药用辅料聚乙二醇6000与抗癫痫原料药左乙拉西坦的相容性研究

目的 考察抗癫痫原料药左乙拉西坦与粘合剂聚乙二醇6000之间的相容性,为评估与保障药品的安全性提供依据。方法 将左乙拉西坦和不同企业生产的聚乙二醇6000按一定比例混合,依据稳定性影响因素试验方法放样,分别采用差示扫描量热法和HPLC法对左乙拉西坦与聚乙二醇6000的原辅料相容性进行分析,考察热变化、左乙拉西坦性状及有关物质前后的变化。结果 在高湿（相对湿度90%）和光照（4 500Lx）条件下放置10 d,原辅料相容性较好;在高温50℃和60℃条件下,聚乙二醇6000与左乙拉西坦发生了相互作用,左乙拉西坦杂质A、杂质总量均有不同程度的增长,并产生了两个未知杂质。不同企业、不同批次的聚乙二醇6000对左乙拉西坦有关物质的影响存在差异。结论 左乙拉西坦与聚乙二醇6000在高温条件下存在相容性风险,建议制剂企业优化产品处方,提高药品的质量与安全性。     

HPLC法测定盐酸环丙沙星的有关物质

目的 改进HPLC方法测定盐酸环丙沙星中有关物质(包括杂质A)的方法.方法 在美国药典和欧洲药典(英国药典)方法的基础上,优化了流动相系统,用梯度洗脱对盐酸环丙沙星中的有关物质进行了分离,并同时采用HPLC方法取代原TLC方法对杂质A进行定量.结果 样品中各成分的分离度及检出灵敏度完全满足有关物质限度的测定要求.结论 改进后的HPLC方法简单、专属性强,可有效控制产品的质量.     

盐酸小檗碱原料药及其片剂杂质鉴定及分析方法建立

目的：探讨植物来源盐酸小檗碱及其片剂主要杂质并鉴定未知杂质化学结构,建立有关物质分析方法,为《中国药典》2020年版盐酸小檗碱及盐酸小檗碱片有关物质分析方法的修订/增加提供参考。方法：采用LC-MS对盐酸小檗碱中主要未知杂质进行鉴定,优化《中国药典》2020年版盐酸小檗碱有关物质项下分析方法,并进行验证,同时测定多批次原料药及片剂有关物质的含量。结果：除《中国药典》2020年版盐酸小檗碱有关物质项下规定的已知杂质盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀外,首次鉴定出其余3个含量超出鉴定限（0.1%）的未知杂质去亚甲基小檗碱、小檗红碱、芬氏唐松草定碱;建立可同时测定去亚甲基小檗碱、小檗红碱、芬氏唐松草定碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的高效液相色谱法,经方法学验证,系统适用性、专属性、线性、检测限、定量限、重复性、中间精密度、准确度、耐用性均符合要求,并完成多批次样品检测。结论：在现行《中国药典》2020年版盐酸小檗碱的有关物质测定方法及限度要求基础上,优化色谱条件,同时增加对已知杂质的控制限度,更好的对盐酸小檗碱及盐酸小檗碱片进行质量控制。     

左乙拉西坦原料药细菌内毒素检查方法学研究

目的:研究左乙拉西坦原料药细菌内毒素检查方法,对凝胶法和动态显色法两种试验方法进行比较。方法:按照《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1143“细菌内毒素检查法”,用凝胶法和动态显色法两种试验方法,对3批样品进行干扰试验以及细菌内毒素检查。结果:将左乙拉西坦原料药细菌内毒素限值定为“每1mg左乙拉西坦中含内毒素的量应小于0.03 EU”,左乙拉西坦对凝胶法和动态显色法两种试验方法均无干扰作用,细菌内毒素检查结果符合规定。结论:凝胶法和动态显色法均可用于左乙拉西坦原料药细菌内毒素检测,可根据不同的需求,选择适合的检测方法。     

HPLC法检查左乙拉西坦缓释片的有关物质

目的:建立检查左乙拉西坦缓释片有关物质的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Wondasil C18,流动相为缓冲液(含磷酸二氢钾、庚烷磺酸钠,pH 2.8)-乙腈(950∶50),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为200 nm,进样量为10μl。以外标法计算杂质量。结果:左乙拉西坦酸检测质量浓度线性范围为0.168 7⁶.714μg/ml(r=1.000);低、中、高质量浓度的回收率分别为90.3%、101.7%、103.3%,RSD分别为0.17%、1.08%、0.43%(n=3);左乙拉西坦酸定量限为76.51 ng/ml。结论:建立的方法简便、准确、专属性好,可以用于左乙拉西坦缓释片中的有关物质检查。     

吉非罗齐原料药及制剂的有关物质研究

目的 控制吉非罗齐胶囊中的有关物质。方法 结合国内外标准研究吉非罗齐原料药及制剂中的有关物质,对抽验样品进行检验并分析结果。结果 共抽取6家企业共计样品143批次,按法定标准检验,合格率为100%。但现行法定标准无法完全检出吉非罗齐的已知和未知杂质,现建立了专属性更高的杂质检查方法,并通过质谱图,推测出2个未见报道的杂质(吉非罗齐三聚物和吉非罗齐异丁酯)。并进一步发现了从胶囊壳中迁移至药品中的杂质山梨酸。结论 进一步提高了吉非罗齐原料药的有关物质标准,控制了杂质A和杂质I,参照国外药典建议收紧单个杂质与总杂限度、增订吉非罗齐胶囊的有关物质检查项。     

注射用美罗培南聚合物杂质分析方法的比较研究

目的 建立注射用美罗培南聚合物杂质的测定方法,与《中国药典》2020年版及《欧洲药典》10.0版收载的与本品有关物质测定方法进行比较研究,探讨本品目前聚合物杂质测定方法存在的问题。方法 用高效凝胶色谱法(TSK G2000 SWxl凝胶渗透色谱柱)建立美罗培南聚合物杂质的分离分析方法,并评估方法的专属性;用反相高效液相色谱法(SUMIPAX ODS A-212色谱柱),参照《中国药典》2020年版及《欧洲药典》10.0版有关物质测定方法,对国内上市11家企业的33批美罗培南产品进行分析比较。结果 现有国家药品标准以及自拟的HPSEC法能够检测美罗培南聚合物杂质,但该法专属性和准确度较差;RP-HPLC法能够同时检测上市产品中存在的聚合物和小分子杂质,专属性好,但方法定量准确度需要修订。结论 HPSEC法不能有效控制注射用美罗培南聚合物杂质;《中国药典》收载的有关物质测定方法需要修订,对特定杂质增加校正因子,以便更准确反映产品杂质情况。本研究为国家药品标准的提高提供了依据。     

泮托拉唑钠有关物质分析方法的比较

目的比较并讨论《美国药典》和《中国药典》中泮托拉唑钠有关物质的检测方法,为完善泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊及肠溶片中泮托拉唑钠有关物质的检测方法提供科学依据。方法采用InertsilO DS-3柱(梯度方法100mm×4.0mm,5μm;等度方法250mm×4.6mm,5μm),分别用《中国药典》2005年版(ChP2005)、2010年版(Chp2010)和美国药典32-NF27版(USP32-NF27)原料及制剂方法测定泮托拉唑钠有关物质,并对其专属性及酸破坏结果进行比较。结果 ChP2010与USP32-NF27原料方法专属性优于另外两种方法,能将泮托拉唑钠及其有关物质较好地分离,二者分离效果基本一致,检出杂质的量也基本一致,各杂质相对保留时间近似相同。结论 ChP2010尚无关于片剂或胶囊剂质量标准的相关规定。泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊国家药品标准WS1-(X-198)-2004Z与泮托拉唑钠肠溶片国家药品标准WS1-(X-120)-2003Z中有关物质检查项仍沿用ChP2005方法,检出杂质较少,无法客观评价其质量。因此建议将泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊国家药品标准及泮托拉唑钠肠溶片国家药品标准有关物质检查方法改为更能客观评价其质量的ChP2010泮托拉唑钠原料有关物质检查方法,并对杂质峰的位置及单一杂质限度作出详细规定。     

薄层色谱法检查注射用盐酸丁卡因中的有关物质的研究

目的 检查新药注射用盐酸丁卡因的有关物质。方法 现版中国药典与美国药典均采用TLC法。结果 强光照射试验后中国药典法未检出杂斑点而美国药典法能检出杂斑点。结论 采用美国药典法适用于注射用盐酸丁卡因有关物质的检出。     

左旋泮托拉唑钠有关物质测定方法研究

目的对2005年版和2010年版《中国药典》、32版《美国药典》、2009年版《英国药典》中泮托拉唑钠的有关物质测定方法进行比较研究,建立左旋泮托拉唑钠有关物质测定方法。方法参考三国药典泮托拉唑的有关物质测定方法对左旋泮托拉唑钠进行测定,比较测定结果的差异。结果四种方法测定结果无明显差异,2005年版《中国药典》条件下样品溶液稳定性较差。结论按照2009年版《英国药典》的杂质限度要求,可采用2010年版《中国药典》方法控制左旋泮托拉唑钠质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.