用PCR技术检测革螨,恙螨体内EHFV的研究

本次研究拟用PCR技术直接检测鼠巢、鼠体中革螨和恙螨体内EHFV-RNA。结果从5份革螨和恙螨标本中有4份检出EHFV-RNA,分别为格氏血厉螨、厩真厉螨、巴氏厉螨和小盾纤恙螨。表明用PCR技术可直接从革螨、恙螨体内检测出EHFV-RNA.为流行病学调查提供了一种方法。     

山东部分地区鼠体外寄生螨种类调查

目的调查山东地区鼠体外寄生虫分布及种类组成情况。方法在山东省的济南、济宁、泰安、枣庄、菏泽等5地市采用笼日法捕鼠,分离鼠体外寄生螨并分类。结果共捕获鼠类186只,采获鼠体外寄生螨723只,分属5科7属11种。其中恙螨451只,占62.38%,分属l科3属5种;革螨272只,占37.62%,分属4科4属6种。恙螨的优势种为小盾纤恙螨(258只)和居中纤恙螨(77只);革螨的优势种为柏氏禽刺螨(132只)和厩真厉螨(41只)。黑线姬鼠体外的优势种为小盾纤恙螨、须纤恙螨和柏氏禽刺螨、厩真厉螨;东方田鼠体外主要为小盾纤恙螨;小家鼠和大仓鼠体外以柏氏禽刺螨和居中纤恙螨为主;褐家鼠体外以柏氏禽刺螨和格氏血厉螨为主。结论通过本次对山东部分地区鼠体外寄生虫分布及种类组成调查;为该地区进一步研究鼠类传染病提供了依据。     

宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物及其体外寄生虫调查

目的报告宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物及其体外寄生虫的种群组成与数量分布。方法采用鼠疫动物和昆虫监测方法,对捕获的鼠、蚤和螨类分类鉴定、统计计数。结果共发现啮齿动物4科5属5种,其中三趾跳鼠、小毛足鼠和小家鼠为区域优势种,子午沙鼠为常见种,黑线仓鼠为稀有种;发现寄生蚤1种,为长突眼蚤;革螨4科8属9种,其中仓鼠真厉螨占46.82%、格氏血厉螨占26.83%、毛足鼠赫刺螨占13.64%,为优势种;厩真厉螨占6.36%,常革螨未定种占4.09%,为常见种;淡黄赫刺螨占0.91%,阿尔及利亚厉螨、茅舍血厉螨和溜下盾螨分别占0.45%,为稀有种。结论宁夏沙湖风景旅游区啮齿动物种类较多,其体外寄生蚤单一、革螨种类及数量丰富,目前该地区不具备动物鼠疫流行的条件。     

原位分子杂交检测厩真厉螨经叮刺传播姬鼠型和家鼠型H …

目的 用分子生物学方法进一步证明革螨在传播两型ＨＦＲＳ中的作用。方法 将叮刺感染姬鼠型（７６－１１８株）ＨＦＲＳ Ｖ乳鼠后第１０天厩真厉螨２７０只和家鼠型（ＵＲ株）ＨＦＲＳ Ｖ后第１０天厩真厉螨２００余只，分别制成组织悬液接种正常乳鼠，用Ｄｉｇ标记ＨＦＲＳＶ ｃＤＮＡ探针原位分子杂交检测接种后第９天鼠肺；将叮刺感染乳鼠后螨在适宜条件下饲养至１００天以上，分别叮刺４￣５日龄正常乳鼠，于第３天取鼠肺冰     

耶氏厉螨及其在我国不同地区形态的差异（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）

耶氏厉螨;;巴氏厉螨;;极厉螨;;敏捷厉螨;;同物异名     

新疆东部地区蜱螨区系及医学意义

通过对新疆东部地区蜱类和医螨的广泛调查，目前已发现蜱７属１２种；革螨６科１３属２７种；恙螨４属５种。革螨中的长毛美绥螨Ａｍｅｒｏｓｅｉｕｓ ｌｏｎｇｉｓｅｔｏｓｕｓ Ｙｅ ｅｔ Ｍａ，１９９３系近期发表的新种，阴阳血厉螨Ｈａｅｍｏｌａｅｌａｐｓ ａｎｄｒｏｇｙｎｕｓ Ｂｒｅｇｅｔｏｖａ，１９５２是国内新纪录，宽胸真厉螨Ｅｕｌａｅｌａｐｓ ｗｉｄｅｓｔｅｒｎａｌｉｓ Ｐｉａｏ ｅｔ Ｍａ，１９８０是     

历螨科—新种和三新纪录记述(蜱螨亚纲:中气门亚目)

本文报道血厉螨属一新种,命名为邓氏血厉螨,新种Haemolaelaps dengisp.nov.,采自新疆木垒的草原兔尾鼠。该新种与格氏血厉螨H.glasgowi(Ewing,1925)及狭盾血厉螨 H.angustiscutis Bregetova,1925相近似,其区别见附表。此外,在新疆还采到狭盾血厉螨、纤细下盾螨Hypoaspis gracilis Meledjaeva,1963和海氏肺厉螨Pneumolaelaps hyattiEvans et Till,1966,均为我国新纪录。     

旱獭青厉螨雄性的描述（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）

旱獭青厉螨雄性的描述（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）李明立李超杨锡正（青海省地方病防治研究所，西宁市８１１６０２）关键词旱獭青厉螨；雄性旱獭青厉螨Ｑｉｎｇｈａｉｌａｅｌａｐｓｍａｒｍｏｔａｅ是由顾以铭、杨锡正于１９８４年根据描述其雌性个体的新种（动物分类学报９（...     

茅舍血厉螨侵袭人体皮肤1例

本文报道了1例由茅舍血厉螨侵袭人体引起的螨性皮炎病例。形态学鉴定发现,检获的螨虫为茅舍血厉螨后若螨。该螨侵袭人体后导致患者皮肤局部出现丘疹、水疱等不同程度皮炎。对患者使用15%炉甘石洗剂和消炎止痒药治疗皮炎的同时进行居室杀螨,治疗1周后患者痊愈。居室床垫表面检获的茅舍血厉螨可侵袭人体致革螨性皮炎,应重视居室螨虫防治。     

原位分子杂交检测厩真厉螨经叮刺传播姬鼠型和家鼠型HFRSV的研究

目的用分子生物学方法进一步证明革螨在传播两型HFRS中的作用。方法将叮刺感染姬鼠型（76—118株）HFRSV乳鼠后第10天厩真厉螨270只和家鼠型（UR株）HFRSV后第10天厩真后螨200余只,分别制成组织悬液接种正常乳鼠,用Dig标记HFRSVCDNA探针原位分子杂交检测接种后第9天鼠肺;将叮刺感染乳鼠后螨在适宜条件下饲养至100天以上,分别叮刺4～5日龄正常乳鼠,于第3天取鼠肺冰冻切片,经Dig标记HFRSVCDNA探针原位分子杂交检测。结果叮刺76一118株病毒感染乳鼠螨悬液接种4只乳鼠,3只阳性,UR株接种6只,全部阳性;76—118株组饲养至132天,UR株组102天的螨叮刺正常乳鼠后,也从鼠肺中检出病毒RNA。结论首次用分子生物学方法证明该螨可通过叮刺获得姬鼠型和家鼠型HFRSV,螨群体不但维持76—118株病毒132天以上、UR株102天以上,而且均能经叮刘传播,说明此螨能作为姬鼠型和家鼠型HFRSV的适宜传播媒介和贮存宿主,这一发现为我国的HFRS疫区保存和演变提供了一定的实验依据,有流行病学意义;原位分子杂交可缩短用敏感动物分离革螨体内HFRSV的时间,可用于革螨等媒介昆虫传HFRSV的实验研究和流行病学调查。     

Human cystic echinococcosis: epidemiologic, zoonotic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

This review represents an updated scenario on the transmission cycle, epidemiology, clinical features and pathogenicity, diagnosis and treatment, and prevention and control measures of a cestode parasite Echincoccus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. Human CE is a serious life-threatening neglected zoonotic disease that occurs in both developing and developed countries, and is recognized as a major public health problem. The life cycle of E. granulosus involves a definitive host (dogs and other canids) for the adult E. granulosus that resides in the intestine, and an intermediate host (sheep and other herbivores) for the tissue-invading metacestode (larval) stage. Humans are only incidentally infected; since the completion of the life cycle of E. granulosus depends on carnivores feeding on herbivores bearing hydatid cysts with viable protoscoleces, humans represent usually the dead end for the parasite. On ingestion of E. granulosus eggs, hydatid cysts are formed mostly in liver and lungs, and occasionally in other organs of human body, which are considered as uncommon sites of localization of hydatid cysts. The diagnosis of extrahepatic echinococcal disease is more accurate today because of the availability of new imaging techniques, and the current treatments include surgery and percutaneous drainage, and chemotherapy (albendazole and mebendazole). But, the wild animals that involve in sylvatic cycle may overlap and interact with the domestic sheep-dog cycle, and thus complicating the control efforts. The updated facts and phenomena regarding human and animal CE presented herein are due to the web search of SCI and non-SCI journals.     

Echinococcosis

Echinococcosis is a near-cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by adult or larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). The two major species of medical and public health importance are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. Both are serious and severe diseases, the latter especially so, with high fatality rates and poor prognosis if managed incorrectly. Several reports have shown that both diseases are of increasing public health concern and that both can be regarded as emerging or re-emerging diseases. In this review we discuss aspects of the biology, life cycle, aetiology, distribution, and transmission of the Echinococcus organisms, and the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and diagnosis of the diseases they cause. We also discuss the countermeasures available for the control and prevention of these diseases. E granulosus still has a wide geographical distribution, although effective control against cystic echinococcosis has been achieved in some regions. E multilocularis and alveolar echinococcosis are more problematic, since the primary transmission cycle is almost always sylvatic so that efficient and cost-effective methods for control are unavailable.     

Mite immunotherapy

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae are the most common house dust mites and are among the most common sources of indoor allergens worldwide. These species are very common in humid regions, where most allergic individuals are sensitized to house dust mites. Specific immunotherapy with mite extracts has demonstrated clinical benefits in several doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials that are included in recent reviews of subcutaneous immunotherapy, including pediatric and adult patients with rhinoconjunctivitis and or asthma. Most successful studies of mite immunotherapy have used native allergen extracts adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide, or chemically modified mite-allergen extracts. Several studies have also shown ef.cacy using sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric and adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. Additionally, the ef.cacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy has been demonstrated in patients with atopic dermatitis, although more double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed. Based on several studies, it cannot be concluded that mite immunotherapy is more dangerous or safer than immunotherapy with grasses, epithelia, or animal epithelia. Because the delivery of high doses of allergen carries with it the risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated events, several methods have been developed to reduce specific IgE binding to mite-allergen extracts. An important challenge for future mite immunotherapy modalities is the delivery of relatively high doses without a significant risk for severe reactions.     

The tendons of Todaro and the "triangle of Koch": lessons from eponymous hagiolatry

INTRODUCTION: There is growing use of the Todaro tendon and triangle of Koch as anatomic icons for invasive cardiac electrophysiologists. Reasons exist to doubt this validity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Histologic sections were prepared from 96 anatomically normal human hearts. The study area extended from the crista supraventricularis to the eustachian valve and included the AV node and His bundle. This encompasses any tendon of Todaro. Because the purported triangle of Koch includes the tendon of Todaro, all of Koch's available publications were examined. The tendon of Todaro is absent in only one fourth of infant hearts, but in two thirds of adult hearts. Tendons present were less often single than double or more, rarely exceeded 4 mm in length, and were seldom > 1 mm in diameter. Tendons usually originated from the central fibrous body and ended in the eustachian valve. Their origin most often was over the His bundle or its junction with the AV node, rather than the AV node. Tendons were primarily composed of collagen. Koch never described any triangle or acknowledged existence of tendons of Todaro. CONCLUSION: Todaro tendons are too often absent (or multiple) to warrant use as anatomic landmarks. Without this side of the supposed triangle of Koch, the entire tendon and triangle concept collapses and should be abandoned. There are numerous far more constant anatomic landmarks available to orient one to the human AV node and His bundle; these are briefly reviewed.     

两种致病人体棘球绦虫动物宿主感染及影响因素研究进展

棘球蚴病是由棘球绦虫幼虫感染所致的一种危害严重的人兽共患寄生虫病。棘球绦虫生活史可涉及多种动物宿主,如有蹄类动物、啮齿类动物等中间宿主和食肉类动物终末宿主。自然界动物宿主间细粒棘球绦虫及多房棘球绦虫生活史循环与人体棘球蚴病传播密切相关。本文综述了近年来国内外有关细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫主要动物宿主分布及感染的影响因素研究进展,旨在为开展棘球蚴病精准防治提供参考。     

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry

Here, we identify (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. EGCG is a flavonoid present in green tea extract belonging to the subclass of catechins, which has many properties. Particularly, EGCG possesses antiviral activity and impairs cellular lipid metabolism. Because of close links between HCV life cycle and lipid metabolism, we postulated that EGCG may interfere with HCV infection. We demonstrate that a concentration of 50 μM of EGCG inhibits HCV infectivity by more than 90% at an early step of the viral life cycle, most likely the entry step. This inhibition was not observed with other members of the Flaviviridae family tested. The antiviral activity of EGCG on HCV entry was confirmed with pseudoparticles expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 from six different genotypes. In addition, using binding assays at 4°C, we demonstrate that EGCG prevents attachment of the virus to the cell surface, probably by acting directly on the particle. We also show that EGCG has no effect on viral replication and virion secretion. By inhibiting cell-free virus transmission using agarose or neutralizing antibodies, we show that EGCG inhibits HCV cell-to-cell spread. Finally, by successive inoculation of na?ve cells with supernatant of HCV-infected cells in the presence of EGCG, we observed that EGCG leads to undetectable levels of infection after four passages. CONCLUSION: EGCG is a new, interesting anti-HCV molecule that could be used in combination with other direct-acting antivirals. Furthermore, it is a novel tool to further dissect the mechanisms of HCV entry into the hepatocyte.     

Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Regulation of Oral Herpesvirus Infections

The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. In addition, saliva has been shown as a primary route of person-to-person transmission for many viruses. From a clinical perspective, viral infection can lead to several oral manifestations, ranging from common intraoral lesions to tumors. Despite the clinical and biological relevance of initial oral infection, little is known about the mechanism of regulation of the viral life cycle in the oral cavity. Several viruses utilize host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycle. Importantly, viral hijacking of host chromatin-modifying enzymes can also lead to the dysregulation of host factors and in the case of oncogenic viruses may ultimately play a role in promoting tumorigenesis. Given the known roles of epigenetic regulation of viral infection, epigenetic-targeted antiviral therapy has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for chronic viral infection. In this review, we highlight three herpesviruses with known roles in oral infection, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We focus on the respective oral clinical manifestations of these viruses and their epigenetic regulation, with a specific emphasis on the viral life cycle in the oral epithelium.     

Impact of Home Environment Characteristics on Asthma Quality of Life and Symptom Scores

We explore the relationship between home-based triggers, asthma symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) with data from 177 adult and pediatric participants who received a home environmental assessment. Outcomes included the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Paediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Lara Asthma Symptom Scale. The absence of roaches and the use of dust mite covers were positively associated with QOL in pediatric and adult participants. Frequent bed sheet washing was associated with increased symptoms and decreased quality of life in adults and caregivers of pediatric participants. These findings confirm existing wisdom on roaches and dust mite covers and raise important questions about bed sheet washing recommendations.     

Impact of Home Environment Characteristics on Asthma Quality of Life and Symptom Scores

We explore the relationship between home-based triggers, asthma symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) with data from 177 adult and pediatric participants who received a home environmental assessment. Outcomes included the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Paediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Lara Asthma Symptom Scale. The absence of roaches and the use of dust mite covers were positively associated with QOL in pediatric and adult participants. Frequent bed sheet washing was associated with increased symptoms and decreased quality of life in adults and caregivers of pediatric participants. These findings confirm existing wisdom on roaches and dust mite covers and raise important questions about bed sheet washing recommendations.