膨胀式椎弓根钉在骨质疏松症患者行腰椎固定融合手术中的应用价值

目的探讨膨胀式椎弓根螺钉(expandable pedicle screw,EPS)在骨质疏松症患者行腰椎固定融合手术中的应用价值。方法纳入2014年2月～2016年2月行腰椎固定融合手术的90例腰椎退行性疾病合并骨质疏松症患者,将采用EPS的47例设为EPS组,采用普通椎弓根螺钉(Common pedicle screw,CPS)的43例设为CPS组,比较两组手术指标、视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)、脊柱融合与螺钉稳定性评分以及Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)。结果两组手术时间、出血量以及住院天数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后6月、1年、2年疼痛VAS评分与ODI指数均显著降低,观察组术后6月、1年的VAS评分、ODI指数显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组术后6月、1年的脊柱融合与螺钉稳定性评分均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组螺钉松动率显著低于对照组(P0.05),两组断钉率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 EPS在骨质疏松合并腰椎退行性疾病腰椎固定融合手术中能够达到CPS相同效果,术后短期疗效更优,可增加脊柱融合效果以及螺钉稳定性。     

骨水泥钉道强化与否治疗伴骨质疏松的单节段腰椎退行性疾病的临床对照研究

目的 :探讨骨水泥钉道强化治疗伴骨质疏松的单节段腰椎退行性疾病的必要性。方法 :回顾性分析2012年1月~2014年12月采用后路腰椎融合术治疗的74例伴骨质疏松的单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者,均随访2年以上,且规律抗骨质疏松治疗。根据椎弓根螺钉周围有无骨水泥强化,分为两组:骨水泥钉道强化(polymethylmethacrylate augmented pedicle screw,PMMA-PS)组,36例,男3例,女33例,年龄70.61±6.37岁,手术节段L4/5 32例、L5/S1 4例,骨密度-3.38±0.77SD;普通椎弓根螺钉(conventional pedicle screw,CPS)组,38例,男2例,女36例,年龄69.79±5.90岁,手术节段L4/5 32例、L5/S1 6例,骨密度-3.32±0.57SD。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、手术并发症情况;术前、术后6个月及末次随访时行VAS、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评价临床疗效。根据末次随访时的X线片或CT检查,比较两组的融合率、螺钉松动发生率。结果:两组患者均顺利完成手术,CPS组平均手术时间147.21±17.11min,术中出血量138.03±42.45ml,平均住院天数8.82±1.07d;PMMA-PS组平均手术时间185.75±18.37min,术中出血量142.64±35.08ml,平均住院天数9.36±1.17d。两组平均手术时间相比具有统计学差异(P0.05),平均住院天数、术中出血量相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。CPS组与PMMA-PS组术前、术后6个月和末次随访时VAS评分分别为7.16±0.82分、6.93±10.88分;1.74±0.49分、1.92±0.47分;1.76±0.43分、1.81±0.40分;ODI分别为(51.84±4.41)%、(52.50±4.71)%;(18.03±2.74)%、(18.89±3.61)%;(17.24±2.77)%、(16.67±2.67)%;两组间不同时间点VAS评分和ODI对比无统计学差异(P0.05);两组内术后6个月、末次随访时VAS评分和ODI较术前有统计学差异(P0.05)。PMMA-PS组中无螺钉松动,CPS组中1例(2.7%,1/36)患者的2枚(1.3%,2/152)螺钉出现松动,两组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。PMMA-PS组融合成功率(100%)相比CPS组(97.3%)无统计学差异(P0.05)。PMMA-PS组有27枚钉道周围(18.7%,27/144)发生骨水泥渗漏,未出现相应的神经并发症。结论:对于伴骨质疏松的单节段腰椎退行性疾病行融合术时,在规律抗骨质疏松的基础上,骨水泥螺钉强化与普通椎弓根螺钉组均可获得相似的临床疗效和融合率,但普通椎弓根螺钉组减少手术时间,避免骨水泥发生渗漏造成潜在并发症的发生,故不推荐常规行骨水泥钉道强化。     

双椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段病变

目的 :观察双椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗腰椎融合术后相邻节段病变的可行性和临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析我科2016年8月～2018年10月手术治疗腰椎融合术后的相邻节段病变(adjacent segment disease,ASD)患者36例,按照手术方式分为两组,A组(双钉组):12例,男女比例(4∶8),年龄66.2±4.2岁(59～74岁),首次术后2～7年,均为头侧椎节病变。使用双椎弓根螺钉(dual screws,DS)固定技术,于原手术侧椎弓根再次各置入一枚翻修螺钉,ASD另一端置入皮质骨通道螺钉,减压后短节段融合固定。B组(对照组):24例,男女比例(9∶15),年龄64.0±7.7岁(46～72岁),平均首次术后2～10年,19例为头侧椎节退变,5例为尾侧椎节病变。手术取下双侧固定棒,采用Magerl方法置入ASD远端椎弓根螺钉、减压责任节段后延长棒固定。记录每例患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症,腰椎ODI评分、腰痛VAS、腿痛VAS。通过腰椎X线片、CT评价术后患者的内固定位置和椎间融合状态。比较两组间和组内的临床评分差异性。结果:术后平均随访16.1±5.8个月(6～26个月)。ODI评分A组术前(82.5±16.7)%,末次随访(16.0±8.9)%;B组术前(78.0±14.6)%,末次随访(18.0±9.4)%;腰痛VAS,A组术前8.3±3.5分,末次随访1.7±0.9分;B组术前6.7±4.5分,末次随访2.1±1.3分;腿痛VAS,A组术前6.3±4.5分,末次随访1.0±1.0分;B组术前7.8±3.4分,末次随访2.3±2.4分。两组末次随访的ODI和VAS均较术前有明显改善(P0.05)。两组间的术前ODI、腰痛VAS、腿痛VAS无明显差异(P0.05);两组间的术前、末次随访ODI、VAS、手术时间均无明显差异(P0.05)。B组的手术出血量、住院时间明显大于A组(P0.05)。A组无手术切口感染、无神经症状加重病例,1例术中硬脊膜撕裂,予以修复。B组术中硬脊膜撕裂5例,术中修复或者皮下脂肪覆盖,伤口表浅感染1例,经过换药治愈。A组共置入24枚双钉技术的翻修螺钉(L1椎体2枚,L2椎体12枚,L3椎体10枚),其中18位置良好,4枚螺钉穿破椎体外侧壁,2枚螺钉穿破椎弓根内侧壁,但无神经症损伤症状,随访无内固定松动。B组再次植入48枚椎弓根螺钉,螺钉位置良好,无穿破椎体和椎弓根病例。末次随访的A组椎间融合8例,B组18例。翻修螺钉平均螺钉头倾角6.7°±6.6°(3°～16°),平均外展角度10.3°±7.4°(0°～15°)。B组无螺钉相关合并症。结论:个体化双椎弓根螺钉固定技术为腰椎融合术后相邻节段病变提供一种新的微创解决方案,短期临床预后良好。     

单双侧椎弓根钉固定治疗腰椎退行性疾病的比较分析

目的比较分析单侧和双侧椎弓根钉固定在腰椎退行性疾病治疗中的疗效差异。方法 2010年1月至2012年1月行腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定联合Cage融合术治疗67例腰椎退变性疾病患者,将患者随机分成两组:单侧固定组31例,采用单侧椎弓根钉内固定联合单枚Cage植骨融合术;双侧固定组36例,采用双侧椎弓根固定联合单枚Cage植骨融合术。比较两组的手术失血量、手术时间、住院天数、融合率及并发症情况,同时使用VAS、ODI评分来评估患者的恢复情况。结果单侧固定组在手术时间和术中失血量均少于双侧固定组(P0.000 1)。两组患者的住院时间和融合率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者的术后腰腿痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(oswestry disability index,ODI)较术前均得到明显改善(P0.01),除了术后1个月腰痛VAS评分两组的差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)外,其余的VAS和ODI的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在适应证选择合理的情况下,单侧椎弓根螺钉固定联合单枚Cage植骨融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病与双侧椎弓根钉固定临床效果相似,且具有手术时间短、出血量少等优点,是一种安全可行的手术方法。     

皮质骨通道螺钉与椎弓根螺钉行腰椎间融合术的疗效比较

目的比较皮质骨通道螺钉(CBTS)与椎弓根螺钉行腰椎后路椎间融合术(PLIF)治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病的手术特点及临床疗效。方法对97例单节段腰椎退变性疾病患者根据内固定方式不同分为通道螺钉组(采用CBTS行PLIF,51例)和椎弓根螺钉组(采用椎弓根螺钉行PLIF,46例)。记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、双氯芬酸钠使用总量、术后住院天数、卧床时间及并发症情况;比较术后12个月腰痛VAS评分、ODI及椎间融合率。结果患者均获得12个月随访。手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、双氯芬酸钠使用总量、卧床时间、住院时间通道螺钉组均少于椎弓根螺钉组(P0.001,P0.05);两组并发症发生率、术后12个月腰痛VAS评分、ODI及椎间融合率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用腰椎后路椎弓根螺钉与CBTS行PLIF治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病,均可获得满意的椎间融合率和临床疗效。CBTS行PLIF有术中出血量少、肌肉损伤小、患者痛苦小等优点。     

皮质骨通道螺钉与椎弓根螺钉行腰椎后路椎间融合的疗效比较

目的比较皮质骨通道螺钉(cortical bone trajectory screw,CBTS)及椎弓根螺钉行腰椎后路椎间融合(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病的疗效差异。方法回顾分析2013年5月—2016年5月采用PLIF治疗的97例单节段腰椎退变性疾病患者临床资料。其中,51例采用CBTS行PLIF(通道螺钉组),46例采用椎弓根螺钉行PLIF(椎弓根螺钉组)。两组患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、病变类型、病变节段以及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。比较两组手术时间、术中失血量、术后引流量、术后卧床时间及住院时间,围手术期并发症发生率;检测术后血清肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)浓度,评估肌肉损伤程度;术后48 h内使用镇痛药物情况;采用VAS评分评价腰痛情况,ODI评价临床疗效,三维CT评价椎间融合。结果两组患者均获12个月随访。与椎弓根螺钉组相比,通道螺钉组手术时间、术后卧床时间及住院时间明显缩短,术中失血量及术后引流量显著减少,术后血清CK浓度较低,比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后48 h内,通道螺钉组35例(68.6%)、椎弓根螺钉组46例(100%)给予镇痛药物,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=89.334,P=0.000)。通道螺钉组并发症发生率为3.9%,与椎弓根螺钉组8.7%比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.418)。术后12个月两组VAS评分、ODI以及椎间融合率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于单节段腰椎退行性疾病,采用CBTS或椎弓根螺钉行PLIF,均可获得满意临床疗效和椎间融合率,但前者具有术中出血量少、肌肉损伤小、患者围手术期痛苦小等优点。     

单侧与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定在治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的对比研究

目的比较单侧与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定,单枚Cage椎间融合治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法对36例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者随机分组为单侧椎弓根螺钉固定组19例,双侧椎弓根螺钉固定组17例,均行单枚Cage椎间融合固定。记录手术时间、出血量、住院花费、融合率及并发症,临床疗效评估采用腰痛和下肢VAS,JOA评分及ODI指数。所有患者均随访2年。结果两组患者术后腰痛和下肢疼痛VAS、JOA评分及ODI指数较术前明显改善,存在显著性差异。单侧组在术中出血、手术时间及住院花费方面明显少于双侧组。在腰痛VAS、JOA评分及ODI指数方面,单侧组于术后1周、3个月随访时优于双侧组。术后所有患者均骨性融合,2组均未出现钉棒松动及Cage移位。结论单侧椎弓根螺钉固定治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症可取得与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定相同的临床效果,且有效减少手术时间、术中出血及促进早期术后康复,减少住院花费的优点。     

3D打印辅助椎弓钉置入融合术治疗腰椎滑脱

[目的]探讨3D打印辅助椎弓根螺钉置入融合术治疗腰椎滑脱的临床效果。[方法] 2015年10月～2016年10月69例单节段椎体滑脱患者纳入本研究。随机分为两组, 3D组36例患者采用3D打印导板辅助椎弓根置入术,传统组33例患者采用传统置钉法置入椎弓根。术后对比分析两组术中出血量、透视次数、单个椎弓根螺钉术中置入时间、准确率、术后即刻及术后12个月时滑脱的腰椎节段矢状曲度恢复率。[结果]两组患者均顺利完成手术,两组患者术中均未出现神经和血管损伤等严重并发症。3D组术中出血量、透视次数及单个螺钉置入时间均显著低于传统组学(P0.05)。所有患者随访12～31个月,平均(19.34±4.89)个月。末次随访时,两组VAS和ODI评分较术前显著减少(P0.05),而JOA评分显著增加(P0.05)。相应时间点,两组间VAS、ODI和JOA评分的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。影像方面:术后3D组35例(97.22%),传统组29例(87.87%)螺钉完全置于椎弓根内,两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3D组术后即刻及术后12个月腰椎固定节段矢状曲度均优于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论] 3D打印辅助椎弓根螺钉置入能够有效缩短术中操作时间,并取得更好的临床疗效。     

可扩张通道单侧椎弓根内固定在腰椎融合术中的临床应用

目的探讨经肌间隙可扩张通道单侧椎弓根内固定在单节段腰椎融合术中的临床应用价值。方法 2012年8月至2014年6月,随机选取我院具有完整临床资料和随访信息的经肌间隙可扩张通道单侧椎弓根螺钉固定的患者45例。观察末次随访Oswestry功能障碍指数评分(oswestry disability index,ODI)和腰腿痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),术后1年X线片/CT观察测量椎间隙高度及观察椎间融合情况。结果术后末次随访ODI、VAS评分及椎间隙高度较术前差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访植骨融合率为100%。结论可扩张通道单侧椎弓根内固定在腰椎融合术中具有创伤小的优点,且疗效肯定,为腰椎退行性疾病的患者提供了一种简单、有效的治疗方法。     

特立帕肽预防骨质疏松患者腰椎融合术后椎弓根螺钉 松动的前瞻性研究

目的观察特立帕肽在预防绝经后骨质疏松患者腰椎融合术后椎弓根螺钉松动治疗中的作用。方法 72名绝经后骨质疏松患者,诊断为腰椎退行性滑脱,随机分为3组:特立帕肽组(n=24,每日行皮下注射20μg teriparatide),双磷酸盐组(n=24,每日口服2.5mg利塞膦酸risedronate),空白对照组(n=24)。所有患者均接受腰椎管减压及1个节段后外侧融合手术,术后12月运用摄片、CT、临床体检等方法判断椎弓根螺钉松动及临床疗效。结果术后12月随访时,特立帕肽组螺钉松动率:X线摄片为7%,CT为12%;利塞膦酸组分别为13%和25%;空白对照组为14%和25%。特立帕肽组椎弓根螺钉松动率明显低于利塞膦酸组及空白对照组(P0.05),而利塞膦酸组椎弓根螺钉松动率与空白对照组无明显差别(P0.05)。末次随访时三组间临床评分无显著差异(P0.05)。结论特立帕肽能够增强腰椎椎体松质骨及椎弓根皮质骨强度,降低螺钉松动发生率。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.