医院制剂实行分类管理的建议

目的:促进医院制剂健康有序的发展。方法:根据医院制剂的特点提出医院制剂实行分类管理的建议。结果与结论:建议国家药品主管部门将医院制剂分为市场补充制剂、协定处方制剂、剂型改革制剂、消毒制剂、诊断及辅助制剂;实行前3种制剂在省级食品药品监督管理局取得制剂批准文号,后2种制剂只需在市级食品药品监督管理局备案的分类管理。     

我国医院制剂的局限性及发展趋势

简述了市场经济新形势下医院制剂存在的问题,并对医院制剂的未来进行展望。认为医院制剂结构应作重要调整,灭菌制剂及大多数普通制剂将会由药厂生产的制剂取代。医院制剂应积极进行新制剂的研究开发,发展特色制剂。     

504篇关于医院制剂的文献分析

［摘要］目的了解近年来医院制剂现状及发展趋势。方法收集于2001～2005年发表在《中国医院药学杂志》 《中国药房》杂志“医院制剂”栏目的文献504篇进行分析。结果医院制剂中，中、西药制剂所占比例相近，504种制剂中，西药制剂223种，占44.2%；中药制剂221种，占43.8%。皮肤科制剂最多，97种；其次是五官科用制剂，92种；妇产科制剂47种。结论医院制剂品种、剂型繁多，不仅注重旧剂型改进，也不断有新剂型应用于临床。医院制剂室要利用自己的优势，生产临床必需的特色制剂，特别是中草药制剂、皮肤科外用制剂和五官科制剂。     

中药制剂质量控制管理的影响因素分析

目的探究中药制剂质量控制管理影响因素。方法采用回顾性分析的方式对中药制剂质量控制管理影响因素进行分析,后实施相应控制措施。结果制剂处方为影响中药制剂质量的关键性因素,占比35.00%;制剂工艺为影响中药制剂质量的决定性因素,占比35.00%;制剂原料为影响中药制剂质量的重要因素,占比10%;制剂剂量为影响中药制剂质量的重要因素,占比10%;人员素质为影响中药制剂质量的重要因素,占比10%。结论对中药制剂质量影响因素实施有效的控制措施,能够有效提高临床中药制剂的质量,为患者提供优质的中药制剂。     

江苏省医疗机构制剂现状分析

目的:了解江苏省医疗机构制剂现状,探讨制剂的定位与发展方向。方法:统计分析医疗机构制剂在江苏省各市的分布以及剂型、同名制剂等情况。结果与结论:化学制剂有3749个品种,中药制剂有2113个品种,制剂品种数量在各市分布不均,最多的市有900多个品种,最少的仅有75个品种;制剂的剂型多且均为常规剂型;同名的化学制剂数量多于中药制剂。从趋势看,制剂总量减少,弥补市场供应不足的作用降低;中药制剂有发展空间,但剂型有待创新。     

五官科用医院制剂文献调查分析

目的:考察近年五官科用医院制剂现状及发展趋势,为医院制剂发展提供参考。方法:对2001～2005年发表在《中国医院药学杂志》、《中国药房》杂志"医院制剂"栏目中有关五官科用医院制剂的92篇文献进行统计分析。结果:在92种制剂中,剂型种类达24种,外用制剂81种,中药相关制剂30种,复方制剂47种。结论:五官科用制剂在医院制剂中占有非常重要的地位,但部分制剂在稳定性及质量可控性方面仍需改进。     

进展中的中药制剂现代化

中药制剂是中医药学的重要组成部分;中药制剂现代化是历史发展的必然趋势。近年来,中药制剂现代化已取得不少可喜收获。本文对进展中的中药制剂现代化加以概述,包括中药制剂剂型的改革、复方制剂的研究、制剂的新技术及评价中药制剂采用的现代化方法。     

试析江苏省医疗机构制剂现状及发展趋势

目的了解江苏省医疗机构制剂现状,探讨制剂的定位与发展趋势。方法统计分析江苏省医疗机构制剂情况。结果制剂数量呈下降趋势,剂型多且多为常规剂型,化学制剂相对中药制剂多且独家品种少,多数医疗机构配制的制剂以稳定性差的品种为主。结论制剂发展取决于紧密联系临床并有所创新。     

医疗机构加强制剂管理预防风险的思考

药品作为特殊的商品,具有显著的高风险性.最大限度地降低药品风险是药品管理的重要目标.医疗机构制剂是医院临床用药的有益补充,但是医疗机构制剂普遍存在较多风险因素,如医疗机构制剂质量标准陈旧、不统一;制剂设备较落后;爯医疗机构制剂配制质量管理规范爲执行和落实不好;工作人员的管理不到位;制剂的包装、标签、说明书、有效期不规范;制剂的使用管理不严格等.通过分析医院制剂的风险因素,采取有效的风险管理措施,如提高和统一制剂质量标准,优胜劣汰筛选制剂;提高制剂准入标准,依法依规进行制剂;规范制剂生产活动,完善制剂质量管理体系;科学规定有效期,开展医院制剂不良反应监测,这些措施可从根源上控制风险,可以提高药品质量和用药安全.     

妇洗方的质量标准控制研究

目的:研究妇洗方的质量控制标准,完善制剂制备工艺,确保制剂质量.方法:回顾性分析妇洗方的制备过程,对制剂用中药材的产地、采集时间、工艺流程、处方成分等因素进行分析,探讨造成该制剂颜色不同的原因,考察制剂稳定性及抑菌效果;观察制剂的的临床效果.结果:制剂的工艺流程和中药材的投料等对制剂的质量有影响;不同颜色的制剂稳定性均良好.棕黑色制剂抑菌效果最好,其余依次为棕红色、砖红色、黑褐色、其他颜色;临床疗效以棕黑色为最佳.结论:该制剂的稳定性良好,与颜色无关.制剂的疗效与制剂的颜色和工艺等有关.建立妇洗方的质量控制标准有助于确保制剂质量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.