Activity of moxifloxacin on biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

The aim of this study was to assess whether moxifloxacin is able to inhibit the synthesis of and to disrupt biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Three strains each of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli recently isolated from clinical respiratory specimens and capable of slime production were used. Biofilm formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically by established methodologies. Moxifloxacin (0.5 mg/L) inhibited slime synthesis by >70% in S. aureus, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 45-70% in E. coli and 35-70% in M. catarrhalis. Disruption of pre-formed structures was also promoted by moxifloxacin both for initial (5h) and mature (48 h) biofilms. Drug concentrations reached during therapy (0.5-4 mg/L) resulted in a breakdown of initial biofilm of 60-80% in H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 48-86% in S. aureus, 37-69% in M. catarrhalis and 51-71% in E. coli. Mature biofilms were less susceptible to degradation. Moxifloxacin at concentrations that can be achieved in the bronchial mucosa during therapy therefore promotes a significant inhibition of biofilm synthesis and induces slime disruption, a feature that may be instrumental in reducing the exacerbations so frequently observed in this condition.     

Effects of demethylfruticuline A and fruticuline A from Salvia corrugata Vahl. on biofilm production in vitro by multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis

In this study, demethylfruticuline A (dfA) and fruticuline A (fA), two quinones representing the major diterpenoid components of the exudate produced by the aerial parts of Salvia corrugata, were assessed for their ability to modify surface characteristics, such as hydrophobicity, and to inhibit synthesis of biofilm in vitro by multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. Five strains of S. aureus (three meticillin-resistant and two meticillin-susceptible), five strains of S. epidermidis (four meticillin-resistant and one meticillin-susceptible) and eight vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, all recently isolated from clinical specimens and capable of slime production, were studied. fA decrease by at least two-fold the hydrophobic properties of the S. aureus cell membrane but did not affect S. epidermidis or E. faecalis. Biofilm formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically by established methodologies. Inhibition of biofilm formation was also confirmed by the Congo red agar plate assay. dfA and fA were more effective against S. aureus strains (>70% effect at subinhibitory concentrations) than against S. epidermidis in inhibiting slime synthesis. Against E. faecalis, dfA at subinhibitory concentration induced an inhibition of biofilm production of ca. 60%; fA was less active and more strain-dependent. Moreover, the two compounds were shown to possess chelating activity on divalent and trivalent metal cations. Interactions of fA and dfA with bacteria could be very complex, possibly being species-specific, and could depend not only on inhibition of exopolysaccharide synthesis but also on their chelating activity and on changes in the microorganism's surface, including cell hydrophobicity.     

A cathelicidin-2-derived peptide effectively impairs Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major cause of nosocomial infections owing to its ability to form biofilms on the surface of medical devices. Biofilms are surface-adhered bacterial communities. In mature biofilms these communities are encased in an extracellular matrix composed of bacterial polysaccharides, proteins and DNA. The antibiotic resistance of bacteria present in biofilms can be up to 1000-fold higher compared with the planktonic phenotype. Host defence peptides (HDPs) are considered to be excellent candidates for the development of novel antibiotics. Recently, we demonstrated that a short variant of the HDP chicken cathelicidin-2, peptide F(2,5,12)W, has potent antibacterial and lipopolysaccharide-neutralising activities. This study reports on the antibiofilm activity of peptide F(2,5,12)W against two strains of S. epidermidis, including a multiresistant strain. Peptide F(2,5,12)W potently inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilms in vitro at a low concentration of 2.5 μM, which is below the concentration required to kill or inhibit growth (minimal inhibitory concentration=10 μM). Moreover, peptide F(2,5,12)W also impaired existing S. epidermidis biofilms. A 4-h challenge of pre-grown biofilms with 40 μM F(2,5,12)W reduced the metabolic activity of the wild-type strain biofilm completely and reduced that of the multiresistant strain biofilm by >50%. It is concluded that F(2,5,12)W prevents biofilm formation and impairs mature S. epidermidis biofilms.     

Recombinant human DNase I decreases biofilm and increases antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci

Extracellular DNA is an adhesive component of staphylococcal biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Using a 96-well microtiter plate crystal-violet binding assay, we found that biofilm formation by S. aureus was efficiently inhibited by rhDNase at 1-4?μg?l?1, and preformed S. aureus biofilms were efficiently detached in 2?min by rhDNase at 1?mg?l?1. Pretreatment of S. aureus biofilms for 10?min with 10?mg?l?1 rhDNase increased their sensitivity to biocide killing by 4-5 log units. rhDNase at 10?mg?l?1 significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in medium supplemented with sub-MICs of antibiotics. We also found that rhDNase significantly increased the survival of S. aureus-infected Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes treated with tobramycin compared with nematodes treated with tobramycin alone. We concluded that rhDNase exhibits potent antibiofilm and antimicrobial-sensitizing activities against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at clinically achievable concentrations. rhDNase, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial agents, may have applications in treating or preventing staphylococcal biofilm-related infections.     

Antimicrobial activity and interference of tobramycin and chloramphenicol on bacterial adhesion to intraocular lenses

The antimicrobial activities of tobramycin and chloramphenicol were evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, group A, group B and group G streptococci, Klebsiella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and ciprofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as by evaluating interference on adhesion of slime producer strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa to intraocular lens from tobramycin and chloramphenicol pharmaceutical products by scanning electron microscopy. Chloramphenicol was more active against Gram-positive bacteria than was tobramycin, which instead showed higher activity against ciprofloxacin-susceptible P. aeruginosa. Treatment of lenses with the antimicrobial products eradicated the bacterial biofilm, which was already notably reduced after 5 min. This activity was more pronounced for chloramphenicol against S. aureus and for tobramycin against P. aeruginosa. Bacterial adhesion was also significantly reduced when lenses colonized by P. aeruginosa were treated with chloramphenicol, even if they were resistant to this drug. In conclusion, the tested drugs showed marked antibacterial activity, particularly by interfering with bacterial biofilms. The data obtained in this study suggest a specific use of chloramphenicol in topical prophylaxis aimed at avoiding bacterial contaminations. However, further specific in vivo studies are needed to confirm these data.     

3,4,5,3',5'-Pentabromo-2-(2'-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole: a potential lead compound as anti-Gram-positive and anti-biofilm agent

The activity against Gram-positive bacteria of 3,4,5,3',5'-pentabromo-2-(2'-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole I, a synthetic anti-bacterial compound related to pyrrolomycins, was tested in vitro using seven reference bacterial strains and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus preformed biofilms. Compound I was active against all strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.002 to 0.097 mg/l and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 0.37 to 12.5 mg/l. Compound I was also active at low concentrations against preformed S. epidermidis and S. aureus biofilms.     

Salvipisone and aethiopinone from Salvia sclarea hairy roots modulate staphylococcal antibiotic resistance and express anti-biofilm activity

Two diterpenoids, salvipisone (Salv) and aethiopinone (Aeth), isolated from hairy roots of Salvia sclarea, were tested with respect to their activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) strains, cultured as planktonic cells or as adherent biofilms. The standard CLSI method, MTT reduction assay or confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used for this purpose and also applied for testing the susceptibility to oxacillin, vancomycin, linezolid and their potential synergy with diterpenoids (evaluated as a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index). Salv and Aeth were shown to be bactericidal or bacteriostatic against S. aureus and S. epidermidis planktonic cultures. Both diterpenoids, at the concentrations of 1/2 MIC, showed synergy with antibiotics representing the beta-lactam, glycopeptide and oxazolidinone groups. None of the antibiotics used at a high concentration killed the staphylococcal biofilms. On the contrary, Salv and Aeth decreased the number of live biofilm cells by 45.7 - 77.1% and slightly reduced the biofilm inhibitory concentration of oxacillin. Diterpenoids also changed the parameters of biofilm morphology, as shown by the CLSM image processing package (PHLIP). It was concluded that salvipisone and aethiopinone (relatively highly lipophilic, log P respectively = 3.4; 4.8) synergized the action of beta-lactam antibiotics towards MRSA and MRSE probably by alteration of cell surface hydrophobicity and cell wall/membrane permeability, but not by changing penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a expression and penicillinase production or by direct binding to the cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.     

Higher biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

The biofilm-forming capacity of Staphylococcus aureus contributes to antibiotic resistance, but whether antibiotic-resistant strains have the capacity to form biofilms has not yet been determined. Therefore, we recovered 101 clinical isolates of S. aureus and performed antibiotic susceptibility testing for 30 antibiotics using a VITEK II automatic system. We then carried out a biofilm assay on 96-well polystyrene plates. In addition, the presence of IS256 involved in the variation of biofilm phases of S. aureus was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of IS256 was significantly related to multidrug resistance as well as biofilm expression, with biofilm positivity in 27 (39.7%) of the 68 IS256-positive strains and 3 (9.1%) of the 33 IS256-negative strains. In our analysis of the relationship between meticillin resistance and biofilm formation, we found that the rate of biofilm positivity was 37.9% (25/66) for meticillin-resistant strains and 14.3% (5/35) for meticillin-susceptible strains (P<0.05). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing found that SCCmec type IV was most prevalent, comprising 14 (56.0%) of the 25 biofilm-positive, meticillin-resistant strains. A statistical analysis testing the relationship between multidrug resistance and biofilm formation revealed a significantly higher rate of biofilm development in strains with greater multiresistance compared with strains with less multiresistance. Our results suggest that the multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus have a greater likelihood of developing biofilms on medical devices.     

呼吸道感染常见细菌分泌MPT64蛋白或其抗原类似物情况分析

目的:进一步确证呼吸道感染常见细菌分泌结核分枝杆菌MPT64蛋白或抗原类似物的情况,为结核病试验诊断研究提供循证依据。方法:选取2019年3月至2020年12月清远市清新区人民医院送检的合格痰标本80株培养分离株,依细菌分离时间先后将样本分为训练集样本组50株和测试集样本组30株。取ATCC25923金黄色葡萄球菌、A...     

Activity of simulated serum concentrations of daptomycin versus vancomycin during the first 24h of treatment in the presence of physiological albumin concentrations against vancomycin-susceptible, -tolerant or -intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In order to determine whether reduced susceptibility or tolerance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus influences the activity of daptomycin by simulating serum concentrations in the first 24h of treatment in the presence of physiological concentrations of human albumin, a computerised pharmacodynamic simulation was performed using Mueller-Hinton broth with 4 g/dL human albumin concentrations. For daptomycin, the media was adjusted to physiological ionised calcium concentrations by adding 100 μg/mL Ca(2+). Protein binding was measured. Six S. aureus isolates were used, comprising one vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA), three vancomycin-tolerant strains, one heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) and one homogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of daptomycin increased eight times when determined in the presence of albumin (MIC(ALB) and MBC(ALB), respectively). Measured protein binding was 86.6% (C(max)) and 86.5% (C(min)) for daptomycin and 51.6% (C(max)) and 42.2% (C(min)) for vancomycin. Similar values were obtained for fAUC/MIC (where fAUC is the area under the concentration-time curve obtained with extrapolated concentrations using the highest protein binding rate experimentally obtained) and AUC/MIC(ALB) for each antibiotic. Daptomycin showed early (≤ 6 h) bactericidal activity [maximal effect (E(max)) >4 log(10) reductions in initial inocula] against all strains. Vancomycin produced an E(max) of 2.3 log(10) reductions at 8h against the VSSA and reductions ≤1.8 log(10) for the other strains in the 8-24h period. Pharmacodynamic parameters were fAUC/MBC from 8.0 to 15.6 (vancomycin) and from 56.0 to 111.6 (daptomycin) for tolerant strains, and fAUC/MIC of 126.8 and 63.3 for vancomycin and 222.6 and 113.2 for daptomycin against hVISA and VISA strains, respectively. Against the study strains (vancomycin-susceptible, -tolerant, heteroresistant or intermediate), daptomycin, in contrast to vancomycin, exhibited early bactericidal activity despite its high protein binding.     

Daptomycin in vitro susceptibility in European Gram-positive clinical isolates

The objective of this study was to determine the activity of daptomycin, a novel lipopeptide, against European Gram-positive isolates (n = 1539). The MIC(90)-values of daptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates was 0.25 mg/L, against Enterococcus faecalis 4 mg/L, against Enterococcus faecium 8 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L against Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 0.25mg/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Daptomycin was equally potent against antibiotic-susceptible and resistant strains within a particular species. Based on a breakpoint of 1 mg/L for S. aureus and group A streptococci, all isolates tested were susceptible to daptomycin. Based on a breakpoint of 4 mg/L for vancomcyin-susceptible E. faecalis 99.7% of these isolates were susceptible to daptomycin.     

Activity of oritavancin and comparators in vitro against standard and high inocula of Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, the impact of inoculum density on the growth inhibitory and killing activities of oritavancin and comparators (vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid) in vitro against four Staphylococcus aureus strains at clinically relevant drug concentrations was studied. Broth microdilution and time-kill assays were performed using a standard inoculum [ca. 10(5)colony-forming units (CFU)/mL as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines] and a high inoculum (ca. 10(7)CFU/mL). Whereas minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of comparators were 2-8-fold higher when tested at high inoculum, oritavancin MICs were 16-fold higher for all strains at the high inoculum relative to the standard inoculum. However, in time-kill assays, when tested at its fC(min) [trough concentration of free (non-protein-bound) drug] and fC(max) (peak concentration of non-protein-bound drug), oritavancin retained its bactericidal activity against a vancomycin-susceptible, meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (VS-MSSA) strain and a vancomycin-susceptible, meticillin-resistant S. aureus (VS-MRSA) strain both at standard and high inocula. At its fC(max), oritavancin was bactericidal at standard inoculum but not at high inoculum against two vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains. Against both VISA strains at standard inoculum, oritavancin at its fC(min) reduced cell density by between 2 and 3 log (bacteriostatic), predicting that it will retain activity against certain VISA infections. However, oritavancin had no substantial growth inhibitory effect against either VISA strain at high inoculum, suggesting that in rare VISA infections with an anticipated high bacterial burden such as endocarditis, alternative oritavancin dosing strategies, including combinations with other agents, may be explored.     

单宁酸联合氟康唑抑制金黄色葡萄球菌与白念珠菌混合生物膜的作用及机制研究

摘要：目的 分析单宁酸联合氟康唑降低金黄色葡萄球菌与白念珠菌混合生物膜的作用及其机制。方法 收集2019年临床 分离的3株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),分别命名为SA1,SA2和SA3;利用分光光度法检测单宁酸单独或联合氟康唑对 金黄色葡萄球菌与白念珠菌DAY185混合菌群生长能力的影响,进一步采用结晶紫染色法测定对混合生物膜形成能力的影响; 扫描电子显微镜观察单宁酸联合氟康唑对混合生物膜结构影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测白念珠菌DAY185生物膜形成 相关基因(ALS1、ALS3和RBT1)和SA1生物膜形成相关基因(icaA、sarA和cidA)的表达量变化。结果 单宁酸可以降低金黄色葡萄 球菌与白念珠菌混合菌群的生长能力和混合生物膜形成能力,当联合氟康唑时抑制作用更加明显;扫描电子显微镜显示单宁酸 联合氟康唑可以明显减少金黄色葡萄球菌在白念珠菌菌丝上的黏附;qRT-PCR结果表明：单宁酸联合氟康唑主要可以降低混合 生物膜中白念珠菌ALS3基因(P＜0.05)和金黄色葡萄球菌icaA和sarA基因(P＜0.05)的表达量。结论 单宁酸联合氟康唑可以降低 金黄色葡萄球菌与白念珠菌混合生物膜的形成,其机制主要通过降低白念珠菌菌丝形成相关基因ALS3和金黄色葡萄球菌黏附相 关基因icaA和sarA的表达水平。     

ε-聚赖氨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌生长及生物膜形成的影响#br#

目的 研究ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine, ε-PL)对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus)生长及生物膜形成的影响。方法 以金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株ATCC25923及社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)USA300为试验菌株,常量肉汤稀释法(试管)测定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC),酶标仪检测吸光度法观察各株金黄色葡萄球菌的生长曲线,96孔板结晶紫染色法检测各株菌生物膜的形成并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察生物膜的形成情况。结果 ε-PL对ATCC25923和USA300的MIC均为31.25mg/mL。ε-PL浓度升高时对两株菌生长的抑制作用随之增强。1/2MIC ε-PL能显著降低ATCC25923和USA300生物膜的形成能力。 结论 ε-PL作为一种安全、高效的天然防腐剂,能有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌细菌的生长及生物膜的形成,为新型药物的研发提供了理论依据。     

Combining biofilm matrix measurements with biomass and viability assays in susceptibility assessments of antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

Despite that three types of assays (measuring biofilm viability, biomass, or matrix) are described to assess anti-biofilm activity, they are rarely used together. As infections can easily reappear if the matrix is not affected after antibiotic treatments, our goal was to explore the simultaneous effects of antibiotics on the viability, biomass and matrix of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms (ATCC 25923). Viability and biomass were quantified using resazurin and crystal violet staining sequentially in the same plate, while matrix staining was conducted with a wheat germ agglutinin-Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescent conjugate. Establishment of the detection limits and linearity ranges allowed concluding that all three methods were able to estimate biofilm formation in a similar fashion. In a susceptibility study with 18-h biofilms, two model compounds (penicillin G and ciprofloxacin) caused a reduction on the viability and biomass accompanied by an increase or not changed levels of the matrix, respectively. This response pattern was also proven for S. aureus Newman, S. epidermidis and E. coli biofilms. A classification of antibiotics based on five categories according to their effects on viability and matrix has been proposed earlier. Our data suggests a sixth group, represented by penicillin, causing decrease in bacterial viability but showing stimulatory effects on the matrix. Further, if effects on the matrix are not taken into account, the long-term chemotherapeutic effect of antibiotics can be jeopardized in spite of the positive effects on biofilms viability and biomass. Thus, measuring all these three endpoints simultaneously provide a more complete and accurate picture.     

金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜预防和治疗的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus)是医院和社区获得性感染最常见的致病菌,极易黏附在导管和植入式医疗设备表面形成生物膜。传统的抗生素治疗导致耐药菌株的大量产生。患者一旦发生金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜感染,往往难以治愈。频繁的治疗大大加重了患者的痛苦和经济负担。因此,目前亟需开发治疗金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的新方法。本文就近几年金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜感染的预防和治疗做一综述,旨在为开发金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜新的治疗方法提供思路。     

An analysis of incidents of Staphylococcus in Kashima Rosai Hospital (I)

Isolation patterns and drug susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were investigated in Kashima Rosai Hospital, a local hospital with 300 beds opened in June, 1981. Our investigation covered 218 Staphylococcus strains isolated from various clinical materials in the Clinical Laboratory during a one year period in 1985. These isolated strains comprised of 8 species of genus Staphylococcus with S. aureus and S. epidermidis together accounted for 93.6% of all the clinically isolated Staphylococci. S. aureus was depicted in materials obtained from outpatients at a higher frequency than S. epidermidis, while the opposite was the case in materials obtained from inpatients. When distribution of these organisms were classified depending on clinical materials from which they were isolated, outpatient sources from which S. aureus were isolated at high frequencies were otorrhea and pus, while inpatient sources with high incidents of S. aureus isolation were sputum and pus. With regards to S. epidermidis, urine and pus from outpatients as well as from inpatients yielded this organism at high frequencies. Isolation frequency ratios in this hospital of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) were 8.6% and 30.*%, respectively. These resistant strains were found from a large spectrum of clinical materials. Thus, these strains seemed to have established themselves more or less firmly among bacterial population in the hospital, hence alerting us the risk of hospital infections in compromised hosts. As to the coagulase typing of MRSA, type IV was the most frequent from outpatient sources whereas type II was the most frequent from inpatient sources including a large variety of clinical materials. The coagulase typing has been and rapid than the phage typing. We confirmed these in our investigation. Among beta-lactam antibiotics we tested against MRSA, flomoxef was found to be superior to the others. Cephalothin and cefamandole proved to be highly active against MRSE. Minocycline and vancomycin showed good activities against MRSE as well as MRSA.     

药物协同抗生物膜研究进展

生物膜是细菌或真菌附着于物体表面所形成的有一定结构和功能的菌细胞群体, 其最显著的特征之一是高度耐药性, 单用一种抗菌药物很难将其完全清除, 而不同种类药物的联合应用可有效清除生物膜。本文 现就近年来针对铜绿假单胞菌、葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白念珠菌等常见病原菌生物膜的药物协同干预作用作一综述。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的体外清除作用

目的研究重组溶葡萄球菌酶对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的体外清除作用。方法使用硅橡胶膜片建立金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的体外模型;使用超声震荡—活菌计数法作为金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的定量检测方法,分别测定在给予重组溶葡球菌酶及其对照药作用前后金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜中的活菌数;使用扫描电镜作为金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的直观定性检测方法,分别观察在给予重组溶葡球菌酶及其对照药作用前后金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的镜下形态。结果经72 h连续培养,金黄色葡萄球菌在硅橡胶片上形成较为成熟的生物被膜,不同浓度重组溶葡球菌酶作用24 h后被膜中的活菌计数明显低于对照药去甲万古霉素,电镜结果进一步支持此结果。结论重组溶葡萄球菌酶能够有效地清除金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜。     

Characterisation of laboratory-generated vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for 30 years for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Emergence of decreased vancomycin susceptibility in MRSA strains presents a significant clinical problem with few therapeutic options. This study was performed to generate and characterise S. aureus strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Eighteen S. aureus strains were subjected to serial passaging on vancomycin to generate vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was performed for the parent and the passaged cultures with 13 different antibiotics. The strains were tested by the following five methods: simplified population analysis; CDC method; modified vancomycin agar screen; population analysis profile (PAP); and modified population analysis (PAP-area under the curve (AUC) ratio). Phenotypic changes such as doubling time, synergy with beta-lactam antibiotics and effect on norA efflux pumps were also studied for these strains. The result indicated that 8 VISA mutants (vancomycin MICs, 8-16 microg/mL) were generated in vitro from the 18 S. aureus strains. The CDC and modified agar methods proved to be the most sensitive and specific methods for detection of VISA strains. The PAP for all the VISA strains ranged from 12 microg/mL to > 16 microg/mL, with a PAP-AUC ratio of > 1.3. All mutants showed increased doubling time compared with their parent isolate. Synergism of the vancomycin and beta-lactam combinations was observed for all methicillin-resistant mutants. Upon acquisition of vancomycin resistance, a few mutants showed decreased oxacillin resistance. Two VISA strains were chosen for molecular characterisation of the mecA gene and one mutant showed genotypic changes with deletion of mecA. Loss of norA efflux pumps leading to fluoroquinolone sensitivity was also observed in four mutants.