深圳市某区成年居民饮水量及其影响因素分析

目的调查深圳某区成年居民每天饮水量及其影响因素,为制定我国不同人群的适宜饮水量积累基础数据。方法采用三阶段随机抽样方法抽取深圳市某区18～60岁居民385名,调查对象利用定量用具对连续7d的每日每次饮水量进行估计,并记录每次饮水量和种类,饮水总量为白水、茶水、饮料和酒的饮用量之和。结果调查对象饮水总量的中位数为1403ml/d,白水、茶水、饮料的中位数分别为814、149和186ml/d。男性饮水总量和茶水饮用量显著高于女性;随年龄增长白水和饮料的饮用量减少而茶水饮用量增加;肥胖者饮料饮用量较高;吸烟者白水饮用量少而茶水多;饮酒者饮水总量和饮料饮用量较多,以上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论饮水量影响因素较多,应综合考虑各因素制定适宜饮水量。     

五城市老年居民秋季就餐与非就餐时段饮水行为分析

目的 分析济南、太原、南昌、合肥、广州五个城市老年居民秋季不同时段的饮水行为,为引导老年人科学饮水提供依据。方法 采用方便抽样方法从济南、太原、南昌、合肥、广州五个城市选择60～80岁居民进行调查。采用《7d 24h饮水记录表》并结合订制定量用具进行饮水量调查,连续记录调查对象7d 24h每次的饮水量及饮水类型。比较不同性别、城市、年龄老年人不同时段的饮水行为。结果 共524名老年人完成调查,包括233名男性,291名女性,就餐时,研究对象的白水饮用量最高,就餐时,研究对象白水饮用量最高,中位数为121ml,奶制品饮用量其次,中位数为76ml,不同种类的饮品饮用量有显著性差异(χ²=2159.076,P<0.001)。就餐时,女性奶制品的饮用量显著高于男性,就餐时白水饮用量最高的是来自济南的调查对象,茶水饮用量最高的是来自广州的调查对象,而奶制品消耗最多的是太原的调查对象。非就餐时,调查对象不同种类的饮品饮用量也有显著性差异(χ²=2466.536,P<0.001)。调查对象饮用量最高的分别是白水与自泡茶水。非就餐时,女性的白水饮...     

河北省某高校大学生春季饮水行为分析

调查8个时间段(早餐前、早餐、早餐后、午餐、午餐后、晚餐、晚餐后、夜间)河北大学学生春季饮水行为,并分析其不同时间段饮水行为的差异,为开展饮水健康宣教提供科学依据.方法 采用简单随机抽样的方法抽取河北省河北大学156名大学生参与调查,采用连续7 d 24 h饮水记录法,利用定量用具详细记录每天8个时间段,上午、下午、晚上及就餐时与非就餐时的饮水行为.结果 8个时间段内,晚餐后饮水人数及饮水量均最多,分别为89.8%,325 mL(Z=774.72,P<0.01);午餐后和晚餐后的饮水次数最多,均为1.9次(Z=839.05,P<0.01).调查对象晚上饮水量最多,为439 mL(Z=45.14,P<0.01);下午和晚上饮水次数最多,均为2.3次(Z=40.34,P<0.01).54.2%的被试在就餐时饮水,99.2%在非就餐时饮水.调查对象就餐时日均饮水量和饮水次数均低于非就餐时(Z值分别为-14.58,-15.07,P值均<0.01).结论 河北省某高校大学生春季饮水行为在不同时间段存在差异,且非就餐时饮水量普遍高于就餐时.需结合饮水行为,有针对性地开展饮水健康宣教,促进大学生足量饮水.     

深圳市816名中小学生饮水量及来源分析

目的调查深圳市中小学生每天饮水量。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,在深圳市三所学校共抽取816名7～19岁中小学生。采用连续7天24小时的饮水记录表,用定量用具测量每次饮水量,记录饮水情况。分析不同性别、不同年龄段学生的饮水量和饮水种类。结果调查对象每天饮水量为(1225±557)ml/d,男生为(1303±639)ml/d,高于女生(1134±478)ml/d(P<0.01)。初中生(1389±541)ml/d和高中生(1318±641)ml/d的每天饮水量之间差异无显著性,但都高于小学生(1097±525)ml/d(P<0.01)。调查对象日均白水饮用量为(818±541)ml/d,饮料饮用量为(407±294)ml/d。结论深圳市儿童少年的饮水主要以白水为主,但对于低年龄段的学生还应加强饮水知识的宣传和教育。     

深圳市某区居民摄入水分来源的分析

目的分析深圳某区成年居民水分的来源情况。方法采用方便抽样的方法选取深圳市某区18~60岁居民共16名,饮水来源调查由调查对象利用定量用具对连续3d每天每次的饮水量进行估计,并记录每次饮水量和种类,饮水总量为白水、茶水、饮料和酒的饮用量之和;食物水来源调查采用双份饭法进行样品收集,用国标方法(GB/T 5009.3-2003)测定食品中的水分。结果调查对象水分摄入总量中位数为2 676ml/d,其中饮水总量中位数为1 567ml/d(占68.6%),食物来源水量中位数为816ml/d(占31.4%)。调查对象白水、茶水、饮料的饮用量中位数分别为908ml/d、80ml/d、161ml/d,男性茶水及饮料饮用量有高于女性的趋势,而白水饮用量有低于女性的趋势,但差异无统计学意义。食物水为主食、菜类、零食和清汤来源之和,其中位数分别为340ml/d(占食物水的44.5%)、320ml/d(占39.0%)、0(占3.4%)和78ml/d(占13.2%)。男性从主食和汤中摄入的水分比例有高于女性的趋势,而从菜和零食中摄入的水分比例有低于女性的趋势,但差异无统计学意义。结论深圳某区成年居民水分摄入以饮水为主约占2/3;食物水约占1/3,食物来源水以主食和菜为主。     

广东省成年居民饮水量及饮水类型调查

目的调查广东省成年居民日均饮水量及饮水类型,为开展饮水污染物的人体暴露量和健康风险评估提供基础数据。方法于2015—2016年,采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法抽取广东省14个地市3 441名年满18岁成年居民,以标准量具结合问卷调查的方式获得调查对象的基本信息、饮水习惯、健康状况等信息。结果调查对象总饮水量、直接饮水量、主要间接饮水量分别为(1 841±725)、(1 208±658)、(633±380)ml/d,40～49岁组直接饮水量最高,≥70岁组直接饮水量最低。直接饮水量中白水、茶水、饮料和咖啡分别为(827±310)、(359±210)、(19±11)、(3±1)ml/d,主要间接饮水量中主食和汤含水量分别为(479±145)、(154±53)ml/d。男性居民茶水饮用量[(540±218)ml/d]、饮料饮用量[(25±12)ml/d]、主食含水量[(512±158)ml/d]均高于女性居民[(202±110)、(14±11)、(451±137)ml/d];女性居民白水饮用量[(869±312)ml/d]、咖啡饮用量[(4±1)ml/d]均高于男性居民[(777±315)、(2±1)ml/d],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示,白水饮用量呈文化程度高、肥胖、吸烟、珠三角地区居民较高,年长者较低的趋势;茶水饮用量呈年长、肥胖、珠三角和粤东地区居民较高,女性、吸烟者较低的趋势;喝汤含水量呈女性、高血压、高血脂者较低,粤西和粤东居民较高的趋势。结论本次调查样本代表性好且综合考虑多种影响因素,饮水量及饮水类型调查结果基本反映广东省成年居民饮水暴露情况。     

北京市怀柔区中小学生每日饮水量分析

目的 调查北京市怀柔区中小学生每日饮水量.方法 采用分层抽样的方法在怀柔区抽取733名中小学生,采用连续7 d24h的饮水记录法,了解调查对象每天的饮水情况,包括每次的饮水量、饮水种类以及饮用地点.分析不同性别、年龄段的饮水量.结果 调查对象每天的饮水量中位数为1 001 ml,男生每天饮水量(1 059 ml)显著高于女生(965 ml,Z=2.70,P＜0.01);小学生、初中生、高中生饮水量之间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.69,P＞0.05);调查对象白水饮用量的中位数是700 ml,饮料饮用量是217 ml.男生白水的饮用量(744 ml)显著高于女生(675 ml,Z=2.33,P＜0.05),而男生(217 ml)、女生(219 ml)饮料饮用量之间差异无统计学意义.结论 怀柔区中小学生以饮用白水为主,且不同性别之间的饮水量存在差异.     

深圳市816名中小学生不同时间段的饮水行为分析

目的分析深圳市中小学生一天不同时间段的饮水行为现状。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,在深圳市三所学校共抽取816名中小学生。采用连续7天24小时的饮水记录法,了解学生每天的饮水情况,由调查对象记录每次的饮品名称,并用定量用具估计每次的饮水量,分析学生一天不同时间段的饮水量、饮水种类及次数。结果深圳市中小学生上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(493±266)、(412±218)、(321±211)ml/d,差异具有统计学意义(F=110.82,P0.0001)。男生上午、下午和晚上三个时间段的饮水量均高于女生,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.62,P=0.0316;χ2=8.78,P=0.0031;χ2=10.15,P=0.0014)。小学生每天上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(442±24)、(368±201)、(287±194)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=53.03,P0.0001);初中生上午、下午的饮水量分别为(527±283)、(496±219)ml,高于晚上(366±209)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=24.15,P0.0001);高中生上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(555±270)、(418±226)、(345±231)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=42.71,P0.0001)。调查对象上午、下午、晚上的饮水次数分别是2.3次、1.6次、1.4次,平均每天的饮水次数是5.3次,差异具有统计学意义(F=248.59,P0.0001)。结论深圳市中小学生一天内不同时段的饮水量不同,且存在不健康的饮水行为。     

上海市儿童少年饮水量及其影响因素分析

目的调查上海市儿童少年每天饮水量及其影响因素。方法采用分层随机抽样方法抽取上海市2个区县8~17岁儿童少年1454名,对连续7天的每日每次饮水量进行估计,并记录每次饮水量和种类,饮水总量为白水、饮料的饮用之和。结果调查对象饮水总量的中位数为1014 ml/d,白水和饮料的中位数分别为580、339 ml/d。饮水总量、白水及饮料摄入量均呈男性高于女性、城区高于郊区、随年龄增加而增多的趋势,肥胖者饮水总量高于非肥胖者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论上海市儿童少年饮水总量偏少。在制定适宜饮水量时应考虑性别、年龄、BMI及区域的综合效应。     

海口市妊娠期女性不同时间段饮水行为分析

目的 分析海口市妊娠期女性不同时间段的饮水行为,为指导妊娠期女性健康饮水、制定适宜饮水计划提供科学依据。方法 本研究为前瞻性观察研究设计,于2019年5月至2020年8月期间在海口市妇幼保健院门诊招募妊娠期女性142人。调查对象需分别在妊娠早、中、晚期产检前7天采用《7天24小时饮水行为调查问卷》及带有刻度值并精确至10mL的量具,详细记录每天八个时间段内每次饮水的类型及饮用量。结果 调查对象每日饮水量随妊娠早、中、晚期逐渐升高(1 339mL vs.1 481mL vs.1 585mL,χ²=134.155,P<0.05);上午饮水量(445mL vs.402mL vs.480mL)、下午饮水量(389mL vs.476mL vs.564mL)、晚上饮水量(522mL vs.610mL vs.635mL)、就餐时饮水量(578mL vs.579mL vs.604mL)、非就餐时饮水量(780mL vs.900mL vs.978mL)均在妊娠晚期最高,差异有统计学意义(χ²值介于19.233～139.099之间,P<0.05);白...     

四城市成年居民夏季日均饮水次数与每次饮用量的分析

目的分析北京、上海、成都、广州四城市居民的夏季日均饮水次数及每次饮水量,以及饮水次数、每次饮水量与总饮水量的关系。方法采用多阶段随机抽样法,以四城市18~60岁1483名成年人为对象,进行连续7d的饮水记录调查,由对象利用定量用具详细记录每次饮水种类及饮水量。总饮水量为白水、茶水、和饮料的饮用量之和。结果日均饮水次数是4.9±1.6次,1208人(81.5%)的饮水次数小于或等于6次。平均每次饮水量为(359±197)ml。饮水次数与总饮水量呈正相关(r=0.3892,P<0.0001),与每次饮水量呈负相关(r=-0.2134,P<0.0001);总饮水量与每次饮水量呈正相关(r=0.7749,P<0.0001)。结论我国四城市居民每天饮水次数大于6次的人数较少,而每次饮水量相对较多。因此,应加强我国居民健康饮水方式的宣传教育。     

我国四城市成年居民夏季饮水量

目的 调查我国4个城市成年居民夏季每天饮水量.方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,从北京、上海、成都、广州4个城市中抽取18～60岁城乡居民1483名.采用连续7 d的饮水记录法,了解调查对象的饮水情况,由调查对象利用定量用具估计每次饮水量,并记录每次饮水种类.分析不同城市、性别、城乡调查对象饮水种类和饮水量.结果 调查对象每天饮水量的中位数为1488 ml,北京、上海、成都、广州分别为1579、1793、1150、1467 ml,各城市之间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=154.31,P=0.000);男性每天饮水量中位数(1679 ml)多于女性(1370 ml)(Z=8.34,P=0.000);城区调查对象每天的饮水量中位数(1514 ml)与农村(1466 ml)相比,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.81,P=0.420).调查对象每天饮用白水、茶水、饮料的中位数分别为786、109和186 ml.在4个城市中,白水饮用量最高的是广州(917 ml);茶水饮用量最高的是上海(257 ml);而饮料饮用量在上海(323 ml)和北京(264 ml)较高.男性茶水的饮用量为229 ml,高于女性的57 ml(Z=7.52,P=0.000);城区调查对象每天白水的饮用量(693 ml)低于农村(914 ml).每天的饮水量不到1200 ml的调查对象占32.4%(480/1483).结论 我国成年居民每天饮水量及白水、茶水、饮料饮用量存在城市、城乡、性别的差异;约1/3的居民每天饮水量未达到目前我国1200 ml的饮水建议量.

Abstract：

Objectives To investigate total drinking water intake of adults in the four cities of China in summer.Methods A total of 1483 adults aged 18-60 yrs from Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method.The information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement.The amounts and types of daily drinking water among different cities and between men and women or urban and rural was analyzed.Results The median of daily total drinking water of subjects was 1488 ml,with significant difference among the four cities(1579,1793,1150,1467 ml in Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu and Guangzhou city,respectively,χ2=154.31,P=0.000).The median of daily drinking water was significantly higher in men(1679 ml) than women(1370 ml)(Z=8.34,P=0.000),but no significant difference was found between urban(1514 ml) and rural (1466 ml)daily drinking water median (Z=-0.81,P=0.420).The median of daily consumption of plain water,tea and beverages were 786,109,186 ml,respectively.Among four cities,the highest consumption of plain water was in subjects of Guangzhou (917 ml),while the highest tea consumption in Shanghai (257 ml) and the highest beverages consumption in Shanghai (323 ml) and Beijing (264 ml).Consumption of tea in men(229 ml)was significantly higher than that in women (57 ml) (Z=7.52,P=0.000).Subjects in urban (693 ml) had lower consumption of plain water than those in rural (914 ml).The proportion was 32.4% (480/1483) for subjects with water drinking less than 1200 ml per day.Conclusion The daily consumption of total drinking water,including plain water,tea and beverages is different in adults among different cities and is different in gender and regions.It is nearly 1/3 of subjects with daily total drinking water less than current Chinese recommended water intake (1200 ml).     

成年女性饮茶习惯与骨质疏松患病率的研究

目的探讨健康成年女性饮茶习惯对骨质疏松患病率的影响。方法整理1996年11月-2001年3月期间长沙马王堆等社区2 185名28~91岁健康汉族成年妇女骨密度资料,进行回顾性问卷调查。运用单因素方差分析对各饮茶习惯组骨密度均数进行比较,运用卡方检验比较各组骨质疏松患病率的差异。结果饮茶组女性多部位骨密度较总体人群及不饮茶组均降低(P<0.05),且大量饮茶组较中量组骨密度降低;饮茶组成年女性骨质疏松患病率与总体人群及不饮茶组差异均有统计学意义;饮茶组骨质疏松发病率较总体人群、不饮茶组均升高[(OR值分别为1.43(95%CI:0.62~2.24)、2.36(95%CI:1.64~3.09)];且随饮茶量增高骨质疏松均有增高的趋势。结论女性饮茶者骨密度较不饮茶者显著降低,且随饮茶量的增加骨密度下降有一定线性趋势;且通过饮茶习惯对骨质疏松患病率的分析看,女性饮茶者较不饮茶者显著升高,且随饮茶量的增加患病率升高。     

Hydration,water intake and beverage consumption habits among adults

Total water intake is seldom reported in dietary surveys and hydration status is rarely measured. Although adequate intake (AI) levels have been suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, the World Health Organization and the Institute of Medicine, uncertainties and confused messages abound regarding optimum intake. This paper reviews data on water intake internationally and examines associations with beverage consumption habits of adults in the UK, as determined from secondary analysis of individual diet records. On average, total water intake among British adults was equivalent to the European AI (2 l/day for women, 2.5 l/day for men) and 75% of this was derived from beverages. Factors that correlated with high total water intake included the consumption of a variety of beverages and drinking in the evening. Total water intake (and the contribution from soft drinks) is markedly higher in the USA than in Europe. Beverage consumption habits and trends were also reviewed. In the past 10 years, water beverages have become more popular and as such the overall energy contribution from beverages has declined slightly. Most people could be encouraged to drink a variety of beverages to maintain adequate hydration and to balance the energy content according to their needs. However, further work is needed to refine recommendations for water intake, as basing these on observational epidemiological data is essentially a circular argument. A standardized measurement tool, validated against biomarkers of hydration status, would be a step forward in assessing the adequacy of water intakes at a population level. Research may also be warranted to explore the context of drinking occasions (including time of day, weekdays weekends, lifestyle and meal patterns) as these may have an impact on water intake, hydration and also energy balance.     

Time of day influences food acceptability

To determine whether a food's acceptability changes with time of day and degree to which a food is appropriate for a given mealtime, preferences were obtained both in the morning and the afternoon for a set of foods which included items appropriate "for breakfast", "for dinner", or for either mealtime. A second purpose of the study was to determine whether such cultural rules regarding food appropriateness had been acquired by preschool children and whether the pattern of shifting acceptability with time of day predicted for adult subjects would also appear in the preference data of the children. Participants included 25 adults and 30 three- and four-year-old children. All subjects were seen twice, once in the morning and once in the late afternoon for two identical sessions. Half of the subjects in each age group were seen first in the morning, half were seen first in the afternoon. In these sessions food preferences for the set of foods varying in mealtime appropriateness were assessed and the foods were categorized as "for breakfast" of "for dinner". The preference data of both the adults and the children showed significant preference shifts with time of day, with breakfast items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon and dinner items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon. These shifts were larger for adults than for children but not significantly so.     

Appalachian adolescents' snack patterns: morning, afternoon, and evening snacks

The snack patterns of 225 adolescents selected from four metropolitan and three rural schools in eastern Tennessee were examined with the use of 24-hour food records kept on a school day. Most (89%) of the respondents ate at least one snack on the day of the survey. Morning snacks, most of which were obtained from school stores or school vending machines, were more likely to include candies and salty snack foods than were afternoon and evening snacks, most of which were eaten at home. Breads and cereals were popular choices for afternoon and evening snacks. Carbonated beverages and desserts were popular during all time periods. Nutrient densities of snacks were low in all time periods but lowest in morning snacks. Nutrients present in lowest amounts were iron, calcium, and vitamin A. Snack patterns of boys and girls were similar, although boys' intakes of energy, calcium, and riboflavin were higher than those of girls.     

北京市成年居民饮水行为分析

目的了解北京市18～60岁成年居民每天的平均饮水次数与平均每次饮水量,为制定居民适宜饮水量提供基础数据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,从北京市抽取400名18～60岁的城乡居民作为调查对象,通过面对面询问的方式填写一般情况调查问卷和身体活动调查表,采用连续7 d的饮水记录表了解调查对象的饮水行为。结果北京市居民平均每天饮水量为315 ml,平均每天饮水次数为4.9次,男性每次饮水量(382 ml)显著多于女性(282 ml),Z=-5.775,P0.01;文化程度较低组(34l ml)显著多于文化程度较高组(295 ml),Z=-2.123,P0.05;郊区(371 ml)显著多于城区(286 ml),Z=-4.609,P0.01;肥胖组(416 ml)显著多于消瘦组(274 ml),χ2=12.908,P0.05;低度身体活动组(366ml)显著多于中度身体活动组(284 ml),χ2=6.889,P0.05;吸烟组(404 ml)显著多于不吸烟组(296 ml),Z=-5.317,P0.01;饮酒组(358 ml)显著多于不饮酒组(301 ml),Z=-3.227,P0.05,平均每天饮水次数小于6次组(331 ml)显著多于平均每天饮水次数大于6次组(301 ml),Z=-3.37,P0.05;单位/学校食堂和其他在外地点的饮水量在不同性别、年龄、文化程度、所在地和身体活动水平间差异无统计学意义。结论饮水次数、饮水量、饮水地点的影响因素复杂多样,在制定居民适宜饮水量时应综合考虑各种因素,合理制定。     

Factors associated with low water intake among South Korean adolescents - Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2010

Water is essential for life and plain water instead of sugar-sweetened beverages is one approach for decreasing energy intake. Due to limited data on characteristics associated with water intake among Korean adolescents, this study examined associations of demographic and behavioral characteristics with plain water intake by using nationally representative sample of South Korean adolescents. The data (2007-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) for 1,288 high school-aged adolescents (15-18 years) were used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for factors associated with low water intake (< 4 cups/day) and very low water intake (< 2.5 cups/day). Nationwide, 38.4% and 19.0% of adolescents reported drinking water < 4.0 cups/day and < 2.5 cups/day, respectively. The mean plain water intake was 5.7 cups/day for males and 4.1 cups/day for females. Females had significantly higher odds for drinking water < 2.5 cups/day (OR = 2.2) than males, whereas adolescents with low milk consumption had significantly lower odds for drinking water < 2.5 cups/day (OR = 0.7). Factors significantly associated with a greater odds for drinking water < 4 cups/daywere being female (OR = 2.8) and not meeting physical activity recommendations (≥ 20 min/day on < 3 days/week) (OR = 1.6). Being underweight, overweight, and obese were significantly associated with reduced odds for drinking water < 4 cups/day (OR = 0.7, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively). However, intake of soda, coffee drinks, fruits, vegetables, and sodium and eating out were not significantly associated with low or very low water intake. These findings may be used to target intervention efforts to increase plain water intake as part of a healty lifestyle.