老年急性胰腺炎患者胰腺外损害的临床研究

目的探讨老年急性胰腺炎（AP）患者胰腺外损害的临床特征。方法回顾性分析215例急性胰腺炎的病历资料，其中老年组124例，非老年组91例，分析其病因、胰腺外损害的临床特征以及与预后的关系。结果老年AP患者以胆源性病因为主，占71．0％，而非老年AP患者以非胆源性病因较多见，占50．50％（P〈0．005）。68．4％的AP患者合并有胰腺外损害，81．5％的老年AP患者并有胰腺外损害，明显高于非老年组（50．5％）（P〈0．005）。老年组常见胰腺外受损部位依次为肝脏（70．2％），呼吸道（25．0％）和胃肠道（8．9％）。肾功能不全、心功能不全、胰性脑病及DIC等虽然较少见，但主要见于老年患者。27．4％的老年AP患者合并2种或以上器官受损，与非老年组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。老年组伴有胰腺外损害的AP患者其复发率、转重症发生率均高于非老年组，平均住院时间比非老年组长，两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论急性胰腺炎是一种可累及多系统的疾病，老年AP患者容易合并胰腺外损害，合并胰腺外损害的老年患者预后较差。     

经内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床价值

目的探讨治疗性ERCP在急性胆源性胰腺炎（acute biliary pancreatitis，ABP）治疗及减少复发中的临床价值。方法将ABP患者依据其治疗方式，分为内镜组行ERCP治疗和对照组行常规治疗，比较其腹痛缓解时间及血、尿淀粉酶降至正常时间及肝功能恢复时间和住院天数。随访所有ABP患者，比较两组患者复发率。结果117例ABP患者中急性轻症胆源性胰腺炎患者99例（84．6％），急性重症胆源性胰腺炎患者18例（15．4％）。内镜组和对照组总例数分别为49例和68例。内镜组与对照组比较，急性轻症胆源性胰腺炎和急性重症胆源性胰腺炎的腹痛缓解时间、肝功能恢复时间、住院天数均明显缩短（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。血、尿淀粉酶恢复时间两组比较差异无统计学意义。内镜组无明显内镜治疗相关并发症发生。所有患者平均随访时间20个月（5—37个月）；7例失访，随访率94．0％。内镜组的复发率0（0／46）明显低于对照组46．8％（29／62）（P〈0．01）。结论与常规治疗比较，ERCP治疗ABP是较好方法之一，不仅疗效好、恢复较快，而且安全，并能减少胆源性胰腺炎的复发。     

急性胰腺炎合并高甘油三酯血症的发病类型和预后

目的　分析急性胰腺炎合并高脂血症 (高甘油三酯血症 )的患者临床特点 ,旨在加强对高脂血症影响急性胰腺炎发病类型和预后的认识。方法　随机选择 2 0 0 12 0 0 3年上海第二医科大学附属新华医院住院 4 3例急性胰腺炎患者 ,分为高脂血症 (11例 )和胆源性急性胰腺炎两组。结果　 4 3例患者中 ,7例为急性坏死型胰腺炎 (高脂血症组 5例 ) ,计数相关分析显示 ,急性坏死型胰腺炎的发病比例增高与高脂血症呈正相关 (χ2 =6 5 8,P <0 0 5 ,r =0 4 6 )。高脂血症组患者中酗酒者、体重超重 (BMI>2 4 )合并有糖尿病者明显高于胆源性胰腺炎组 ;2例重症患者血淀粉酶正常 ;多器官功能衰竭等并发症显著多于胆源性组。结论　高甘油三酯血症与急性坏死型胰腺炎发病呈显著正相关。教育患者饮食控制、减轻体重或应用降脂药物等 ,有助于防治急性胰腺炎复发。     

胆源性和高脂血症性胰腺炎临床分析

目的 分析胆源性和高脂血症性胰腺炎临床不同特点.方法 比较2009年2月-2012年8月西安市中心医院收治的48例胆源性胰腺炎患者（A组）和同期16例高脂血症性胰腺炎患者（B组）的临床资料.结果 与A组相比,B组患者发病年龄轻,以男性居多,白细胞增高比率较高,严重肝损害及血尿淀粉酶增高比率较低,CT检查有胰腺形态改变者比率较高,合并脂肪肝及糖尿病患者较多,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 胆源性和高脂血症性胰腺炎临床特点不同,高脂血症性胰腺炎血尿淀粉酶增高不明显,CT检查阳性率较高,可在诊断时多加应用;高脂血症性胰腺炎患者治疗中更应注意控制血脂和改善微循环.     

地塞米松和右旋糖酐治疗老年重症急性胰腺炎的临床对照研究

重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis，SAP）临床表现凶险，目前采用的治疗如抑制胰酶分泌等并不能阻止胰腺的自身消化和并发症的发生，也不能防止术后残余胰腺的继续坏死和继发感染。近年来的研究发现炎症介质和微循环障碍在轻症胰腺炎向SAP演进过程中具有重要作用心）。阻断炎症介质的作用和改善微循环可降低SAP的严重程度并提高SAP的治疗效果。我们以前的实验研究发现：地塞米松具有抑制重症急性胰腺炎中多种炎症介质的作用；低分子右旋糖酐可改善其血液流变学异常，改善微循环。据此，我们进一步对51例SAP病人进行前瞻性对照研究，探讨两者在临床治疗SAP的价值。     

急性胰腺炎时胰腺血循环变化的临床和影像学研究

目的 通过急性胰腺炎（AP）的临床观察结合胰腺磁共振灌注成像（MRP）观察AP时胰腺血流变化及其与胰腺炎严重度的关系。方法 前瞻性研究并记录AP患者入院72h内APACHE Ⅱ积分、全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）积分、Binder积分和C反应蛋白值。将AP患者按病情轻重分为重症AP组（SAP组，15例）和轻型AP组（MAP组，17例），19例非AP志愿者作为对照组，三组均作MRP检查。SAP组患者治疗后2周再次评估上述指标，其中12例患者复查MRP。所有病例均在团注Gd-DTPA0．2mol／kg后行横轴位同层快速扰相梯度回波序列扫描（FSPGR），获得胰头、体尾部各自时间-信号曲线图，通过Perfxproject软件计算三组病例胰头、体尾部最大增强率值和斜率值。结果 ①SAP组胰头、体尾部最大增强率值、斜率值显著低于MAP组（P〈0．05）。②SAP组治疗前后对照，其最大增强率值、斜率值变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③MAP组值较正常对照组稍低，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 MRP是一种比较客观反映胰腺血流情况的无创影像学检查手段。对AP严重度的评判有一定价值。     

苯扎贝特配合藻酸双酯钠治疗急性高脂血症性胰腺炎33例临床观察

目的探讨苯扎贝特配合藻酸双酯钠治疗急性高脂血症性胰腺炎（AHP）的疗效。方法将63例AHP患者分为观察组（n=33）和对照组（n=30）,对照组用常规方法治疗,包括禁食、持续胃肠减压、抗生素预防感染、静滴质子泵抑制剂、使用生长抑素类药物抑制胰腺外分泌、甲磺酸加贝酯抑制胰酶活性,丹参注射液改善胰腺微循环、抗休克并维持水电解质酸碱平衡支持对症治疗。观察组在常规方法治疗的基础上,用苯扎贝特鼻肠管内饲入配合静脉滴注藻酸双酯钠治疗,比较两组的疗效。结果观察组患者C反应蛋白（CRP）、血尿淀粉酶恢复正常时间,均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;并发症发生率、重症胰腺炎发生率、手术中转率、病死率均少于对照组（P〈0．05）;血清钙、72h血清甘油三酯下降幅度则高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论苯扎贝特配合藻酸双酯钠治疗AHP能迅速有效地降低患者血清甘油三酯浓度,能有效地缓解病情,改善预后。     

高脂血症性急性胰腺炎患者血脂及临床分析

目的　探讨高脂血症性急性胰腺炎患者的血脂和临床特点。方法　2001年1月～ 2003年12月共收治各种原因的急性胰腺炎146例。其中高脂血症性急性胰腺炎10例,随机以胆 源性、酒精性胰腺炎各15例为对照;记录发病8小时尿淀粉酶、血淀粉酶、血脂和血糖等指标,进 行发病48小时的临床APACHEⅡ和CT严重指数(CTSI)评分。结果　高脂血症性胰腺炎占胰腺 炎的6.85%。高脂血症性胰腺炎血脂异常7例表现为高甘油三酯(TG)血症,3例表现为以高TG 为主的混合型高血脂症,血清TG明显高于酒精性和胆源性胰腺炎(P<0.01)。高脂血症性急性胰 腺炎有2例淀粉酶(尿、血)在正常范围,其淀粉酶均值显著低于胆源性胰腺炎和酒精性胰腺炎(P <0.01)、血糖水平与酒精性胰腺炎比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),与胆源性胰腺炎比较差异有显 著性(P<0.05)。高脂血症性急性胰腺炎血清TG水平与CTSI、临床APACHEⅡ评分、血淀粉酶无 相关性(r=0.342、0.381、0.051)。与胆源性胰腺炎、酒精性胰腺炎比较,高脂血症性胰腺炎发病48 小时的CTSI、临床APACHEⅡ评分及平均住院天数无差异。结论　高脂血症性急性胰腺炎临床经 过和预后无异于其他原因的胰腺炎,病情的轻重与血脂高低无明显相关性。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊治体会

目的：总结急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊治体会，以改进诊治方法。方法：对110例胆源性胰腺炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：110例中83例确是胆源性胰腺炎，其中入院时胆道仍有梗阻（梗阻型）34例，梗阻已解除（非梗阻型）49例。其余27例不是胆源性胰腺炎，20例只是胆源性一过性胰高压，7例乃一般胰腺炎，发病与胆道无关。结论：诊断胆源性胰腺炎要有根据，临床上不可凡遇胆道有结石，血或（和）尿淀粉酶升高就诊断为胆源性胰腺炎。要根据治疗前胆道有无梗阻对胆源性胰腺炎分型论治：梗阻型应尽早引流解除胆道梗阻，非梗阻型宜积极保守治疗，病情缓解后在同一住院期内手术。胆源性一过性胰高压和胰腺炎要按胆道或胰腺病情处理，不可一概按胆源性胰腺炎治疗。     

非手术治疗急性重症胆源性胰腺炎

目的 探讨急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的效果和中转手术的指征。方法 回顾分析本院收治157例急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的死亡率、并发症和中转手术的情况。结果 157例中治愈145例，死亡12例，治愈率92．4％。治疗过程中有65例出现各类并发症，其中多器官功能不全或衰竭18例(11．5％)，坏死组织继发感染6例(3．8％)，胰腺假性囊肿29例(18．5％)，急性肺损伤25例。患预后与人院时APACHE—Ⅱ评分有关。有9例中转手术(5．7％)，包括6例胰腺坏死组织继发感染和2例不能控制的胆道感染。梗阻性和非梗阻性重症胆源性胰腺炎在死亡率和胰腺坏死组织继发感染发生率上相似。结论 急性重症胆源性胰腺炎经积极非手术治疗可获得满意疗效。梗阻性急性重症胆源性胰腺炎当存在不能控制的胆道感染时需早期行胆道手术。中转手术的指征为胰腺坏死组织继发感染、不能控制的胆道感染及治疗期间出现其他外科并发症。     

Acute pancreatitis-onset carcinoma in situ of the pancreas with focal fat replacement diagnosed using serial pancreatic-juice aspiration cytologic examination (SPACE)

A 59-year-old woman was admitted for acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a swollen pancreatic parenchyma with dilatation of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) of the pancreas tail, which was separated from the normal pancreas body side by a locally atrophic part of the pancreas. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed MPD stricture in the pancreas tail with dilatation of the upstream MPD. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed that the MPD stricture of the pancreas tail was surrounded by a blurred and hypoechoic area. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed for serial pancreatic-juice aspiration cytologic examination (SPACE). The result indicated adenocarcinoma. Distal pancreatectomy was performed, and the histopathological examination showed high-grade PanIN (carcinoma in situ of the pancreatic duct) of the pancreas tail with atrophy and fibrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma, and local fat replacement adjacent to the lesion. The final histopathological diagnosis was carcinoma in situ of the pancreatic duct of the pancreas tail. Acute pancreatitis and local fatty change of the pancreatic parenchyma with MPD stricture are important clinical manifestations of pancreatic carcinoma in situ (PCIS) and performing SPACE in cases of MPD stricture without a recognizable mass is preferable for a diagnosis of PCIS.     

Prevalence of normal serum amylase levels in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis

Acute alcoholic pancreatitis is uncommonly diagnosed when the serum amylase level is normal. We defined acute alcoholic pancreatitis as a clinical syndrome in which hyperamylasemia was not a necessary component and sought support for the diagnosis by ultrasonography and computed tomography of the pancreas. In 68 episodes of acute alcoholic pancreatitis identified in a one-year period, the serum amylase level was normal at the time of hospital admission in 32%. In 40 episodes, we performed ultrasonography and computed tomography within 48 hr of admission. The diagnosis was supported by ultrasonography in 43%, by computed tomography in 68%. Ultrasonography and computed tomography supported the diagnosis as frequently in patients with normal serum amylase levels as in patients with hyperamylasemia. We conclude that patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis frequently have normal serum amylase levels. The widespread clinical practice of relying solely on hyperamylasemia to establish the diagnosis of acute alcoholic pancreatitis is unjustified and should be abandoned.     

Identification of pancreas necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis: imaging procedures versus clinical staging

One hundred and five of 395 patients with acute pancreatitis were surgically treated in our clinic from 1981 to 1984. Ninety three of these patients were examined with contrast enhanced computed tomography and/or ultrasound and were clinically assessed according to Ranson's objective criteria before operation. At operation, 77 patients showed necrotising pancreatitis and 16 showed biliary acute interstitial pancreatitis. Ninety per cent of the cases with extensive and 79% of those with minor necroses of the pancreas had been demonstrated with contrast enhanced computed tomography. Ultrasound failed to be diagnostic in 24% of the patients due to meteorism; the sensitivity of the diagnostic studies for pancreatic necrosis was 73% regardless of the extent of the process. Using the early objective signs, seven patients with acute interstitial pancreatitis were classified as having a severe attack, whereas 30 patients with necrotising pancreatitis were categorised as mild attacks. We conclude that the contrast enhanced computed tomography is an aid in deciding on conservative or surgical treatment in a case of acute pancreatitis. Ultrasound does not appear to be an adequate method for determining pancreatic necrosis. The early objective signs fail to sufficiently identify the necrotising form of acute pancreatitis.     

Intense PET signal in the degenerative necrosis superimposed on chronic pancreatitis

Although fluorine-18 deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a sensitive diagnostic modality in detecting malignant tumors, differential diagnosis of malignant tumors from inflammatory lesion is challenging. We experienced a case of acute degenerative necrosis superimposed on chronic pancreatitis, which was difficult to distinguish from pancreatic cancer. The patient was a 66-year-old man with a complaint of upper abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed low-density masses in the head and body of the pancreas. FDG-PET revealed intense accumulations at the head and body of the pancreas (mean standard uptake value for the head and body pancreatic tumors was 4.1 and 6.7, respectively) corresponding to the 2 tumors detected by computed tomography. Because of a possible malignant pancreatic tumor, the patient underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed a characteristic of chronic pancreatitis in a nontumorous area. Two tumors detected by FDG-PET consisted of degenerative necrosis surrounded by granulation tissue. The amount of granulation tissue was correlated to the levels of standard uptake value. No malignant tumors were observed. This case suggests a limitation of FDG-PET in distinguishing malignant neoplastic lesions in the pancreas, especially from acute degenerative changes in chronic pancreatitis. Repetitive PET examination is recommended for the accurate diagnosis.     

A case of severe acute pancreatitis and ischemic gastropathy caused by acute aortic dissection

A 49-year-old man presented with chest pain and was given a diagnosis of aortic dissection based on computed tomography (CT) findings. Two days later the dissection reached the origin of the celiac artery and there was poor blood flow from the body to the tail of the pancreas and fundus of the stomach wall. Severe acute pancreatitis developed. Endoscopy showed a near-circumferential gastric ulcer in the gastric cardia and we diagnosed ischemic gastropathy. A fistula between the area of infected pancreatic necrosis and the stomach had formed spontaneously and the necrotic tissue was draining into the stomach. His recovery was uneventful.     

Mucinous cystic neoplasm in a young male patient

A 25-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital with a history of recurrent pancreatitis and a pseudocyst of the pancreas. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an encapsulated multilocular cystic mass 5 cm in diameter in the pancreatic tail. Endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated a mural nodule, and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed a communication of the lesion with the main pancreatic duct. A neoplastic cystic tumor was suspected, and a resection of the body tail of the pancreas was performed. The lesion was a multilocular cyst having a common fibrous capsule and viscous content. Histologically, the cystic lesion was lined with a single layer of columnar cells with low-grade atypia. Ovarian-type stroma (OS) was confirmed, and it showed positive for antiestrogen receptor and antiprogesteron receptor staining. Based on these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN), an adenoma that shows extraordinarily high prevalence in women. Further study on the pathogenesis of MCN in male patients should be undertaken to elucidate the process of development.     

Duodenal lesions following severe acute pancreatitis: review of 10 years' clinical experience.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute pancreatitis may result in many local and contiguous organ complications; though the pancreas is in close proximity to the duodenum anatomically, acute pancreatitis causing duodenal lesions is rarely encountered. Our aim is to retrospectively evaluate the clinical features of the duodenal lesions in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY: During the past 10 years, 1,637 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were admitted to Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Total parenteral nutrition was employed in 251 patients with acute pancreatitis, defined as 'severe acute pancreatitis'. They had all received computed tomography during the hospitalization period, and the computed tomography reports were reviewed to find patients with duodenal involvement induced from pancreatitis. We defined those patients having duodenal wall thickening, extrinsic compression of the duodenum, or other obstructive lesions seen on the computed tomography scan as evident duodenal lesion or duodenal involvement. RESULTS: Nine cases of evident duodenal lesions following severe acute pancreatitis have been documented over a 10-year period in 1 teaching medical center. The lesions were found by image study or during operation. The most frequently involved site was the second portion of the duodenum. Clinically, 1 unique case developed severe duodenal obstruction requiring surgical correction, and 7 cases recovered after supportive therapy. Of the 9, only 1 case died of multiple organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the colonic lesions caused by acute pancreatitis with a high morbidity and mortality, total parenteral nutrition yields a good prognosis in patients with evident duodenal lesions following severe acute pancreatitis.     

Description and rationale of a new operation for chronic pancreatitis

An operation is described that is useful in the management of patients with chronic pancreatitis and its complications. The operation features duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas combined with longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy of the body and tail of the pancreas. The operation has application to patients with pain or complications of chronic pancreatitis with dilated ducts in the body and tail of the pancreas who have small strictured ducts and/or small pseudocysts or ducts impacted with calculi in a markedly enlarged fibrotic pancreatic head. It also has application to patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated by common duct obstruction from small pseudocysts, fibrosis, or inflammation in the head of the pancreas. With this procedure, the common duct can often be freed up from the structures compressing it within the substance of the pancreas doing away with the necessity of a separate biliary bypass. The operation also has application to patients with a previous longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy who have recurrent or persistent pain associated with small strictured ducts in an enlarged fibrotic pancreatic head with or without common bile duct obstruction.     

Hemorrhagic pseudocyst and pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm successfully treated by pancreatectomy: report of three cases

Hemorrhagic pseudoaneurysm of pancreatic pseudocyst is one of the serious complications of acute pancreatitis. We successfully treated three patients who had hemorrhagic pseudocyst and pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm by pancreatectomy. Case 1 was 43-year-old Japanese man who had had several episodes of acute pancreatitis and was diagnosed with hemorrhagic pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery in a pseudocyst in the pancreatic tail, shown on computed tomography (CT) and angiography. Transarterial embolization (TAE) yielded hemostasis of the pseudoaneurysm, but rebleeding occurred 2 weeks after the TAE. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was successfully performed. Case 2 was a 64-year-old Japanese man who presented to us with several attacks of acute pancreatitis. Imagings showed bleeding pseudoaneurysm of the transverse pancreatic artery in a pseudocyst in the pancreatic body. Because of marked stenosis in the proximal portion of the transverse pancreatic artery, TAE was unsuccessful. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed successfully. Case 3 was a 40-year-old Japanese woman who had a history of abdominal trauma. Imagings showed bleeding pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery in a posttraumatic pseudocyst in the pancreas. TAE of the pseudoaneurysm was unsuccessful because of the proximity of the pseudoaneurysm and the splenic artery. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was successfully performed and her postoperative outcome was satisfactory. Whenever interventional radiology (IVR) is not indicated or has failed, aggressive and immediate surgical intervention should be considered for early and definitive recovery in these patients.