中华硬蜱叮咬105kD纯化抗原免疫接种宿主后其吸血、生殖能力变化的实验研究

目的　观察中华硬蜱叮咬免疫接种宿主后的吸血、生殖能力变化。方法　选用中华硬蜱 10 5kD柱层析纯化抗原对新西兰兔进行常规免疫接种 (3次 )后 ,用中华硬蜱成虫感染 (叮咬 )新西兰兔 ,分别观察空白对照组、佐剂对照组、10 5kD纯化抗原组中华硬蜱雌性成虫的吸血、生殖情况。结果　中华硬蜱 10 5kD纯化抗原可诱导新西兰兔产生显著的抗蜱免疫力 ,使其吸血、生殖能力显著降低 ,其中吸血量较空白叮咬对照组分别下降 6 7 9%、6 5 9% ,产卵量分别下降 74 6 %、73 7% ,并且中华硬蜱吸血时间延长 ,产卵量指数降低。而中华硬蜱叮咬佐剂免疫接种组兔后 ,其吸血、生殖能力较空白对照组相比无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　中华硬蜱 10 5kD纯化抗原可诱导宿主产生非常有效的免疫力     

H1和H2组胺受体拮抗剂对中华硬蜱感染宿主的影响

中华硬蜱雌性成虫再次感染家兔后，叮咬局部组织中组胺含量较初次感染显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。为了进一步证实组胺在抗蜱免疫中的作用，本文选用苯海拉明（Ｈ１组胺受体拮抗剂）、盐酸雷尼替丁（Ｈ２组胺受体拮抗剂）给再次感染组家兔灌胃，观察使用组胺拮抗剂对中华硬蜱吸血、生殖能力的影响。结果显示：单独给予Ｈ１或Ｈ２受体拮抗剂不改变家兔获得性抵抗力，但同时给予Ｈ１和Ｈ２受体拮抗剂则可明显降低家兔的抗蜱免疫反应，从而使中华硬蜱吸血量、吸血时间、产卵量等较再次叮咬组家兔有显著变化（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

蜱抗原免疫接种诱导宿主抵抗力的研究

本文选用中华硬蜱雌性成虫中肠抗原、卵抗原对家免进行人工免疫接种，在按常规方法免疫接种三次后，用中华硬蟀成虫进行感染（叮咬），分别观察中肠抗原接种组、卵抗原接种组、佐剂对照组和空白对照组中华硬蜱的吸血量、生殖情况。结果显示．中华硬蜱叮咬中肠抗原免疫接种兔后其吸血量、产卵量均较对照组显著降低，蜱的吸血量较佐剂和空白对照组分别下降48．56％和54．65％，产卵量下降52.8％和57.9％，而中华硬蜱叮咬卵抗原免疫接种组兔后其吸血、生殖能力较对照组无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。实验表明中华硬碑中肠抗原可有效诱导宿主产生特异性抵抗力，并对该现象进行了分析讨论。     

叮咬不同免疫力兔后中华硬蜱中肠上皮细胞超微结构的观察

目的　探讨叮咬不同免疫力兔后中华硬蜱中肠上皮细胞的病理变化。　方法　选用中华硬蜱相对分子质量 (Mr)为 10 5 0 0 0纯化抗原 ,按常规方法分别于后足掌、腹股沟以及颈背部多点皮内注射免疫新西兰兔。免疫后每只兔用 3 0只雌性中华硬蜱成虫叮咬 ,于 2 4h、48h、72h、5d及 8d ,每组各取 3只吸血中华硬蜱观察其中肠上皮细胞超微结构的变化。　结果　中华硬蜱初次叮咬兔后 ,消化细胞随叮咬时间延长而增多增大 ,微绒毛较密集 ,排列整齐 ,胞质内细胞器丰富 ,各单位膜结构清晰 ,并出现顶端小管、小泡、大量脂滴和高铁血红蛋白颗粒 ;近基膜的细胞膜内褶形成发达的基底迷路系统。叮咬经Mr 10 5 0 0 0纯化抗原免疫接种兔后 ,中华硬蜱中肠上皮细胞严重损伤和破坏 ,消化细胞数量与体积较初次叮咬组及佐剂对照组间差异具有显著性意义。叮咬后 2 4～ 48h消化细胞表面微绒毛减少 ,变短、排列不整 ,细胞粗面内质网扩张 ,线粒体嵴减少 ,高铁血红蛋白颗粒及脂滴等均较初次叮咬组和佐剂对照组明显减少 ,基底迷路系统空泡化 ,基膜变性、松散和断裂等。叮咬后 72h～ 8d ,细胞器变性、坏死 ,细胞核固缩、碎裂以及细胞溶解、碎裂等。　结论　中华硬蜱叮咬Mr 10 5 0 0 0的纯化抗原免疫接种新西兰兔 ,能使其产生获得性免疫力。     

尿羟脯氨酸测定用于消臌汤治疗肝性腹胀疗效观察

本文采用印会河教授研制的消臌汤治疗肝性腹胀16例,按临床表现分为肝功能代偿组和肝功能失代偿组,为了观察临床疗效,特测定治疗前、后24小时尿羟脯氨酸(HYP)值((?)±s),结果分别为26.9±22.6mg 和35.9±32.8mg,明显高于正常对照组17.7±4.1mg(P<0.01),且治疗后较治疗前亦有显著差异(P<0.05),并对其机制进行了探讨。     

低剂量三羟异黄酮对家兔缺血/再灌注损伤心肌梗死范围的影响

目的研究三羟异黄酮(genistein,GST)对家兔心肌缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤心肌梗死范围的影响。方法通过阻断家兔心脏左冠状动脉前降支45min,再灌注180min引起心肌I/R损伤,测量血流动力学数据及心肌梗死面积,梗死面积(IS)用IS与缺血面积(AAR)的比值表示。结果在心肌I/R期间,平均动脉压(MAP),率压积(RPP)和左心室±dp/dtmax显著降低;损伤对照组的IS/AAR为(61.3±4.5)%,缺血后灌注GST(0.5,1.0,和2.0mg/kg)分别使IS/AAR为(45.5±4.3)%,(42.6±5.1)%(P<0.01)和(57.8±6.2)%(P>0.05)。缺血前灌注GST(0.5mg/kg)使IS/AAR为(35.8±4.4)%(P<0.01)。以上各剂量GST对缺血面积(AAR)没有影响。结论缺血前和缺血后灌注低剂量(≤1.0mg/kg)GST可减少家兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型的心肌梗死面积。     

中华硬蜱叮咬免疫接种宿主后中肠病理变化的动态观察

目的 为系统观察中华硬蜱成虫叮咬蜱抗原免疫接种组和佐剂对照组宿主后中肠上皮形态学动态变化，方法 选用中华硬蜱叮咬唾液腺抗原免疫接种组兔才佐剂对照组兔，分别在叮咬后２４ｈ，４８ｈ，７２ｈ以及第５，８天电镜下观察中肠上皮形态学变化，结果 中华硬蜱叮咬唾液腺抗原免疫接种宿主后，蜱中肠上皮遭到曾严重程度的损伤和破坏，消化细胞表面微绒毛减少，变短，排列不整，细胞内粗面内质网扩张，线粒体嵴减少，高铁血红素颗粒     

颈动脉粥样硬化、C反应蛋白与急性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨颈动脉硬化和C反应蛋白与急性脑梗死的关系。方法采用彩色多普勒超声检测86例急性脑梗死患者的颈动脉内膜,免疫比浊法测定其血清C反应蛋白水平,并与40例同期住院的非脑血管疾病患者作对照。结果脑梗死组颈动脉内膜斑块明显多于对照组(P<0.01),且以软斑和混合斑为主,而对照组以硬斑为主;脑梗死组C反应蛋白水平为9.85±2.28 mg/L,显著高于对照组的5.28±1.23 mg/L(P<0.01);软斑、混合斑、硬斑、正常颈动脉、内膜毛糙组C反应蛋白水平分别为9.80±2.43 mg/L、10.72±2.55 mg/L、7.46±2.54 mg/L、6.15±1.71 mg/L及6.38±1.96 mg/L。前两组与后三组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01),后三组之间比较没有显著性差异。结论急性脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块明显增多,C反应蛋白水平明显升高,C反应蛋白水平可以反应颈动脉斑块的性质和稳定性。     

急性心肌梗塞、心绞痛患者红细胞膜结合硒的研究

为了探讨红细胞膜结合硒与急性心肌梗塞、心绞痛的关系,本文对32例急性心肌梗塞、32例心绞痛患者及35例正常人分别进行红细胞膜结合硒测定。结果发现:急性心肌梗塞组红细胞膜结合硒测定值显著低于心绞痛组(分别为7.74±1.29ng/mg膜蛋白和9.32±1.82ng/mg膜蛋白;P<0.01),且两组测定值均、显著低于正常对照组(12.47±3.45ng/mg膜蛋白,P<0.01)。     

普拉固早期强化治疗对急性心肌梗死患者压力和化学反射敏感性的影响

研究在急性心肌梗死(AMI)发作的早期,普拉固强化治疗对患者压力反射敏感性(BRS)和化学反射敏感性(ChRS)的影响。采用随机、单盲、空白对照方法,共入选84例AMI患者,均在入院后24h内随机分配至对照组(n=28),传统治疗组(普拉固组20mg/d,n=28),强化治疗组(普拉固组40mg/d,n=28)。3组主要基本资料具有可比性。分别在入院时、用药后4周检测血脂水平、BRS值、ChRS值及所有不良反应。结果:普拉固组20mg/d和40mg/d治疗4周后的患者较治疗前血脂指标均有明显改善;与对照组相比,2治疗组治疗后的血脂水平有显著改善(P<0.05);2治疗组间差异无显著性。4周后3组BRS值、ChRS值较入院时均有明显改善;与对照组相比,2治疗组治疗后的BRS值、ChRS值均有显著改善(7.34±2.26,6.87±0.53vs5.66±1.34;7.83±3.36,6.38±1.25vs5.28±1.12;P均<0.01);与传统治疗组相比,强化治疗组治疗后BRS值、ChRS值的差异亦有显著性。结论:普拉固早期强化干预能改善AMI的BRS、ChRS值,且具有剂量依赖性。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.