8^-胸腺细胞数量和脾脏CD4^ CD25^ CD8^-T淋巴细胞的数量明显低于aly／ 小鼠；aly小鼠胸腺髓质缺少UEA—1阳性细胞。结论：NIK基因突变的aly小鼠CD4^ CD25^ 胸腺细胞和脾脏T淋巴细胞的数量明显降低可能是aly小鼠自身免疫病产生的原因；UEA—1阳性细胞很可能在CN4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞选择中发挥作用。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在约氏疟原虫感染早期作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在约氏疟原虫感染早期的免疫调节机制。方法用抗CTLA-4 mAb和抗CD25 mAb分别与约氏疟原虫感染早期的小鼠脾细胞共同培养后,以ELISA法检测其培养上清的IL-10、TGF-β1及IFN-γ的含量。结果与抗CTLA-4 mAb共同培养后,脾细胞上清中IL-10的水平明显降低,但TGF-β1和IFN-γ水平未出现有意义的变化;与抗-CD25 mAb共同培养后,IL-10、TGF-β1和IFN-γ水平均未出现有意义的变化,但IL-10水平有一定的降低趋势。结论约氏疟原虫感染早期,IL-10可能是介导CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞参与免疫调节的关键性细胞因子,CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞可能通过CTLA-4发挥免疫抑制作用。     

CD4+CD25+ Treg 细胞分泌外泌体在疾病中作用的研究进展

调节性T 细胞为T 细胞的一类控制体内自身免疫反应性的T 细胞亚群,在维持机体的免疫耐受以及调控免 疫应答中起重要作用。外泌体是细胞分泌的异质性纳米级胞外囊泡。现在研究认为外泌体在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用, 外泌体可将其细胞内的多种RNA、DNA 片段、脂质和蛋白质等物质转送到不同的受体细胞,从而改变受体细胞的生物学活性。 多项研究证据表明Treg 细胞可分泌外泌体发挥免疫调节作用,并参与感染免疫、器官移植、超敏反应、自身免疫病以及肿瘤的 发生与发展。本文对Treg 细胞来源外泌体的组成成分、形成途径以及其免疫调节作用等进行综述。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在自身免疫性疾病中的研究进展

调节性T细胞(regulation T cells,简称Treg)是不同于Th1和Th2的具有调节功能的T细胞群体,在多种免疫性疾病中起重要调节作用.根据其表面标记、分泌的细胞因子及其作用机制不同,Treg可分为CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞(CD4 CD25 Treg)、Tr1和Tr3等多种亚型.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的生物学特性及功能

对自身抗原产生免疫耐受是防止发生自身免疫病的关键。自1995年日本学者Sakaguchi等首次报道CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T（Treg）细胞以来，越来越多的研究证明这群T细胞在自身耐受的维持中发挥着重要的作用。CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞具有以下特点：①自身免疫防御作用；②自然条件下是处于无能（Anergy）状态；③抑制其他CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞的生物活性；④抑制活性是抗原非特异性的；⑤抑制方法可能通过细胞与细胞间直接接触，或经分泌抑制性细胞因子发挥免疫抑制效应；     

CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞在流产中的研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tr)是一个具有独特免疫调节功能的T细胞亚群.Tr免疫学特性主要在于抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化,并参与外周免疫耐受,对维持机体内环境的稳定起重要作用.Tr在流产中发挥重要的免疫调节作用.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋T调节细胞的研究进展

CD4^ CD25^ TR细胞通过抗原特异性方式或细胞接触的方式抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化，能有效地维持自身免疫耐受，是调节自身反应性T细胞和防止自身免疫病发生的重要调节细胞。     

Lower proportion of CD19+IL-10+ and CD19+CD24+CD27+ but not CD1d+CD5+CD19+CD24+CD27+ IL-10+ B cells in children with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Abstract

Introduction: As it is generally known, regulatory B cells (Bregs) control inflammation and autoimmunity. The significance of Bregs in the population of children with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) still offers plenty of potential to explore. The aim of this study was to estimate the expression of Bregs (phenotype CD19⁺CD24⁺CD27⁺IL-10⁺, CD19⁺IL-10⁺, CD1d⁺CD5⁺CD19⁺IL-10⁺ and CD1d⁺CD5⁺CD19⁺CD24⁺CD27⁺) in a paediatric cohort with AITD and in health controls.

Materials and methods: A total of 100 blood samples were obtained from 53 paediatric patients with Graves’ disease (GD) (N?=?12 newly diagnosed, mean age 12.5?±?3.5 and N?=?17 during methimazole therapy, mean age 12.7?±?4.4), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) (N?=?10 newly diagnosed, mean age 13.3?±?2.9 and N?=?10 during L-thyroxine therapy, mean age 13.7?±?3.4) and compared with healthy controls (C) (N?=?15, mean age 13.1?±?3.1). The expressions of the immune cell populations were analysed by four-color flow cytometry using a FASC Canto II cytometer (BD Biosciences).

Results: There was a decreasing tendency in the number of lymphocytes B producing IL-10 (B10) cells among all B lymphocytes and more widely, also among all lymphocytes, in each study group, as compared to C. We reported a reduction in IL-10 production in Bregs with the expression of CD19⁺CD24⁺CD27⁺IL-10 and CD1d⁺CD5⁺CD19⁺IL-10⁺ in both untreated and treated AITD.

Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the reduction in the number of Bregs with CD19⁺CD24⁺CD27⁺IL-10⁺ and CD19⁺IL-10⁺ expression could be responsible for breaking immune tolerance and for AITD development in children.     

Circulating CD3+ CD4+ CD+ T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis

Triple-antibody flow cytometry was used to search for distinctive populations of peripheral blood lymphocyte immunophenotypes in multiple sclerosis (MS). Using monoclonal antibodies to the cell surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8, T cell subsets were quantified on a cohort of 31 MS patients (not treated with corticosteroids for at least 6 months), 30 healthy donors, and 14 patients with other autoimmune diseases (also corticosteroid treatment-free for at least 6 months). Untreated MS patients displayed a significantly greater population of CD3+CD4+CD8+ circulating T cells than healthy donors (P = 0.023). Patients with other autoimmune diseases displayed mean populations of CD3+CD4+CD8+ cells greater than normal donors and less than MS, but not significantly different from either. An additional 45 MS patients who had received corticosteroid therapy within the previous 6 months were phenotyped. Treatment of symptomatic MS with corticosteroids was associated with a smaller population of circulating CD3+CD4+CD8+ cells. Some MS patients have significantly greater numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocytes simultaneously expressing CD3, CD4, and CD8 surface markers than healthy donors and this population of cells may be reduced by corticosteroids treatment. This triple positive phenotype may be a manifestation of a systemic immune abnormality in MS.     

Expansion and differentiation of CD14+CD16(-) and CD14+ +CD16+ human monocyte subsets from cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors

To determine whether monocytes can be generated from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in large numbers, cord blood CD34+ cells were first expanded for 3-10 days in X-VIVO 10 medium supplemented with FCS, stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), and Flt-3 Ligand (Flt-3L), and then differentiated in IMDM medium supplemented with FCS, SCF, Flt-3L, IL-3 and M-CSF for 7-14 days. These two step cultures resulted in up to a 600-fold mean increase of total CD14+ cells. Using this approach, two subpopulations of monocytes were obtained: CD14+CD16(-) and CD14++CD16+ occurring at 2:1 ratio. 1.25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 added to the differentiation medium altered this ratio by decreasing proportion of CD14++CD16+ monocytes. In comparison to CD14+CD16(-), the CD14++CD16+ cells showed different morphology and an enhanced expression of CD11b, CD33, CD40, CD64, CD86, CD163, HLA-DR, and CCR5. Both subpopulations secreted TNF and IL-12p40 but little or no IL-10. CD14++CD16+ monocytes released significantly more IL-12p40, were better stimulators of MLR but showed less S. aureus phagocytosis. These subpopulations are clearly different from those present in the blood and may be novel monocyte subsets that represent different stages in monocyte differentiation with distinct biological function.     

Circulating CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells in myasthenia gravis and in relation to thymectomy

Studies in experimental animal models of human autoimmune diseases have revealed that CD4⁺CD25⁺ T regulatory (Tr) cells are of thymic origin and have potentials in preventing auto‐aggressive immunity. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the best‐characterized autoimmune disease. Changes in the thymus are found in a majority of patients with MG. Thymectomy has beneficial effects on the disease severity and course in a substantial proportion of MG patients. But the occurrence and characteristics of Tr cells have not yet been defined in MG. We determined the frequencies and properties of circulating CD4⁺CD25⁺ versus CD4⁺CD25^– cells in MG patients and healthy controls (HCs), with special focus on the effect of thymectomy on CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells. CD4⁺CD25^high cells comprise only about 2% of blood lymphocytes in both MG patients and HCs. Frequencies of CD4⁺CD25^high cells were similar in MG patients irrespective of treatment with thymectomy. CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells in both MG patients and HCs are mainly memory T cells and are activated to a greater extent than CD4⁺CD25^– cells, as reflected by high levels of CD45RO and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR‐positive cells. In both MG patients and HCs, CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells also contained a high proportion of CD95‐expressing cells as possible evidence of apoptosis‐proneness. Upon stimulation with anti‐CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies, CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells responded more vigorously than CD4⁺CD25^– cells in MG, irrespective of treatment with thymectomy, as well as in HCs. Although CD4⁺CD25^– cells are mainly naïve T cells, in non‐thymectomized MG patients, they are activated to a greater extent as reflected by higher expression of HLA‐DR and CD95 on the surface compared to HCs. The data thus show that there is no deficiency of CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells in MG, nor is the proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells influenced by thymectomy.     

Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

In this report, we review studies of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T-reg). Although lagging a few years behind the discovery of these cells in the mouse, the equivalent population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells has also been isolated from human peripheral blood, thymus, lymph nodes and cord blood. In general, the characteristics of this T cell subset are strikingly similar between mouse and man. In the recent explosion of research reports on human CD4+CD25+ cells, although the majority of the characteristics ascribed to these cells appear to be consistent, contrasting results have been found primarily in regards to potential involvement of TGFbeta and production of IL-10. One explanation for this variability may reside in the fact that markedly different techniques are used to isolate human CD4+CD25+ T-reg cells and thus may result in the comparison of T-reg populations that differ in cellular composition and/or activation state. Another potential explanation for differences in human T-reg function may rest on the extreme variability of the culture conditions and TCR stimuli that have been used to test the functional properties of these cells in vitro. The strength of the TCR signal provided to the culture greatly affects the functional outcome of the co-culture and can result in the difference between suppression and full activation. Surprisingly, it appears that stronger stimulation has a greater and more rapid effect on the T-resp cell than on the T-reg cell as it causes T-resp cells to quickly become resistant to suppression. Thus, the details of in vitro culture conditions may at least partially account for disparate findings in regard to the functional characterization of human CD4+CD25+ cells. Here we review the evidence regarding the identification of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their possible mechanism(s) of function.     

Prognostic Values of CD38+CD101+PD1+CD8+ T Cells in Pancreatic Cancer

Programmed death-1 (PD-1), a key immune checkpoint molecule, has been developed as an oncotherapy target for various carcinomas. However, treatment with anti-PD-1 elicited only a minimal effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Subsequent studies revealed the existence of a subset of PD-1⁺ T cells coexpressing CD38 and CD101, representing a fixed dysfunctional subpopulation that are not able to be rescued by anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. However, whether this subpopulation of PD-1 expressing CD8⁺ T cells could be useful in predicting PDAC stage or prognosing survival is unknown. In this study, we used flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assay to analyze the expression of CD38 and CD101 in 183 clinical PDAC samples, including 84 of peripheral blood and 99 of surgical tissues. High coexpression of CD38/CD101 on peripheral PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was found to be most significantly correlated with Tumor/Node/Metastasis (T/N/M) classification and clinical stage, in contrast PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells could not correlate with T classification. CD38/CD101 co-repression on TILs also correlated with the poor survival in these PDAC patient samples. Our data suggest that CD38/CD101 might represent a more helpful biomarker than PD-1 alone for diagnosis and prognosis of PDAC.     

CD4+ CD45RA+ and CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells differ in their TCR-associated signaling responses.

Peripheral CD4+ T cells can be divided into two different functional populations based on the expression of distinct isoforms of the surface molecule CD45. We have investigated the differences in the proximal signaling induced by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in purified populations of "naive" CD45RA+ and "memory" CD45RO+ human CD4+ T cells. Expression of cell surface CD3, CD4 and CD28 was comparable between RA+ and RO+ cells. However, TCR-directed stimulation in the form of anti-CD3 produced markedly different patterns of intracellular signaling. Greater inositol triphosphate generation occurred in naive cells and the rise in intracellular free calcium was also substantially greater in naive than in memory cells. Cells with the naive phenotype were considerably more active in TCR-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, both at an overall level and specifically in terms of TCR-zeta and ZAP-70 phosphorylation. Despite these differences in phosphorylation, the amounts of TCR-zeta, ZAP-70 and Ick were equivalent between the two subsets. These findings suggest that the TCR-dependent signaling is differentially regulated in naive and memory CD4+ T cells. This may be due to differences in the way that the two isoforms of the CD45 phosphatase regulate the activity of proximal kinases in the TCR signaling pathway, and could be an important means by which the unique functions of differentiated T cell populations are maintained.     

CD25+CD4+ regulatory T-cells in cancer

Regulatory T-cells (T_reg) protect the host from autoimmune disease by suppressing self-reactive immune cells. As such, T_reg may also block antitumor immune responses. Recent observations by us and others showed that the prevalence of T_reg is increased in cancer patients, particularly in the tumor environment. Our studies in a mouse pancreas cancer model suggest that the tumor actively promotes the accural of T_reg through several mechanisms involving activation of naturally occurring T_reg as well as conversion of non-T_reg into T_reg. Our studies focus on further defining these mechanisms with the ultimate goal of designing strategies that block T_reg-mediated suppression in cancer patients.