江苏农村育龄妇女避孕方法可接受性的研究

对1986年9月在中国江苏农村进行的“中国农村已婚育龄妇女使用避孕方法的变化”调查资料,应用单因素交叉表及多因素logistic回归分析江苏农村妇女的节育方法使用状况、副作用评价、满意程度及其原因。研究结果表明;江苏农村已婚妇女中,现用的节育方法主要是宫内节育器和女性绝育(分别占46.67%和36.39%)。妇女对各种节育方法的满意程度均较高,尤其对口服避孕药和宫内节育器更为满意。妇女对各种节育方法的评价不尽相同,宫内节育器、针剂、绝育和口服避孕药的优点较为突出,但副作用也较明显。避孕套虽然“使用简便”一项较差,但副作用小。不同特征妇女对各种节育方法的评价有所不同。     

拉萨地区已婚育龄妇女避孕方法应用现况

目的 :了解拉萨地区已婚育龄妇女正在使用中的避孕方法概况。方法 :对拉萨市、区、局各单位已婚育龄妇女进行计划生育、生殖健康普查 ,将调查结果填表 ,并进行统计分析。结果 :该地区所应用的避孕法共 6类 ,其中绝育术、宫内节育器、药物 (口服、针剂、皮埋剂 )及阴道药具避孕法为主要避孕措施。不同年龄组妇女应用避孕方法的种类不同 ,35岁以上妇女绝育术的应用率呈升高趋势 ;30～ 35岁年龄组妇女的宫内节育器应用率高 ;而小于 35岁的妇女多选用药物和阴道药具避孕法。结论 :反映了该地区和国内其他地区一样 ,避孕方法的选用呈多种类、高质量的发展趋势     

天津市18～49岁已婚者避孕情况的心理因素调查

本文调查了1211名18～49岁已婚成年人包括工人、干部和科技人员对避孕问题的心理活动。其中男性601人,女性610人。结果显示:80%已婚成年人至少知道五种避孕方法如避孕套、口服避孕药、宫内节育器、男性绝育和女性绝育。3.8%的人知道埋植和输卵管粘堵。只有0.7%的人对避孕方法一无所知,这些人多为新婚夫妇。研究还表明,最受欢迎的避孕方法是宫内节育器、避孕套和安全期。工人偏爱宫内节育器,科技人员偏爱避孕套。口服药是最不受欢迎的方法,多由于它的副作用影响。93.6%的被调查者对绝育持否定态度。仅6.4%的人主张这一方法,他们主要是科技人员和干部。     

避孕节育咨询与知情选择对农村地区已婚育龄妇女的影响

目的:了解农村地区已婚育龄妇女避孕知识状况并探讨其影响因素。方法:对国家人口和计划生育委员会知情选择项目四个试点县的3 901名 20~49岁已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识状况及其影响因素进行问卷调查,并采用SAS8.2对调查数据进行统计分析。结果:①调查对象的避孕知识综合得分平均为25.44分,50分以上的仅有4.36%。得分最高的避孕方法为宫内节育器(72.17分),最低的为宫颈帽(2.57分)。不同知识类别得分中名称知晓得分和用法得分两者较高,避孕方法原理、优点及缺点得分均较低。②调查对象的避孕知识主要通过培训班、讨论会、咨询(56.17%)的形式从乡镇或村(社区)计生人员处获得(68.21%)。③影响避孕知识得分的因素包括年龄、家庭人均收入、文化程度、对象的咨询状况以及与避孕知情选择有关的知识和态度等。④88.57%的对象认为面对面交流、培训班为获得避孕知识的最佳方式,88.40%的对象认为是乡镇或村(居委会)的计划生育技术人员,是提供避孕知识咨询的最佳人选。结论:农村已婚育龄妇女避孕知识水平较低,亟需通过宣传教育来提高,以期能使知情选择在广大农村育龄妇女中更好地推广。     

我国8省农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染影响因素的多水平模型分析

目的:探索我国农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染(RTI)的影响因素。方法:在我国8个省调查农村已婚育龄妇女RTI发生水平及相关影响因素,用多水平Logistic回归模型进行数据分析。结果:31.1%的农村已婚育龄妇女过去1年出现RTI症状,以外阴瘙痒和阴道异味分泌物最常见。多水平Logistic回归模型结果表明,经济条件差、使用茅厕、盆浴、大龄、文化程度低、务农、绝育或使用宫内节育器、人工流产、烟酒习惯等与RTI高发有关。随机系数模型显示,不同村之间,职业、人工流产、避孕方法及烟酒习惯对RTI感染的影响存在显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:家庭和个人因素是农村育龄妇女RTI感染的影响因素,部分因素在村间的影响程度不同。RTI干预应因地制宜。     

中国少数民族避孕现用率、效果及影响因素

本文应用国家计划生育委员会１９８８年组织的全国２‰生育节育抽样调查资料，分析中国少数民族避孕现用率、避孕效果及其影响因素。１９８８年全国少数民族避孕现用率为５９．４１％，低于汉族避孕现用率７３．１８％，在十五个主要少数民族中满族现用率最高，为７３．４５％，高于汉族现用率；维吾尔族的现用率最低，仅为１７．６％。少数民族中各种方法的现用率，宫内节育器为最高，在使用者中占４９％；而汉族以绝育为最高，在使用者中占４８．３８％。居住在城市的少数民族避孕现用率高于农村中的避孕现用率。年龄３０～４４岁已婚育龄少数民族妇女中，约有８５％避孕，其中３５～３９岁妇女的避孕现用率最高，为９１．８９％。文化程度高者避孕现用率高，文化程度低者避孕现用率较低。无论宫内节育器、绝育、口服避孕药或避孕套，意外妊娠、副反应和宫内节育器的脱落，为少数民族终止某种避孕方法的主要原因，其中意外妊娠占的比例较高。这说明避孕失败仍是终止使用的最重要的原因。经比例风险模型分析，发现宫内节育器失败妊娠受放器时年龄、居住地城市或农村、放器医院、有无副反应、孩子性别和成活孩子数等多种因素的影响。同样，绝育失败妊娠受妇女文化程度、医院手术水平和成活孩子数的影响?     

上海闵行区人工流产女性避孕知识的调查与分析

目的:了解人工流产女性的避孕状况,为进一步实施干预、提高育龄妇女生殖健康水平提供依据。方法:面对面问卷访谈,收集和了解要求人工流产女性术前避孕知识、避孕情况等信息进行分析,提出应对措施。结果:726例人工流产访谈女性多数为已婚(75.48%);一次以上的重复流产达57.99%,未婚人工流产占24.52%。未采取避孕措施(51.38%)或避孕失败(48.62%)是导致意外妊娠的主要原因。访谈对象对避孕套、口服避孕药、宫内节育器有所知晓,但对其他避孕方法知之甚少。访谈对象中知道免费提供避孕药具专门机构者仅35.54%。结论:降低重复流产和未婚人工流产是当务之急。对此,需要广泛、持久、深入开展计划生育健康教育,提高育龄人群避孕意识、避孕知识水平。同时,需要加强人工流产后生殖保健服务。     

宣州市已婚育龄妇女避孕知识状况及其影响因素分析

目的 :了解已婚育龄妇女对避孕知识的掌握程度。方法 :对 70 7例 2 0～ 40岁已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识状况及其影响因素进行了分析。结果 :(1 )大部分对象的避孕知识得分在2 0～ 6 0分之间 ,约占 70 %。得分在 80分以上的对象仅占 1 .6 %。在听说过的各种避孕方法中 ,宫内节育器位居首位 (99.7% ) ,其次是避孕套 (97.2 % )和口服避孕药 (96 .6 % )。(2 )研究对象获得避孕知识的首要途径是书籍和手册 (50 .1 % ) ,其次是咨询医务人员(39.9% )。 (3)影响避孕知识得分的因素包括职业、文化程度、家庭收入、避孕知情选择的知识和态度等     

云南白族、贵州苗族已婚育龄妇女节育模式的研究

为了探索少数民族计划生育工作现状和节育模式,调查了云南白族、贵州苗族地区2026例已婚妇女,结果显示白族、苗族计划生育工作成绩显著,育龄妇女节育比例均高于80％,云南白族以宫内节育器为主要避孕方法（62．03％）,贵州苗族以男女绝育为主（76．62％）。Logistic多元回归分析显示夫妇的生育意愿、性别偏好、计生干部作用均影响是否采用绝育措施本道避孕方法较少、曾用避孕方法较多者倾向于绝育。两地相比,云南白族地区的计划生育工作较好,妇女避孕知识较多,自觉节育比例更大。鉴于今后计划生育全程服务和“知情选择”的推广,建议少数民族地区在继续推行现行的长效避孕方法（绝育和宫内节育器）的同时,积极宣传避孕知识,加强对群众生育观念的正确引导,增强基层计生技术力量,逐步向知情选择过渡。     

剖宫产后节育方法的效果研究

本研究对１９８９年４月到１９９０年３月间在国际和平妇幼保健院及纺织局第二医院内剖宫产及自然分娩产妇各１０００例进行了为期两年的回顾性调查。调查内容包括产后避孕方法采用时间、各类避孕方法的效果及产后人流等情况。结果显示：两组产后两年内年人均人流人次类似，差别无显著性；产后落实避孕措施越早，产后人流的可能性越小。两组人流原因中均以无措施导致为主。各类避孕方法中以宫内节育器效果为最佳，宫内节育器中以活性非圆形ＩＵＤ为最好。因此，在剖宫产后及时落实高效安全的避孕方法，特别是使用活性非圆形宫内节育器，在妇女中大力普及各种避孕知识的同时，加强计划生育技术指导，对降低剖宫产后的人流可能性具有重要的作用。     

Current status of contraceptive use among rural married women in Anhui Province of China

Objectives  This study aims to explore the current status of married women in regard of their use of contraceptive methods (permanent methods versus non-permanent methods) and to find out factors that affect the use of contraceptive methods in rural areas of Anhui Province of China.
Design  Survey.
Setting  Anhui, China.
Population  A total of 53,652 married women aged 18–49 years.
Methods  A multistage probability sampling method was used to identify a representative sample of 53,652 married women aged 18–49 years. All women were asked to provide detailed information by completing detailed questionnaires.
Main outcome measures  Contraceptive prevalence and influence factors.
Results  The total birth control rate of the sample was 95.2%. Samples choosing the permanent and nonpermanent contraceptive methods have taken up 46.7 and 48.5% respectively. Female sterilisation was the first choice with a usage rate of 43.6%, followed by intrauterine device (IUD), which was used by 41.1% of samples. Single-variable analysis showed that the choice of contraceptive methods was associated with age, education level, parity, frequency of sex intercourses in a month, contraceptive knowledge, RTI symptom and the gender of the last child of rural married women.
Conclusions  A significant increase in contraceptive use of rural married women in Anhui Province of China. Female sterilisation and IUD still play the dominant role. Effective family planning methods should be advocated through adequate counselling on the correct use and proper management, with consideration of the background of custom and belief.     

产后暴露于无避孕措施的性行为及其影响因素分析

本文利用上海市两个区和两个郊县3898名妇女产后15个月的随访资料．对产后意外妊娠的危险因素—暴露于无避孕措施的性行为及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示,产后意外妊娠的妇女中,44．1％因未用避孕措施而妊娠,其中95．5％的妇女妊娠前从未使用过任何避孕措施。产后首次性生活时妇女避孕措施使用的比例仅34．53％,市区高于郊县。产后一年内恢复性生活的妇女仅33．0％每次性生活都用避孕措施。性生活未立即使用避孕措施的主要原因为：认为哺乳期不会怀孕,认为未转经不会怀孕及认为性生活次数少不会怀孕。影响妇女产后性生活时是否使用避孕措施的因素有：居住地、妇女受教育程度、职业、首次性生活时是否已转经、夫妇产后是否接受过有关产后性生活和产后避孕的宣教及产后性生活开始时间等。研究结果提示：应加强对产后避孕的宣教,纠正错误的传统观念,提高妇女产后的避孕率。     

A cross-sectional study of contraceptive use among married women living in rural China

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of contraceptive use in rural China and to determine factors that influence choice of contraceptive method.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using multistage cluster sampling to identify married women aged 20–49 years residing in Shaanxi Province, China. Data on demographics and contraceptive use were collected via detailed questionnaire.ResultsThe prevalence of contraceptive use in the study population was 93.9% (19 599/20 878 eligible women). Among the women using contraceptives, 10 408 (53.1%) used sterilization (female and male) and 6947 (35.4%) chose an intrauterine device. In total, 2244 (11.4%) women used short-acting contraceptive (SAC) methods: condoms and pills accounted for 8.7% (n = 1712) and 1.0% (n = 216), respectively. Young age; high level of education; low parity; increased number of abortions; low frequency of sexual intercourse; long duration between marriage and delivery; and marriage after 1994 were all associated with SAC usage.ConclusionAlthough contraceptive use was high in rural China, the participants’ awareness of free selection of contraceptive method and the rate of SAC use were both low. Appropriate and diverse family-planning services should be provided to meet the needs of women living in rural areas.     

上海市已婚妇女初产后避孕方法的选择和转换

本文对上海市3701名已婚妇女初产后15个月内避孕方法的选择和转换进行了分析,分析结果表明：产后15个月内,95．46％的妇女采取过避孕方法。产后首次采取的避孕方法城市以避孕套（50．72％）和IUD（29．09％）为主,农村以IUD（56．65％）和避孕套（30．60％）为主,其它方法较少。首次避孕选择避孕套者,终止向IUD的转换率较高;而选用IUD者终止向其它方法的转换率较低。15个月随访时,94．54％的妇女正在使用某种避孕方法,其中60．76％的城市妇女71．07％的农村妇女正在使用IUD。多项分类Logistic回归分析结果表明不同特征的妇女对避孕方法的选择存在很大差异,城市、文化程度高的妇女倾向于选用避孕套和安全期,较少选用口服药;年龄大的妇女使用避孕套和安全期的人要多些;正在哺乳的妇女不愿用口服药;单位或计划生育部门对产后选用何种避孕方法有推荐意向的妇女使用IUD的比例较高。提示计划生育管理部门应根据妇女的不同特征耐心、细致、客观地向她们说明各种避孕方法的优点和缺点,需纠正社会上对一些避孕方法的偏见。应充分尊重妇女的避孕选择,使妇女自觉满意地实行计划生育。     

Sociologic problems of contraception in the opinion of women from urban and rural areas

The paper, having a diagnostic character, discusses the problems of birth control, family planning and contraception methods. The methods of the investigation were a questionnaire, interview and analysis of documentation. The investigation was carried out in two areas: urban--Katowice and rural--Istebna. The investigation was carried out among a group of 100 women between 20 and 55 years of age. All the women questioned have been married for 1-30 years. Most of them have two children--30%. Most women from both the urban and rural areas use natural methods of contraception, in. the town--Billings method and in the country--conjugal diary. Thermal method is less popular as it is time-consuming. The main reasons for choosing a natural method of contraception control are moral, religious and biological aspects, which give the women a psychic comfort and a strong feeling of attachment to the husband. Women from the urban area say that they started to use contraceptive methods after getting married whereas women from the rural area--after giving birth to a child. Contraceptive devices are used by about 30% of women. The most popular are: among women from the town--coitus interruptus, artificial abortion and less popular contraceptive devices such as oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and chemical substances. Among women from the rural area the most common is coitus interruptus and then 2-1 cases of each of the remaining methods. Women applying contraceptive devices are aware of their harmful effects, their unreliability, immorality and violating nature. Women in the country face a lot of difficulties in buying contraceptive devices and they also (22%) use artificial abortion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

妇女生育意愿及其它因素对节育率的影响

本研究用等概率分层多级随机抽样的方法对江苏省32个县768个村民小组4776名18～49岁已婚育龄妇女进行“中国农村妇女使用避孕方法变化”的调查。资料经SAS软件包分析,结果表明,不想再生为大多数江苏农村妇女的愿望,占总数的77.84%。苏南地区妇女期望尽快再生的比例略高,期望再生育性别略偏女孩;苏北地区明显偏爱男孩且期望生育2个孩子的比例较高。生育愿望对节育措施的应用比例有较大影响,线性调整结果提示,妇女年龄、生育意愿、婚龄、居住地区和职业对节育率的影响有显著意义。     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant women in Jiangsu, China, 17 years after introduction of hepatitis B vaccine

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among pregnant women in Jiangsu Province, eastern China, 17 years after vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) was introduced.

Methods

From August 2002 to July 2004, serum samples from 6398 women between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy and from 6 urban and 8 rural areas across Jiangsu Province were tested for markers of HBV. The results were then compared with the rates before 1980.

Results

The overall rates of 6.71% for HBsAg and 36.84% for anti-HBs were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than the prevaccination rates. The rate for HBsAg was lower in urban areas than in rural areas (5.75% vs 7.14%, P = 0.04). Although the rate used to be much higher in the northern part of Jiangsu Province, which is less prosperous than the southern part, the rates are now similar in both parts (6.60% vs 6.97%).

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate a drop in the prevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women in Jiangsu Province since the introduction of vaccination programs in 1980, and indicate that HBV infection can also be controlled in less prosperous areas.     

Oral contraceptive use and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the relationship between oral contraceptive use and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective follow-up study of 6622 women participating in the Second Troms? Study conducted in 1979 and 1980 in Troms?, Norway, women aged 20 to 49 years answered a questionnaire regarding their smoking history, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive use. They were then followed for 10 years with data from the Pathology Registry of the University Hospital. RESULTS: The age-adjusted incidence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 897 per 100,000 person years among noncurrent and 1295 per 100,000 person years among current oral contraceptive users as of 1979. After adjusting for age, marital status, smoking, and frequency of alcohol intoxication the relative rate for current users was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.1), and the relative rate for past users was 1.4 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 1.8), as compared with those who had never used oral contraceptives before 1979. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that the occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is increased by oral contraceptive use.     

Contraception within six-month postpartum in rural Vietnam: implications on family planning and maternity services.

OBJECTIVES: This longitudinal study documents contraception practice and factors influencing contraception decision within the first six months postpartum, amongst women residing in the rural Northern Central region of Vietnam. METHODS: A sample of 463 rural women who gave birth during August-October 2002 were recruited and interviewed at one, 16 and 24 weeks postpartum. RESULTS: The proportion of contraceptive users at weeks 16 and 24 were 17% and 43% respectively. At week 24, of contraceptive users, 57% used IUD, 25% used condom, and 14% used traditional methods. Logistic regression analysis found age, sufficient knowledge on contraceptives and husband/partner opinion can significantly affect the contraception decision. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the situation, health authorities should be encouraged to provide counselling on postpartum contraceptive methods during ante- and postnatal care visits. Health education on family planning and breastfeeding should also involve the husband/partner group taking into account local socio-cultural features.