由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的临床应用探讨

目的探讨由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的最佳适应症。方法选取2011年1月至2016年7月之间的在甲状腺手术中采用由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经的病例进行分析,共18例,其中男性3例,女性15例,年龄17岁到78岁,其中巨大甲状腺肿瘤(含胸骨后甲状腺肿)8例,甲状腺癌气管食管沟淋巴结转移7例,甲状腺中下部曾行手术致使下方气管食管沟处疤痕粘连的4例(所有病例中有1例同时为二次手术合并气管食管沟淋巴结转移并粘连),所有患者均采用由外向内显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经,共解剖喉返神经24侧。结果所有病例均成功显露喉返神经入喉处并逆行解剖喉返神经后行相应手术,术后所有患者无一例出现喉返神经损伤的症状。结论当甲状腺肿瘤巨大或胸骨后甲状腺肿导致甲状腺下极难以完全暴露、手术后气管食管沟中下部粘连、气管食管沟淋巴结肿大伴粘连的患者建议从喉返神经入喉处自外向内寻找喉返神经,后逆行向下解剖,该方法可提高手术效率,降低喉返神经损伤率。     

甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经的临床价值

目的探讨甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经对防止其损伤的临床价值。方法回顾性分析5344例甲状腺手术患者在全身麻醉下行手术治疗的临床资料,术中解剖喉返神经548例(解剖组),未解剖喉返神经4796例(未解剖组);比较两组术中喉返神经损伤的发生率有无差异。结果解剖组喉返神经损伤12例,发生率为2.2%;未解剖组喉返神经损伤512例,发生率为10.7%。两组喉返神经损伤率差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经能有效防止其损伤。     

甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经的意义

目的:探讨甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经的意义及预防喉返神经损伤的方法.方法:回顾性分析230例行甲状腺手术患者的资料,所有患者均在全身麻醉下进行,行单侧腺叶切除术109例,单侧腺叶加峡部切除术59例,甲状腺次全切除术44例,甲状腺全切除术18例.术中常规解剖显露喉返神经;根据术中病变情况决定手术切除范围,手术前后分别进行喉镜观察声带活动情况.结果:解剖暴露喉返神经共292条(右侧156条,左侧136条);位于气管食管沟内走行者134条,偏离者158条;神经位于下动脉深面通过197例(67.5%),神经位于动脉浅面通过60例(20.5%).神经在动脉分支之间通过24例(8.2%),神经分支与动脉分支交叉穿过者11例(3.8%).喉返神经入喉前分支者185条(63.4%),未分支直接入喉者107条(36.6%).术后8例出现声音嘶哑,经过治疗7例恢复,1例经6个月后对侧声带超越代偿嘶哑改善,无永久性声音嘶哑和呼吸困难.结论:甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经是防止术后喉返神经损伤的有效方法.     

困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经解剖的研究

目的：探讨困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经解剖的方法,以最大限度减少损伤,提高手术的安全性。方法：回顾性分析52例巨大结节性甲状腺肿、胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿、位于甲状腺下极的结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌以及甲状旁腺肿瘤等困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经的解剖过程和方法,了解病变累及喉返神经的状况以及避免喉返神经损伤的措施。结果：52例患者中,除2例甲状腺癌一侧喉返神经受侵予以切除外,其余50例喉返神经均解剖成功。50例喉返神经解剖成功者中,3例喉返神经拉长者术后无声嘶,2例喉返神经局部压为扁平者术后也无声嘶,3例术后轻微声嘶者经营养神经治疗1~3个月后恢复正常。1例喉不返神经,2例胸骨劈开,2例术后行气管切开。术后无并发症发生。结论：困难甲状腺手术中喉返神经的解剖大多需要游离腺叶和肿瘤并将其翻向内前上方,再以气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉和（或）甲状软骨下角为标志进行解剖,实践证明该方法可行。     

甲状腺外科手术中喉返神经的解剖

目的：探讨甲状腺外科手术中喉返神经的解剖特点和方法。方法：回顾性分析56例甲状腺疾病患者在手术中解剖的63条喉返神经的有关资料：结果：48条喉返神经入喉前分成前、后两支．占喉返神经总数的76．19％。29条(46．03％)喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉的深部．19条(30．56％)喉返神经位于甲状腺下动脉的浅面．8侧(12．70％)甲状腺下动脉分叉．神经穿行其间．7侧(11．11％)术中未发现甲状腺下动脉：术后喉返神经暂时麻痹1例,永久麻痹1例。结论：充分掌握喉返神经的解剖特点．术中正确辨认并安全地解剖喉返神经是避免喉返神经损伤的关键。     

甲状腺手术喉返神经解剖198例报告

目的：术中观察甲状腺患者的喉返神经和甲状腺下动脉的解剖及其毗邻关系,为指导临床手术操作提供理论依据。方法：对198例甲状腺疾病需行腺叶或全甲状腺切除的患者,术中解剖喉返神经201侧,记录喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的关系,根据术中喉返神经是否容易损伤将其分为“安全型”和“危险型”两大类。结果：117侧右侧喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的关系中“安全型”和“危险型”分别为84．6%(99／117)和15．4%(18／117);82侧左侧的“安全型”和“危险型”分别为92．7％(76／82)和7．3%(6／82)。196例共199侧喉返神经由胸腔或右锁骨下动脉返回在甲状腺下及水平后方进入气管食管沟内,沿该沟上行,于环状软骨与甲状软骨下角之间入喉。有2例术中证实为“喉不返神经”,直接自迷走神经水平发出入喉。结论：右侧喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的关系中“危险型”的发生率高于左侧,术中应特别注意以防损伤喉返神经。     

甲状腺良性病变手术预防喉返神经损伤的方法

目的 探讨甲状腺良性病变手术喉返神经显露的方法.方法 回顾分析2243例甲状腺良性病变手术资料,对甲状腺良性病变不同病变位置、不同手术方法与喉返神经损伤的关系进行比较分析.结果 本组共发生喉返神经损伤68例(3.0%).其中显露喉返神经手术中,背侧组喉返神经损伤率为1.0%(1/97),位于其他部位组,无喉返神经损伤.喉返神经区域保护法手术中,背侧组喉返神经损伤率为7.6%(65/853),病变位于甲状腺其他部位组喉返神经损伤率为0.17%(2/1195).结论 甲状腺良性病变手术,对于病变位于背侧的结节或腺瘤、甲状腺再次手术以及术中发生声音改变者,应常规显露喉返神经,其他情况则采用喉返神经区域保护法.显露方法可采用侧方、上方及下方三种途径.     

甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤危险因素及应对策略

目的探讨甲状腺手术出现喉返神经损伤的危险因素及避免损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析1902例甲状腺患者,按手术科别、性别、麻醉方法、病变性质、术中是否常规解剖喉返神经、手术次数及手术范围分组,观察喉返神经损伤率,进行单因素分析及多因素回归分析。结果喉返神经总损伤率为1.84%。单因素分析显示,在甲状腺恶性病变患者、多次手术及甲状腺广泛性手术中喉返神经损伤率升高有统计学意义(χ2分别为1.096、1.893、1.467,P<0.05)。在甲状腺广泛性手术中,术中显露喉返神经可有效降低喉返神经损伤率(χ2=1.758,P<0.05);而在保守性手术中,术中是否显露喉返神经,喉返神经损伤率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.638,P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,多次手术及甲状腺广泛性手术是喉返神经损伤的重要危险因素。结论对于病变范围较小的甲状腺良性肿瘤,术中不显露喉返神经、保留部分甲状腺背侧组织是安全可靠的。而对于广泛性甲状腺切除手术,术中应常规解剖喉返神经。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的探讨

探讨甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的原因和预防措施。分析了３６８例甲状腺手术，暂时性喉返神经麻痹３例（０．８２％），未发生一例永久性喉返神经麻痹。术中喉返神经是否暴露，采用具体情况区别对待方法，对大多数甲状腺良性病变（８９．１％），尽可能术中不暴露喉返神经，但对于较大的结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤和再次手术病例，术中应暴露喉返神经；甲状腺癌术中常规暴露喉返神经。作者认为，只要掌握手术操作要领，熟悉喉返神经解剖和变异，喉返神经损伤，特别是永久性损伤是完全可以预防的     

喉返神经解剖在甲状腺手术中的意义

目的探讨甲状腺术中解剖喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)在预防神经损伤中的作用。方法回顾分析174例甲状腺肿瘤,84例术中常规解剖喉返神经,90例按传统方法对喉返神经行径区进行保护,未解剖喉返神经。结果解剖喉返神经组神经暂时性损伤1例,无永久性损伤病例,总损伤率为1.2%;未解剖喉返神经组暂时性损伤3例,永久性损伤3例,总损伤率为6.7%,经统计学处理(x2检验),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经能减少喉返神经的损伤,但术者需充分掌握神经行径的解剖特点,术中正确地辨认喉返神经。     

改良Miccoli术中喉返神经的显露及损伤预防

目的：探讨甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经的方法及预防喉返神经损伤的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析218例行甲状腺改良Miccoli术患者的资料，均在内镜直视下寻找喉返神经并进一步显露直至人喉处，行甲状腺次全切或腺叶全切除。结果：218例患者手术均获成功，无中转开放手术。术中均成功显露颈段喉返神经并保护之。术中、术后病理证实结节性甲状腺肿185例，甲状腺腺瘤8例，甲状腺乳头状微小癌25例。2例甲状腺乳头状微小癌及1例有鼻咽癌放疗史的患者，术后出现暂时性声嘶，3个月内声带活动恢复正常。结论：甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经是该手术顺利进行的关键，是预防喉返神经损伤的有效方法。     

Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves: anatomic considerations during thyroid and parathyroid surgery

PURPOSE: In head and neck surgery, damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery is the most common iatrogenic cause of vocal cord paralysis. Identification of the RLNs and meticulous surgical technique can significantly decrease the incidence of this complication. Nonrecurrent RLNs (NRRLNs) are exceedingly rare. Surgeons need to be aware of their position to avoid damage to them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 513 RLN exposures over a 7-year period was performed. RESULTS: Two NRRLNs were encountered, for an incidence of 0.39%. CONCLUSION: NRRLNs are rare. Awareness of their existence will prevent the surgeon from accidentally severing one if it is encountered during routine thyroid or parathyroid surgery.     

喉返神经的解剖显露在甲状腺手术中的价值

目的 探讨甲状腺手术喉返神经（RLN）的解剖特点和方法，以减少神经的损伤。方法 回顾分析2000年1月-2005年10月256例甲状腺手术的临床资料，常规显露RLN201例（211条），不显露RLN55例，并对RLN解剖特点、损伤情况和预防进行分析。结果 显露RLN者暂时性损伤率为1．00％（2／201），无永久性损伤；未显露者暂时性损伤率为7．27％（4／55），永久性损损伤率为3．64％（2／55），两组暂时性损伤率之间和永久性损伤率之间经统计学处理差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。“非返性喉下神经”发生率为0．95％（2／211）；67．30％（142／211）RLN在入喉前有分支，59．24％（125／211）的RLN位于甲状腺下动脉的深面，30．81％（65／211）位于动脉的浅面，5．68％（12／211）穿行于动脉的分叉处，4．27％（9／211）与动脉无关。结论 RLN的行程过程中解剖关系较为复杂；甲状腺手术中有计划显露RLN可以预防其损伤。     

全麻甲状腺手术中的喉返神经实时监控

目的评价术中实时监控技术在预防喉返神经医源性损伤中的实际意义和应用前景.方法自2002年11月至2005年5月在40例全麻甲状腺手术中对喉返神经功能进行术中实时监控.全部采用气管插管式电极,同步进行全麻与术中监控.在7例腺叶切除手术中主动探测解剖喉返神经,搜寻探测到喉返神经5例,其他类型的手术中均没有解剖暴露喉返神经.结果39例患者术后喉返神经功能保持完好,1例术中即发生左侧喉返神经麻痹.40例均满意记录到声带非同步性自发喉肌肌电图波,刺激显露和探测到的12例喉返神经,均能诱发喉肌同步肌电图反应波.最小刺激电流强度阈值为0.08～0.35 mA,平均最小电刺激阈值为0.25 mA,适宜刺激电流范围为0.2～1.0 mA.结论喉返神经术中实时监控技术具有灵敏度高、准确性强和稳定性好的特点,可以在术中提供神经受刺激的同步信息,起到早期预警的作用.该技术的应用可以减少医源性喉返神经损伤,预防严重并发症的发生.术中可以不用预先解剖喉返神经,提高手术安全性.     

喉返神经损伤类型程度与神经肌电位关系的初步探讨

目的探讨临床上外伤性喉返神经损伤类型程度与神经肌电位的关系。方法147例外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹,喉返神经探查术前神经肌电位检查观察自发肌电波形、出现率、电位幅度、错向再生电位发生率、诱发电位引出率及最大诱发电位幅度;探查术中观察喉返神经损伤类型及程度。结果喉返神经探查发现喉返神经损伤类型及程度大致分为缝扎伤(58例)、瘢痕粘连伤(28例)及神经断裂伤(61例)。自发肌电图波形缝扎伤及瘢痕粘连伤明显多于断裂伤,差异均具有统计学意义,但缝扎伤与瘢痕粘连伤比较差异无统计学意义。神经断裂伤自发肌电位出现率为75·4%,明显低于缝扎伤(94·8%)及瘢痕粘连伤(96·4%),差异均具有统计学意义。三种不同类型及程度的损伤探查前的自发电位幅度各组间差异均无统计学意义。错向再生电位出现率瘢痕粘连伤为92·9%,明显高于缝扎伤(70·7%)及断裂伤(24·6%),缝扎伤又明显高于断裂伤,差异均具有统计学意义。神经断裂伤诱发电位引出率为29·5%、平均最大诱发电位相对幅度(x-±s)为(2·6±4·2)%,均明显低于瘢痕粘连伤85·7%、(16·3±5·2)%及缝扎伤91·4%、(23·6±8·1)%。瘢痕粘连伤的诱发电位幅度又明显低于缝扎伤,差异均具有统计学意义。结论不同类型程度的损伤神经肌电位差异明显,缝扎伤自发及诱发电位较强,瘢痕粘连伤其次,神经断裂伤最弱,但仍可记录到神经肌电位,临床喉返神经损伤存在明显的亚临床神经支配。     

喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉及其分支的显微解剖关系研究

目的探讨甲状腺术区喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉及分支的显微解剖关甲状腺手术中喉返神经保护提供解剖学参考。方法对69例(80侧)头颈肿瘤患者甲状腺区的喉返神经和甲状腺下动脉及分支进行显微解剖及观测。结果 38.0%(30/79)的喉返神经在入喉前分为前、后两支,59.5%(47/79)的甲状腺下动脉存在二级分支,40.5%(32/79)的甲状腺下动脉存在三级分支。51.9%(41/79)的甲状腺下动脉二、三级分支与喉返神经相夹持、勾绕或小段伴行,其中24.1%(19/79)的甲状腺下动脉二、三级分支发出明确与喉返神经相勾绕或平行伴行的分支直至入喉处。结论甲状腺下动脉二、三级分支于近入喉处与喉返神经解剖关系密切,是甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤的主要责任血管。     

Sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation in predicting postoperative nerve paralysis

Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis after thyroidectomy is infrequent, but serious when it occurs. Intraoperative knowledge of the status of the nerve after dissection could potentially provide the surgeon with important decision-making information. The current study examines the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative stimulation of the RLN during thyroid surgery for predicting postoperative RLN deficits. Eighty-one RLNs in 55 patients were identified to be at risk of injury during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy performed between January 1998 and February 2000. Intraoperative determination of RLN function was evaluated with a disposable nerve stimulator (Xomed, Jacksonville, Florida) set at 0.5 mA. Injury was assessed by palpating for a contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle while the stimulus was applied. Postoperative assessment of RLN integrity was determined by using indirect or direct laryngoscopy to visualize vocal fold mobility. Nine RLNs failed to elicit a posterior cricoarytenoid contraction after nerve stimulation, and 4 RLNs were determined to be deficient in the postoperative evaluation. The calculated sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 92.2% with a positive predictive value of 33.3% and negative predictive value of 98.6%. The RLN injury rate was 4.94%. We conclude that intraoperative RLN stimulation is a relatively safe and useful method of determining what RLN function will be after thyroid or parathyroid surgery.     

Incidence of vocal cord paralysis with and without recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of postoperative vocal cord paresis or paralysis in a cohort of patients who underwent thyroidectomy with and without continuous recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring by a single senior surgeon. We hypothesize that continuous RLN monitoring reduces the rate of nerve injury during thyroidectomy DESIGN: Retrospective medical chart review. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: A total of 684 patients (1043 nerves at risk) who underwent thyroid surgery under general anesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of vocal cord paresis or paralysis in patients who underwent thyroid surgery with continuous RLN monitoring vs those undergoing surgery without continuous RLN monitoring. RESULTS: The incidence of unexpected unilateral vocal cord paresis based on RLNs at risk was 2.09% (n = 14) in the monitored group and 2.96% (n = 11) in the unmonitored group. This difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of unexpected complete unilateral vocal cord paralysis was 1.6% in each group. Two of the 5 paralyses in the unmonitored group and 7 of the 11 paralyses in the monitored group had complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of the RLN does not appear to reduce the incidence of postoperative temporary or permanent complete vocal cord paralysis. There appeared to be a slightly lower rate of postoperative paresis with RLN monitoring, but this difference was not statistically significant.     

Vagus nerve stimulation: quality control in thyroid and parathyroid surgery

This paper describes the use of the Neurosign 100 Nerve Monitor and vagus nerve stimulation in the identification and assessment of the integrity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Vocal fold function was assessed pre- and post-operatively in all patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The nerve monitor, used in association with endotracheal electrodes, was used to confirm correct RLN identification and demonstrate its integrity at the completion of surgery. There were 21 unilateral and 19 bilateral neck explorations. In these 40 patients, 57 of 59 RLNs were identified. The nerve monitor demonstrated RLN continuity in all but one case (equipment failure: electrode misplacement) after initial identification. Vagus nerve stimulation was performed in 21 patients without adverse sequelae. Damage to the RLN was identified in one of these patients, in whom direct RLN stimulation close to the larynx had failed to indicate discontinuity. Post-operatively this patient had a transient unilateral vocal fold palsy. The use of the Neurosign 100 Nerve Monitor is no substitute for meticulous surgery. Stimulation of the vagus nerve may be a more sensitive means of assessing RLN integrity during thyroid and parathyroid surgery than stimulation of the RLN itself. Confirmation of RLN integrity allows the surgeon to proceed with confidence to the contralateral side of the neck during hazardous bilateral explorations.