脑瘫患者粗大运动功能问卷的编制

目的编制脑瘫患者粗大运动功能问卷(CP-GMFQ),同时确定该问卷的信度、效度和反应度。方法共有160例脑瘫患者和家长参加此项研究,选取最初的27例对象进行重测信度研究(间隔7～18 d);在对所有研究对象进行GMFQ调查的同时进行中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)和脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)评价,确定GMFQ的平行效度;对随机选出的21例对象采用效应尺度进行反应度研究,在间隔3～7个月后再次进行GMFQ调查和GMFM评估;随机选取30例对象,进行GMFQ调查和GMFM测试所需时间的比较。结果GMFQ分具有良好的重测信度(ICC=0.9940);与GMFM各项分值和GMFCS评价之间具有良好的平行效度(相关系数=0.77～0.92);GMFQ分的效应尺度(0.34)介于GMFM88百分比与GMFM66分值之间;GMFQ调查的测试时间(平均4.7±1.6 min)显著少于GMFM测定(平均17.7±4.6 min)(P<0.001)。结论GMFQ具有良好的信度、效度和反应度,可以简便易行、科学合理地评价脑瘫患者的粗大运动功能。     

脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能测量量表的标准化研究

目的本研究通过应用粗大运动功能测量(GMFM)对两组研究对象的粗大运动功能进行评定,以检验GMFM的效度、信度和反应度等标准化指标.方法应用GMFM对31例7个月-7岁的脑瘫患儿和17例3个月-5岁2个月的健康儿童在入选时及3个月后进行两次测量,并以神经肌肉系统缺陷程度、美国脑瘫学会障碍分级、治疗性分级作为疗效标准进行效度研究;应用GMFM对10例脑瘫患儿在入选时和1周后进行2次测量以研究组内信度;由2个测量者应用GMFM同时进行测量对10例脑瘫患儿以研究组间信度.结果对照组中,3岁以上儿童第一次GMFM结果较3岁内组高(P＜0.05),而两次GMFM改变量则较低(P＜0.05);脑瘫组第一次GMFM测量结果及两次GMFM改变量均低于对照组(P＜0.05);脑瘫组第一次GMFM测量结果及两次GMFM改变量与神经肌肉系统缺陷程度、美国脑瘫学会障碍分级、治疗性分类均呈负相关(P＜0.05).组内和组间信度研究均具有很高的相关性(ICC＞0.90).结论GMFM用于测量脑瘫患儿的粗大运动状况、随时间出现或由于干预而出现的运动功能改变,具有良好的效度、信度和反应度,能定量地反映脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能状况和改变,适合在临床康复中应用.     

1～6岁不同级别脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能发育的初步研究

目的 分析1～6岁不同级别脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能发育特性.方法 对708例1～6岁脑瘫患儿采用中文版粗大运动功能测试(GMFM)进行粗大运动功能评估,中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)进行粗大运动功能分级,分析不同GMFCS级别脑瘫患儿的GMFM分值分布状况.结果 GMFCS Ⅰ级患儿GMFM-66分值上升幅度最大,从48～50个月起,各月龄组75%以上的患儿GMFM-66分值大于67分;GMFCS Ⅱ～Ⅳ级患儿1～6岁间GMFM-66分值上升的幅度比较相似,GMFCSⅡ级患儿6岁以前各月龄组只有不超过25%的患儿GMFM-66分值可以超过67分,GMFCSⅢ级患儿6岁以前各月龄组均有超过50%的患儿GMFM-66分值低于56分,GMFCS Ⅳ级患儿6岁以前各月龄组(除54～56和66～68月龄组)有75%的患儿GMFM-66分值不能超过46分;GMFCS Ⅴ级患儿GMFM-66分值l～6岁间始终处于很低的水平,与其他级别患儿相比,Ⅴ级患儿从5岁起GMFM-66分值还呈现出随着月龄的增加而下降趋势.结论 不同GMFCS级别脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能具有各自的发育特性.     

不同粗大运动功能脑性瘫痪患儿的日常生活活动能力分析

目的分析不同程度粗大运动功能脑瘫患儿的日常生活活动能力表现,明确脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能与日常生活活动能力之间的关系。 方法共有来自上海三家康复机构、年龄为18～90个月的脑瘫患儿118例参加此项研究。采用脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)进行粗大运动功能分级,用粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）进行粗大运动功能评估,用能力低下儿童评定量表（PEDI）进行日常生活活动能力评定,比较不同GMFCS级别间PEDI各项分值之间的差异,分析GMFCS和GMFM各项分值与PEDI分值之间的相关性。 结果不同GMFCS级别间的PEDI分值表现出明显的差异性,PEDI的分值大多会随着GMFCS级别的降低而增高,其中移动能力最为低下;PEDI尺度化分与GMFCS之间具有良好的相关性（rs=0.50～0.85,P<0.001）;与GMFM各项分值之间也存在着不同程度的相关性（r=0.54～0.85,P<0.001）,其中移动能力与GMFCS和GMFM各项分值之间的相关性略高。 结论不同粗大运动功能的脑瘫患儿日常生活活动能力存在明显差异。粗大运动功能越高、日常生活活动能力也越强。通过改善粗大运动功能可能可以改善脑瘫患儿的移动能力,同时还应该兼顾自理能力和社交能力的训练。     

脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能与日常生活能力的相关性研究

目的分析脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能与日常生活能力之间的相关性。方法对42例脑瘫患儿(男性26例、女性16例,年龄49.5±21.5个月;痉挛型四肢瘫11例、痉挛型双瘫22例、痉挛型偏瘫5例、徐动型2例、肌张力障碍型2例)采用脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)和粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)进行粗大运动功能分级和评估;采用能力低下儿童评定量表(PEDI)进行日常生活能力评定,分析不同GMFCS等级脑瘫患儿的日常生活能力表现,以及粗大运动功能与日常生活能力之间的相关性。结果患儿的GMFCS等级越高,PEDI标准分越低;GMFM66与PEDI的移动能力和自理能力的尺度化分之间的相关性最高(r=0.84),与社交能力尺度化分的相关系数为0.72。结论脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能在很大程度上影响其日常生活能力,应把粗大运动功能训练作为脑瘫康复的主要训练项目,并依据不同GMFCS分级确定日常生活能力训练目标。     

4～12岁不同类型脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能分级和手功能分级调查

目的 分析4～12岁不同类型脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能和手功能受损的状况以及两者之间的关联性.方法 对符合纳入和排除标准的143例4～12岁脑瘫患儿采用中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)和手功能分级系统(MACS)进行评定.结果 痉挛性双瘫患儿33例(60.0%)GMFCS和MACS分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;痉挛性四肢瘫患儿28例(75.7%)GMFCS和MACS分级Ⅲ～Ⅴ级;痉挛性偏瘫患儿21例(55.3%)GMFCS和MACS分级Ⅰ级,2例患儿GMFCSⅡ级,14例MACS Ⅱ级.GMFCS与MACS之间的具有中等程度的相关性(r=0.67,P<0.05).结论 GMFCS和MACS评价可以明确不同类型脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能和手功能的受损状况.     

脑性瘫痪儿童运动功能与生存质量之间的相关性分析

目的:分析4—12岁脑瘫儿童运动功能与生存质量之间的相关性。方法:以2014年4—6月期间在复旦大学附属儿科医院康复中心、上海市徐汇区华泾社区卫生服务中心儿童康复科、上海市闵行区江川社区卫生服务中心儿童康复科、上海市宝山区金惠康复医院和上海市浦东特殊教育学校接受康复干预的4—12岁的脑瘫儿童和家庭为研究对象,共90例脑瘫儿童和家长纳入研究,其中脑瘫儿童包括男性54例,女性36例,平均年龄(7.40±2.44)岁;4—7岁59例,8—12岁31例,采用中文版脑瘫儿童生存质量问卷(cerebral palsy quality of life,CPQOL)评价生存质量,采用中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(gross motor function classification system,GMFCS)进行粗大运动功能分级。采用中文版脑瘫患儿手功能的分级系统(manual ability classification system,MACS)进行手功能分级,通过分析GMFCS、MACS与CPQOL各项分值之间的相关性明确脑瘫儿童运动功能与生存质量之间的关系。结果:GMFCS分级与7个CPQOL分区中的5个分区有着较弱的相关性,其中与社会福祉和受容度、功能、参与能力与躯体健康、情绪健康与自尊4个分区为负相关(r=-0.29—-0.38,P0.05),表明GMFCS分级越高上述4个分区的分值就越低,也就是相关的生存质量就越低,此外GMFCS分级还与疼痛和残障的影响分区呈现较弱的正相关(r=0.28,P0.05),表明GMFCS分级越高,脑瘫儿童受到疼痛和残障的影响就越明显。与GMFCS相比,MACS只有与CPQOL的社会福祉和受容度、功能两个分区呈现更弱的相关性(r=-0.27,P0.01;r=-0.23,P0.05)。与较小年龄脑瘫儿童(4—7岁)相比年龄较大脑瘫儿童(8—12岁)的GMFCS分级与CPQOL各分区的相关性更为明显。结论:粗大运动功能在一定程度上影响着脑瘫儿童的生存质量,与粗大运动功能相比手功能对生存质量的影响较小,较大年龄组脑瘫儿童的粗大运动功能与生存质量之间的关系更为密切。     

脑瘫患儿吞咽障碍及其与粗大运动功能分级的关系

目的探讨脑瘫患儿吞咽障碍的特点及其与粗大运动功能分级的关系。方法对2009年6月～2010年6月在本院脑瘫康复中心门诊及住院治疗的脑瘫患儿进行吞咽障碍调查、口运动评估和粗大运动功能评估,分析不同粗大运动功能分级的脑瘫患儿的吞咽问题。结果105例脑瘫患儿中,58例(56.2%)存在吞咽障碍,其中21.9%为轻度吞咽困难,34.3%为中重度吞咽困难。不同粗大运动功能分级 (Gross Motor Function Classification System, GMFCS)的吞咽障碍调查(Dysphagia Disorders Survey, DDS)及口运动评分不同(P<0.001)。DDS和口运动评分与GMFCS水平的相关系数分别为0.767和-0.504(P<0.01)。不同GMFCS分级的吞咽障碍和口运动障碍不同(P<0.001),DSS分级、口运动障碍和GMFCS分级呈正相关关系(r=0.55, r=0.27)。结论脑瘫患儿吞咽障碍主要发生在口腔期,GMFCS水平越高,吞咽障碍和口运动障碍的比例越高,程度越重,GMFCS水平Ⅳ～Ⅴ级者吞咽障碍和口运动障碍更突出。     

不同粗大运动功能分级脑性瘫痪患儿选择性脊神经后根切断术疗效分析

目的比较不同粗大运动功能分级脑瘫患儿选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)的效果。方法对132 例实行SPR手术治疗的患儿按粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)分级,比较各组间疗效。结果不同GMFCS分级脑瘫患儿SPR术后肌张力、粗大运动功能及日常生活活动能力均有明显改善(P<0.01);GMFCS Ⅰ级者肌张力下降更为明显(P<0.01);GMFCS Ⅱ级者粗大运动功能改善更为显著(P<0.001);GMFCS Ⅰ级与GMFCS Ⅳ级者日常生活活动能力较其余各组改善更为明显(P<0.05),两组之间无显著差异性(P=0.067)。结论SPR手术对于不同GMFCS分级脑瘫患儿的疗效存在差异。     

痉挛型脑瘫患儿髋关节脱位的风险预测

目的 研究脑瘫患儿髋关节脱何的预测因素.方法 对90例脑瘫患儿进行中文版脑瘫粗大运动功能分级系统(GMF-CS)分级和脑瘫类型区分,并测定股骨头外移百分比.结果 四肢瘫患儿发生髋关节脱位的风险最大,偏瘫患儿的风险最小;GMF-CS Ⅰ级发生髋关节脱位的风险最小,GMFCS Ⅴ级风险最大.结论 痉挛型脑瘫患儿的髋关节异常发育与脑瘫类型和脑瘫粗大运动功能有相关性.     

Gross motor function classification system: preliminary study for Japanese children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to produce a version of the Gross Motor Function Classification System with the same construct as the original one that would be applicable to Japanese children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: The reliability studies were performed twice with a convenience sample (first study, 76 children with cerebral palsy; second study, 225 children with cerebral palsy). The first version of the translated Gross Motor Function Classification System was used in the first reliability study. It was revised based on the findings of the study and used in the second reliability study. Two examiners classified each child's level of gross motor function independently. We calculated kappas for individual levels and across all levels to study interrater reliability. RESULTS: The individual kappa for level V changed from 0.59 in the first reliability study to 0.87 in the second reliability study, whereas the overall kappa changed from 0.64 to 0.66. In the second reliability study, the factors that seemed to affect the reproducibility were the unfamiliar words used in the system, partial agreement of the children's status, and thinking of future levels. CONCLUSIONS: Explanation of words and a note stressing the importance of the introduction part should be added to the system for Japanese clinicians.     

Usefulness of a Qualitative Ultrasound Evaluation of the Gastrocnemius–Soleus Complex with the Heckmatt Scale for Clinical Practice in Cerebral Palsy

Ultrasound is increasingly used for the evaluation of spastic muscles in cerebral palsy. Increased echo intensity is considered indicative of a muscle fibrous involution. The aim of this study was to highlight any correlation between increased echo intensity of the gastrocnemius–soleus complex and clinical tests for stiffness evaluation, age and functional level measured with the Gross Motor Function Classification System. We used the qualitative echo intensity grading system of the Heckmatt scale (HS) and tested its inter-rater reliability. The study group comprised 60 patients with cerebral palsy. We found a weak significant correlation between HS scores and clinical stiffness measures and between HS and age for all muscles studied, and between the HS and Gross Motor Function Classification System only for the soleus muscle. The study indicated moderate inter-rater reliability, with κ values between 0.60 and 0.73, for almost all muscles studied. Ultrasound provides a useful complementary survey of stiffness tests in cerebral palsy.     

A comparison of leg stiffness in running between typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy

BackgroundLeg stiffness is important during running to increase velocity and maximise efficiency by facilitating use of the stretch-shortening cycle. Children with cerebral palsy who have neuromuscular impairments may have altered leg stiffness. The aim of this study was to describe leg stiffness during running in typically developing children and those with cerebral palsy in Gross Motor Function Classification Scale levels I and II at a range of speeds.MethodsThis cross-sectional study examined kinematic data collected from typically developing children (n = 21) and children with cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level I n = 25, Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level II n = 13) during jogging, running and sprinting. Derived variables were resultant ground reaction force, change in leg length and three-dimensional leg stiffness. Linear mixed models were developed for statistical analysis.FindingsChildren with cerebral palsy had reduced stiffness when jogging (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level I affected t = 3.81 p < 0.01; non-affected t = 2.19 p = 0.03; Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level II affected t = 2.04 p = 0.04) and running (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level I affected t = 3.23 p < 0.01) compared to typically developing children. Affected legs were less stiff than non-affected legs only in Gross Motor Function Classification Scale level I during running (t = 2.26 p = 0.03) and sprinting (t = 2.95 p < 0.01).InterpretationChildren with cerebral palsy have atypical leg stiffness profiles which differ according to functional classification.     

Relationships between problematic behaviors and motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy

[Purpose] This study aimed to examine whether motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy are related to their problematic behaviors. [Subjects] The subjects were children with mental retardation who were undergoing physical therapy. [Methods] Twenty-one examiners, 13 physical therapists, and 8 occupational therapists treated and examined the subjects by using the Japanese version of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. The Japanese version of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist scores were compared between the Gross Motor Function Classification System I to III (12 subjects) and Gross Motor Function Classification System IV and V groups (17 subjects). [Results] Lethargy and stereotypy scores significantly differed between the groups, proving that patients with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V have more severe problematic behaviors. [Conclusion] In this study, only five types of problematic behaviors, namely irritability, lethargy, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech, were examined. Despite this limitation, the study clarifies that problematic behaviors of children with cerebral palsy, except lethargy and stereotypy, have little relationship with their motor abilities.Key words: Cerebral palsy, Motor abilities, Problematic behaviors     

Rehabilitation outcomes in children with cerebral palsy during a 2 year period

[Purpose] To observe motor and functional progress of children with cerebral palsy during 2 years. [Subjects and Methods] Pediatric cerebral palsy patients aged 3–15 years (n = 35/69) with 24-month follow-up at our outpatient cerebral palsy clinic were evaluated retrospectively. The distribution of cerebral palsy types was as follows: diplegia (n = 19), hemiplegia (n = 4), and quadriplegia (n = 12). Participants were divided into 3 groups according to their Gross Motor Functional Classification System scores (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe). All participants were evaluated initially and at the final assessment 2 years later. During this time, patients were treated 3 times/week. Changes in motor and functional abilities were assessed based on Gross Motor Function Measure-88 and Wee Functional Independence Measure. [Results] Significant improvements were observed in Gross Motor Function Measure-88 and Wee Functional Independence Measure results in all 35 patients at the end of 2 years. The Gross Motor Function Measure-88 scores correlated with Wee Functional Independence Measure Scores. Marked increases in motor and functional capabilities in mild and moderate cerebral palsy patients were observed in the subgroup assessments, but not in those with severe cerebral palsy. [Conclusion] Rehabilitation may greatly help mild and moderate cerebral palsy patients achieve their full potential.Key words: Cerebral palsy, Outcome, Physical therapy     

Effect of treadmill training with body weight support on gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of treadmill training with body weight support (TBWS) on gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: Eight children with spastic CP participated in the study. Their temporal-distance gait parameters, Gross Motor Function Measure, muscle tone, and selective motor control were assessed three times: two times under their regular therapeutic treatment (condition A), and one time after receiving the TBWS treatment in addition to their regular therapeutic treatments (condition B). There were two treatment schedules, AAB and ABA. Except for the first one (taken at study entry), the assessments were always taken after 12 wks of treatment. The children were equally divided into two groups and randomly assigned to the two schedules. The two groups were matched according to category of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. RESULTS: The TBWS treatment significantly improved the children's gait (increases in stride length and decreases in double-limb support percentage of gait cycle) and their Gross Motor Function Measure (dimension D and E scores as well as the total score). No significant improvements on muscle tone or selective motor control were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The TBWS treatment improved some gait parameters and gross motor functions in children with spastic CP.     

粗大运动功能测试量表与Peabody粗大运动发育量表在脑性瘫痪康复疗效评估中的应用

目的比较粗大运动功能测试量表 (GMFM )与Peabody粗大运动发育量表 (PDMS GM )两种粗大运动评估方法在脑瘫康复疗效评估中的应用价值。方法用GMFM和PDMS GM两种方法对 2 9例脑瘫儿童进行 3次评估 ,用t检验分析GMFM月相对百分比与PDMS GM月相对百分比之间的差异。结果GMFM的月相对百分比与PDMS GM的月相对百分比之间有显著性差异。结论GMFM的评估结果比PDMS GM更有利于疗效判断     

小于3岁痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童粗大运动与精细运动发育的相关性研究

目的比较小于3岁痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童粗大运动与精细运动发育之间的相关性。方法以同时接受粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）评定和精细运动功能评定量表（FMFM）评定的193例小于3岁的痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童为研究对象，比较GMFM各项分值与FMFM分值在不同月龄和类型患儿中的相关程度，通过多元逐步回归分析确定GMFM5个功能区分值对FMFM分值的影响程度。结果在不同月龄和类型的脑性瘫痪患儿中，GMFM各项分值与FMFM分值具有良好的相关性（r=0．26～0．85，P〈0．05），多元逐步回归分析结果显示GMFM的A区和B区分值对FMFM分值的影响力较大，校正决定系数为0．748，A区的作用更为强烈。结论小于3岁的痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童的粗大运动与精细运动存在着良好的相关性，对不同年龄和类型的脑性瘫痪儿童都应该重视粗大运动与精细运动训练相结合，同时必须加强基本运动功能训练。