应用两种统计软件实现安息香缩合反应的工艺优化

目的 应用两种统计软件实现安息香缩合反应的工艺优化,提高大学生合成实验的重现性和产率。方法利用正交设计助手软件和SPSS软件,确定实验计划表,得出方差分析和效应曲线图,考察交互作用,确定最优的实验条件,并最终进行实验验证。结果 确定了该实验的最优条件为温度60℃,时间90 min,pH 10,三组同时实验,成功率100%,平均达到了68%的产率。结论 该方法简便准确,适用于大学生开展有机合成反应时的最优反应条件摸索。     

磺胺醋酰钠合成实验反应条件的优化

为提高药物化学实验的教学质量,减少环境污染,应用正交法试验对磺胺醋酰钠的合成实验的反应条件进行了优化。研究结果显示,通过对磺胺醋酰钠合成过程的醋酐交替加入时间,反应温度,反应时间,反应原料这四个因素对实验反应条件的优化,是产物的合成温度为70℃~75℃,反应时间为50min,醋酐交替加入时间为10min,反应原料为10% NaOH乙醇溶液。研究结果可增加了实验的成功率,降低环境污染,对于药物化学实验微型化、绿色化的实验教学改革有重要意义。     

对异丙基甲苯的制备

本实验旨在探索合成对异丙基甲苯的反应条件，选择催化剂配比。反应温度及催化剂用量3个因素进行正交试验．以求最佳反应条件。     

阿司匹林合成实验的优化整合

用硫酸氢钠为催化剂由水杨酸与乙酸酐合成阿司匹林。通过设计正交实验,研究了该合成反应的优化效果,找出最佳合成反应条件。结果表明,硫酸氢钠的催化效果可以达到实验要求,而且操作安全,可回收,无污染,所得产品呈纯白结晶。优化后的实验应用于实验教学更加具有实用性和可行性。     

正交优化头孢克肟侧链活性酯的合成工艺

通过正交实验,确定反应时间、反应温度、碱量和促进剂的量,并选择适宜条件进行验证实验.改进后提高了头孢克肟侧链活性酯的质量和收率,达到了正交优化实验目的.     

合成2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸的工艺条件优化研究

目的探讨从原料苯甲醇和乳酸出发,在催化剂雷尼镍的作用下,得到2-羟基苯基丁酸的最优化反应条件。方法反应结果用高效液相色谱法检测,以反应收率为考察指标,采用正交实验法,反应温度（A）、反应时间（B）、催化剂用量（C）3个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验,所制定的因素水平选用L9（34）来安排实验,最后确定最佳反应条件。结果各因素对反应收率的影响分别为A〉B〉C,在温度170℃下,反应时间3h,催化剂用量10%是合成2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸在高温反应步骤的最优化反应条件。结论最佳工艺条件是A2B3C1,即反应温度在170℃下,反应时间为3h,催化剂用量为10%时。     

罗红霉素合成工艺研究

硫氰酸红霉素与盐酸羟胺反应生成红霉素A-9-肟,红霉素肟与甲氧基乙氧基氯甲醚反应生成罗红霉素。实验研究了反应温度、反应时间对罗红霉素质量的影响,得到优化的反应条件为:甲醇钠及甲氧基乙氧基氯甲醚的滴加时限为10min、30min,滴加甲醇钠的温度应在-5℃,滴加甲氧基乙氧基氯甲醚的温度应控制在≤-10℃,该条件反应时罗红霉素的收率为105%以上。     

奥沙拉嗪的合成改进

目的降低奥沙拉嗪原料的合成成本,提高产品质量。方法改变反应条件,优化工艺路线。结果提高了产品的收率和质量。结论通过实验,该工艺改进条件稳定、可行。     

缩胆囊素八肽对东莨菪碱诱发的大鼠记忆缺失的预防作用

本实验以雄性Wistar大鼠为实验对象,用被动逃避条件反应潜伏期的变化来观察缩胆囊素八肽对东莨菪碱引起的记忆缺失的保护作用,结果显示:试验前15分钟腹腔注射东莨菪碱能最有效地缩短被动逃避条件反应的潜伏期,且在剂量为0.5mg/kg时即可产生明显的记忆缺失。实验前30分钟先在皮下注射缩胆囊素八肽5μg/kg或以上或在实验前20分钟脑室内注射缩胆囊素八肽0.2μg都可阻止东莨菪碱引起的被动逃避条件反应潜伏期缩短,且中枢给药的预防作用较     

羧甲司坦合成工艺改进

目的降低羧甲司坦原料的合成成本,提高产品质量。方法　改变反应条件,优化工艺路线。结果　提高了产品的收率和质量。结论　通过实验,该工艺改进条件稳定、可行。     

纳米银抗菌凝胶联合重组人表皮细胞生长因子治疗压疮创面34例疗效分析

目的 探讨纳米银抗菌凝胶联合重组人表皮细胞生长因子（rhEGF）在治疗压疮创面中的应用价值.方法 将我院2009年9月至2013年6月期间住院治疗的68例压疮患者按不同治疗方式随机分为对照组（给予常规治疗）和实验组（纳米银抗菌凝胶＋重组人表皮细胞生长因子）,治疗14 d后比较两组患者治疗效果.结果 实验组患者治疗总有效率达到91.1％,明显高于对照组患者（73.5％）（p＜0.05）;实验组患者创面愈合时间和皮肤愈合时间均明显少于对照组患者（P＜0.05）.结论 纳米银抗菌凝胶联合rhEGF治疗压疮创面效果显著,值得临床推广应用.     

Ultrastructural localization of silver in rat testis and organ distribution of radioactive silver in the rat.

The deposition of silver after a single intravenous injection (2 micrograms Ag g-1 body weight) was studied in the testes of Wistar rats 24 h and 1 and 2 weeks after dosing with radiolabelled 110AgNo3 (2 micrograms Ag and 1.2 kBq g-1 body weight). Also, the temporal accumulation of silver during the experimental period was monitored in the blood, testes, epididymides, kidney, liver and brain. The subcellular distribution of silver within the testes was demonstrated by using the histochemical technique of autometallography. Silver was cleared rapidly from the blood. After an initial rise, concentrations in organs remained almost stable throughout the experimental period. Silver was especially abundant in interstitial macrophages and in the basement membrane. Deposits of silver were found in all cell types of spermatogenesis and in the lysosomes of the Sertoli cells.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Electrochemical Silver Ions in Nonionic Surfactant Solutions and in Model Dispersions

The microbicidal effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans of electrochemical silver ions in aqueous solutions containing nonionic surfactants was investigated. From the perspective of the possible use of anodic silver as a preservative in cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations, microbicidal efficacy was also studied in oil/water model dispersions. Surfactants and botanical extracts partially inhibited the microbicidal effectiveness of anodic silver. Nevertheless in all the experimental conditions, silver ions reduced the microbial concentration up to 4 log units of the starting inoculum in less than 6h. The wide microbicidal spectrum and the high rate of kill of silver ions appear, therefore, attractive enough to suggest a possible utilization of anodic silver as a preserving agent.     

利巴韦林雾化联合活性银离子抗菌液涂喷口腔治疗疱疹性咽峡炎68例

目的：探讨利巴韦林雾化吸入联合活性银离子抗菌液涂喷口腔治疗疱疹性咽峡咽的临床疗效。方法：将134例疱疹性咽峡炎患儿随机分为治疗组68例和对照组66例,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用利巴韦林雾化吸入,同时给予活性银离子抗菌液喷口腔,对照组接受常规治疗。结果：治疗组显效41例,好转22例,有效率为92.64%。对照组显效26例,好转21例,有效率为71.22%。治疗组有效率明显高于对照组（χ2=10.46,P〈0.01）。结论：利巴韦林雾化联合活性银离子抗菌液涂喷口腔治疗疱疹性咽峡炎,疗效显著,值得临床推广。     

Contribution of ionic silver to genotoxic potential of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells evaluated by the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay

Extensive human exposure to food‐ and cosmetics‐related consumer products containing nanosilver is of public concern because of the lack of information about their safety. Genotoxicity is an important endpoint for the safety and health hazard assessment of regulated products including nanomaterials. The in vitro cytokinesis‐block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is a very useful test for predictive genotoxicity testing. Recently, we have reported the genotoxicity of 20 nm nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells evaluated using the CBMN assay. The objective of our present study was three‐fold: (i) to evaluate if HepG2 and Caco2 cells are valuable in vitro models for rapid genotoxicity screening of nanosilver; (ii) to test the hypothesis that the nanoparticle size and cell types are critical determinants of its genotoxicity; and (iii) to determine if ionic silver contributes to the nanosilver genotoxicity. With these objectives in mind, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of 50 nm nanosilver of the same shape, composition, surface charge, obtained from the same commercial source, under the same experimental conditions and the same genotoxic CBMN endpoint used for the previously tested 20 nm silver. The ionic silver (silver acetate) was also evaluated under the same conditions. Results of our study show that up to the concentrations tested in these cell types, the smaller (20 nm) nanosilver induces micronucleus formation in both the cell types but the larger (50 nm) nanosilver and the ionic silver provide a much weaker response compared with controls under the same conditions. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

纳米银抗菌凝胶在大鼠体内主要脏器的分布

目的研究纳米银抗菌凝胶治疗大鼠的大面积烧伤（包括深二度、三度）及阴道黏膜给药后大鼠对银的吸收,分布和蓄积情况。方法采用火焰原子吸收法测定实验组及正常对照组的大鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、子宫、皮肤及阴道粘膜中的痕量银。结果创面皮肤及阴道黏膜连续给药纳米银抗菌凝胶6d,停药8h后各主要脏器都检测出了痕量银,皮肤的银含量为（0.089±0.031）μg/g;阴道黏膜中银的含量为（0.135±0.036）μg/g。24h后只有肾,脾,子宫,皮肤及阴道粘膜有痕量银,72h后未检测出痕量银。结论纳米银抗菌凝胶中的纳米银颗粒可以进入血液循环,并进一步分布到重要脏器。随着时间的推移,各脏器中的银含量趋于下降,这说明吸收分布到各脏器中的纳米银基本可以很快被代谢到体外,而不会在体内长期蓄积。     

一期缝合联合银敷料治疗犬咬伤Ⅲ级创面的临床研究

目的探讨一期缝合联合银敷料治疗犬咬伤Ⅲ级创面的临床疗效。方法将本院2011年6月～2012年7月收治的50例犬咬伤的Ⅲ级创面患者随机分为实验组与对照组。实验组采用一期缝合联合银敷料方法,对照组按照犬咬伤的常规处理,分别在治疗后半个月、1个月观察实验组与对照组的总体有效率,以及两组的创面愈合时间、换药次数、疼痛评分、治疗费用。结果实验组治疗后半个月及1个月的总有效率明显高于对照组,两组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。实验组患者的创面愈合时间、换药次数、治疗费用及疼痛评分均明显小于对照组,两组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论一期缝合联合银敷料可提高治疗狗咬伤创面的疗效,提高治愈率,值得在临床推广应用,有进一步完善和推广的前景。     

Twenty-Eight-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study of Silver Nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley Rats

The antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles has resulted in their extensive application in health, electronic, and home products. Thus, the exposed population continues to increase as the applications expand. Although previous studies on silver dust, fumes, and silver compounds have revealed some insights, little is yet known about the toxicity of nano-sized silver particles, where the size and surface area are recognized as important determinants for toxicity. Thus, the inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles is of particular concern to ensure the health of workers and consumers. However, the dispersion of inhalable ambient nano-sized particles has been an obstacle in evaluating the effect of the inhalation of nano-sized particles on the respiratory system. Accordingly, the present study used a device that generates silver nanoparticles by evaporation/condensation using a small ceramic heater. As such, the generator was able to distribute the desired concentrations of silver nanoparticles to chambers containing experimental animals. The concentrations and distribution of the nanoparticles with respect to size were also measured directly using a differential mobility analyzer and ultrafine condensation particle counter.     

A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: Particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity

This review is concerned with evaluating the toxicity associated with human exposure to silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), due to the relative abundance of toxicity data available for these particles, when compared to other metal particulates. This has allowed knowledge on the current understanding of the field to be gained, and has demonstrated where gaps in knowledge are. It is anticipated that evaluating the hazards associated with silver and gold particles will ultimately enable risk assessments to be completed, by combining this information with knowledge on the level of human exposure. The quantity of available hazard information for metals is greatest for silver particulates, due to its widespread inclusion within a number of diverse products (including clothes and wound dressings), which primarily arises from its antibacterial behaviour. Gold has been used on numerous occasions to assess the biodistribution and cellular uptake of NPs following exposure. Inflammatory, oxidative, genotoxic, and cytotoxic consequences are associated with silver particulate exposure, and are inherently linked. The primary site of gold and silver particulate accumulation has been consistently demonstrated to be the liver, and it is therefore relevant that a number of in vitro investigations have focused on this potential target organ. However, in general there is a lack of in vivo and in vitro toxicity information that allows correlations between the findings to be made. Instead a focus on the tissue distribution of particles following exposure is evident within the available literature, which can be useful in directing appropriate in vitro experimentation by revealing potential target sites of toxicity. The experimental design has the potential to impact on the toxicological observations, and in particular the use of excessively high particle concentrations has been observed. As witnessed for other particle types, gold and silver particle sizes are influential in dictating the observed toxicity, with smaller particles exhibiting a greater response than their larger counterparts, and this is likely to be driven by differences in particle surface area, when administered at an equal-mass dose. A major obstacle, at present, is deciphering whether the responses related to silver nanoparticulate exposure derive from their small size, or particle dissolution contributes to the observed toxicity. Alternatively, a combination of both may be responsible, as the release of ions would be expected to be greater for smaller particles.     

Assessment of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles on human ex vivo platelet aggregation

Enhanced in vitro human and ex vivo rat platelet aggregation from direct exposure to silver nanoparticles is previously reported. Given the increasing human use of engineered silver nanoscale products, platelet aggregation prompted by silver nanoparticles may contribute to human cardiovascular events. To understand how direct washed platelet exposure to silver nanoparticles translates to ex vivo platelet aggregation, the authors conducted a placebo-controlled, single-blind, dose-monitored, cross-over study design in 18 healthy human volunteers. After 2 weeks of daily oral silver nanoparticle ingestion, platelet aggregation was evaluated by light transmission aggregometry in response to collagen and ADP agonists, both at baseline and after silver nanoparticle or placebo diluent oral dosing. Final percent aggregation (PA) and the changes in PA were determined using a paired design (i.e., active and placebo solutions). Enhanced ex vivo platelet activation was not detectable at peak serum silver concentrations <10 µg/L. Further studies of colloidal silver nanoparticles on human platelet activities are warranted.