四川省农村居民预防人禽流感健康教育效果评价

目的了解农村居民预防人禽流感的有关知识、态度、行为,评估健康教育干预效果,探讨有效的健康教育干预策略。方法在四川省项目地区农村居民中开展各种干预活动,干预前、后分别采用问卷调查法对抽取的农村居民进行调查。结果干预后调查对象预防禽流感相关知识、态度和行为均有明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。认为自己有患禽流感的危险的比例由54.4%提高到92.5%;人患禽流感是因密切接触禽类的比例由52.7%提高到75.4%,吃未煮熟禽蛋可能会感染禽流感由30.3%提高到67.9%;发现病死禽会早报告的比例由57.7%上升到98.3%,接触禽类后发烧会早就医的比例由68.2%上升到96.30%,能够妥善处理病死禽的比例由56.8%上升到74.29%等等。结论四川省项目地区健康教育干预活动后,农村居民预防人禽流感知识、态度和行为均有明显改善。     

绵阳市农村狂犬病防治知识调查

目的了解绵阳市农村人群对狂犬病防治知识的知晓情况,为开展有效健康教育提供依据。方法采用自行设计调查问卷分层抽样,以绵阳市9个县市区农村居民和学生为调查对象,进行入屋调查。结果共有效调查894人,学生331人,农民563人。调查对象狂犬病基本知识知晓率为86.99%;狂犬病伤口处理和疫苗注射相关知识知晓率为55.13%;养犬相关法规知识知晓率为71.67%。结论绵阳市农村人群狂犬病的知晓率偏低,是健康教育的重点人群。     

入户访问健康教育在疟疾预防控制中的应用

目的 目的 探索入户访问健康教育方式在边疆少数民族地区疟疾预防和控制中的应用及效果。方法 方法 在云南省红 河州2个县, 采用多阶段整群抽样方法进行抽样调查。采取以定量调查为主, 定性访谈为辅的评估方法, 分别在健康教 育干预前、 后对项目区村民进行疟疾防治相关知识、 态度、 行为的调查, 比较评价干预前、 后的变化及效果。结果 结果 健康 教育干预后, 村民中知道疟疾症状、 传播途径、 预防知识和就医行为的比例为99.3%、98.9%、 79.9%和99.3%,均高于干预 前的39.2%、 8.2%、 47.0%和49.9%, 差异均有统计学意义 （P均＜0.01）。结论 结论 项目地区开展入户访问健康教育干预措施 后, 目标人群的疟疾相关知识、 态度和行为有明显改善。     

贵阳市白云区农村燃煤型氟中毒健康教育行为干预效果观察

目的了解贵阳市白云区农村燃煤型氟中毒病区村民的不良燃煤行为,探索健康教育干预的防氟效果。方法在汉族、苗族、布依族3个不同地区随机抽取3个村,干预前作好基线调查,充分了解村民基本情况和不良燃煤习惯及引起氟中毒流行的危险因素,制作有针对性的宣传品引导村民转变行为。实施健康促进,作好干预后村民的知识知晓率、行为形成率和主食、辣椒等氟介质及儿童尿氟监测。结果随着农村居民知识知晓的提高,逐步转变了不良行为,氟污染介质水平明显减少,主食大米、玉米、辣椒和儿童尿氟较干预前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．001)。结论在农村开展多形式健康教育干预,正确引导农村居民转变不良燃煤行为,能更好地预防控制燃煤型氟中毒流行。     

2008年双流县农村居民健康素养现状调查

目的了解双流县农村居民健康素养现状情况,为制定有针对性干预措施提供依据。方法 2008年采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,确定522人为调查对象,一次性横断面入户问卷调查,内容为基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、基本技能共79项问题。结果双流县2008年农村居民健康素养基本知识和理念知晓率是63.0%,生活方式与行为形成率是62.9%,行为、基本技能形成率是59.4%。结论双流县农村居民健康素养达到了《全国健康教育与健康促进工作规划纲要(2005-2010年)》中西部农村居民健康知识知晓率为60%、行为形成率50%以上的指标。     

辽宁省丹东市农村居民疟疾健康教育干预效果评价

目的 评价在辽宁省农村居民中开展疟疾防治相关知识健康宣教的效果. 方法 随机抽样法抽取振兴区、振安区、宽甸县、东港市等4个县（区）农村中小学生和居民,以自填问卷的方法调查健康教育材料需求情况,制作符合当地情况的宣教材料;通过发放宣传材料、张贴宣传画、发送手机短信等方式进行健康教育干预活动;以基线调查和工作效果评估调查中人群疟疾防治知识的知晓率来评估健康教育的干预效果. 结果 丹东地区农村居民人群疟防知识知晓率与被访者受教育程度相关,差异有统计学意义（x2=11.753,P＜0.05）,年龄、性别、职业等影响因素差异无统计学意义.学生和居民对疟疾防治知识的知晓率分别由干预前的54.31％ （782/1 440）和39.58％（2 850/7 201）,上升到干预后的87.37％ （629/720）和87.00％（1 044/1 200）,两者在干预前后差异有统计学意义（x2=231.54,930.27,P均＜0.05）. 结论 根据有针对性的健康教育需求调查制作出的健康教育材料可以有效的提高人群的疟防知识知晓率.     

许昌市碘缺乏病健康教育效果评估

目的评价许昌市健康教育项目在防治碘缺乏病中的效果。方法对4个项目县（市、区）的目标人群在健康教育项目开展前后分别进行问卷调查,对调查结果进行比较。结果健康教育后,小学生碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率由基线调查的43.89%提高为91.32%,成人碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率由44.64%提高为94.23%,正确健康行为比例由67.86%提高为92.74%。结论采用系统的和有针对性的健康教育活动是提高居民碘缺乏病防治知识、改变不健康行为方式,达到消除碘缺乏病目标的有效措施。     

五家渠市居民健康素养知识和行为现况调查

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团五家渠市居民经过多年健康素养66条知识巡讲和媒体宣传后的健康素养状况,为促进居民健康素质的全面提升、更好地开展健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法,从五家渠市3个社区卫生服务中心共抽取544名调查对象进行问卷调查。结果五家渠市社区居民健康素养知识知晓率为88.6%;健康生活方式与行为形成率为93.2%;教育前相关健康行为知识知晓率为76.3%~88.4%,教育后健康行为知识知晓率提高到89.2%~98.7%;教育前相关健康行为形成率为69.9%~88.8%,教育后健康行为形成率提高到86.8%~96.7%;不同人群健康素养知识知晓情况差别最大的问题是"较大较深伤口去医院前可采用的急救止血方法",一般居民知晓175人、知晓率89.7%,学生知晓240人、知晓率95.2%,企业职工知晓67人、知晓率69.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=47.88,P0.05);健康教育效果最好的健康行为知识是"预防一些传染病最有效、最经济的措施",教育前知晓452人、知晓率83.1%,教育后知晓535人、知晓率98.3%,教育前后差异有统计学意义(χ2=71.6,P0.05);健康行为形成最多的是"平时洗手的方式",教育前形成423人、形成率77.8%,教育后形成515人、形成率94.7%,健康教育前后形成率差异有统计学意义(χ2=61.7,P0.05)。结论五家渠市社区居民的健康素养知识与能力虽有一定程度的提高,但还有待于进一步的巩固和加强,今后应针对本次调查发现的问题及时制定综合性干预措施,努力提高社区居民的整体健康素养水平。     

沿江船民血吸虫病防治知识和行为调查

目的 目的 了解沿江船民血吸虫病预防相关知识和行为, 为制定船民血吸虫病防治措施提供依据。方法 方法 在常州市新北区沿江船民聚集地, 采用问卷调查的方法对船民进行血防知识和行为调查, 分析比较不同性别、 年龄和文化程度人群间血防知识知晓率和正确行为形成率的差异。结果 结果 共调查船只231条, 船民702名。人群总的血防知识知晓率为 84.19%, 不同文化程度人群血防知识知晓率的差异有统计学意义 （χ2 = 14.42, P < 0.05）。人群总的血防正确行为形成率为 43.16%, 其中不同性别和不同年龄组人群之间的差异有统计学意义 （χ2 性别 = 21.95,χ2 年龄 = 15.00, P均 < 0.05）。粪便直排水中的船只占94.81%。结论 结论 沿江船民的血防正确行为形成率较低, 应加强对船民的血防健康促进。     

安徽省世行贷款血防项目健康教育中期评估

本文采取定量和定性研究的方法,对安徽省血防健康教育试点工作进行中期评估,现场考查结果目标人群的血防常识正确应答率80.37％,信念和卫生行为形成率分别为87.15％、76.01％,表明了安徽省经过3年的健康教育实施,目标人群的血防知识、信念和卫生行为有了明显的提高,并达到了计划的教育和行为目标。同时,也说明了所采取的方法和措施是可行的。     

Toward healthy aging: the preservation of health

Chronic disease has emerged in recent decades as the major cluster of health concerns of the American population. Increasing evidence indicates that, in most instances, these diseases have been present for long periods of time before becoming clinically manifest. In some instances, it is clear that they may begin in childhood and reach clinical expression only decades later. Furthermore, relevant risk factors for a number of these diseases have been identified and the beneficial effects of risk reduction defined. These disease characteristics translate into lengthy opportunities to identify, mitigate, or prevent serious chronic disorders. A useful framework invokes the health quantum, the "dose" of good health with which the individual is born and that is subjected to erosive forces at each stage of life from conception to old age. A coherent orientation toward the preservation of health across the lifespan is proposed, involving coordinated efforts by the individual, the clinical and public health communities, and the policy enterprise.     

Global cardiovascular health: urgent need for an intersectoral approach

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with more than 80% of CVD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There have been several calls for action to address the global burden of CVD, but there remains insufficient investment in and implementation of CVD prevention and disease management efforts in LMICs. To catalyze the action needed to control global CVD, the Institute of Medicine recently produced a report, Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. This paper presents a commentary of the Institute of Medicine's report, focusing specifically on the intersectoral nature of intervention approaches required to promote global cardiovascular health. We describe 3 primary domains of intervention to control global CVD: 1) policy approaches; 2) health communication programs; and 3) healthcare delivery interventions. We argue that the intersectoral nature of global CVD interventions should ideally occur at 2 levels: first, all 3 domains of intervention must be activated and engaged simultaneously, rather than only 1 domain at a time; and second, within each domain, a synergistic combination of interventions must be implemented. A diversity of public and private sector actors, representing multiple sectors such as health, agriculture, urban planning, transportation, finance, broadcasting, education, and the food and pharmaceutical industries, will be required to collaborate for policies, programs, and interventions to be optimally aligned. Improved control of global CVD is eminently possible but requires an intersectoral approach involving a diversity of actors and stakeholders.     

Health literacy,dementia knowledge and perceived utility of digital health modalities among future health professionals

Objectives

Studies of dementia knowledge (including dementia risk reduction) in health-care trainees highlight varying levels of understanding across countries and disciplines. This draws attention to the need for a well-trained health workforce with the knowledge to champion and implement such strategies. This study (a) assessed dementia knowledge and health literacy among a sample of Australian health-care students, (b) identified modality preferences of digital health interventions addressing dementia prevention and (c) examined potential relationships among health literacy, dementia knowledge, dementia prevention knowledge and a student's preferences for different digital health modalities.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey assessed dementia knowledge and health literacy in 727 health students across 16 Australian universities representing both metropolitan and regional cohorts. The All Aspects of Health Literacy Scale and the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale were administered. Questions about the perceived effectiveness of strategies and preferred digital health modalities for dementia prevention/risk reduction were asked.

Results

The students had relatively high health literacy scores. However, dementia knowledge and evidence-based dementia prevention knowledge were average. Only 7% claimed knowledge of available dementia-related digital health interventions. Associations among health literacy, dementia knowledge and dementia prevention, with recommendations for different digital modalities, are presented.

Conclusions

Health-related degrees need to increase dementia knowledge, health literacy and knowledge of effective dementia-related digital health interventions. It is imperative to equip the future health workforce amid an ageing population with increased dementia rates and where evidence-based digital health interventions will increasingly be a source of support.     

Healthy patients who perceive poor health and their use of primary care services

Objective:To determine what proportion of patients who have poor health perceptions are physically healthy and to explore why some patients perceive a healthy state while others perceive illness. Design:A prospective consecutive series of office patients completed the Rand Corporation’s General Health Perceptions Questionnaire, and their physicians rated their physical health. Their use of health care services was determined for the following 12 months. Setting:A rural teaching office practice. Patients:Of 243 adult patients asked to complete the questionnaire, 32 were excluded, for dementia (8), illiteracy (4), illness (8), incomplete questionnaires (6), and other reasons (6). 208 patients (86%) formed the final study group. Measurements and main results:62 of 208 patients had poor health perception scores. 39 of the 62 were rated by physicians as physically healthy and were not statistically different in physical health ratings or numbers of prescribed medications from the 146 patients who had higher health perception scores. However, these 39 patients had significantly more health-related worry, acute pain, and depression than did the other 146 patients. They also made more office visits and telephone calls and had higher total primary care charges. Conclusions:This study suggests that 21% of adult primary care patients (39 of 208) have health perceptions lower than expected for their levels of physical health. These low health perceptions are correlated with increased emotional distress and higher utilization of health care resources. Strategies to identify these patients and interventions to improve their views of their health could reduce utilization.