多囊卵巢综合征对子宫内膜容受性的影响

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是引起无排卵性不孕的主要原因。目前,多种促排卵治疗已能使PCOS患者获得较好的排卵率,但仍然存在着床率低、流产率高的问题。子宫内膜容受性是影响胚胎着床和发育的重要因素。PCOS患者存在高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗(IR)及高胰岛素血症(HI)等复杂的内分泌和代谢异常,这些因素通过不同途径影响子宫内膜容受性,这可能是PCOS患者着床率低下及流产率增高的重要原因之一。本文综述PCOS对子宫内膜容受性的影响。     

同型半胱氨酸在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是女性常见的内分泌疾病,主要以排卵障碍、卵巢呈多囊样改变和高雄激素血症为特征。同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是在蛋氨酸循环期间形成的含硫氨基酸,最新发现高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)与PCOS密切相关,影响着PCOS的卵母细胞质量、高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗(IR)和高胰岛素血症,并且是其远期并发症如不良妊娠结局、心血管疾病、妊娠糖尿病的潜在危险因素。本文综述近年Hcy与PCOS的相关研究,旨在为PCOS临床诊断和治疗提供新的依据。     

高胰岛素血症与多囊卵巢综合征大鼠排卵障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨高胰岛素血症参与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)排卵障碍的可能机制。方法(1)按改良Poretsky法建立PCOS动物模型,采用测定空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA1-IR);HE染色观察卵巢病理变化验证模型。(2)采用免疫组织化学方法检测卵巢组织生长分化因子9(GDF-9)蛋白质的表达。结果(1)与正常对照组比较,高胰岛素血症组FBG、FINS、T、HOMA1-IR显著升高(P<0.01)。(2)高胰岛素血症组各发育阶段卵泡数明显减少,但囊性扩张的卵泡和闭锁卵泡增多,卵泡膜细胞增生,卵泡间的间质明显增厚。(3)高胰岛素血症组卵巢组织GDF-9蛋白质表达显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论高胰岛素血症可能通过抑制GDF-9在卵巢组织的表达,使卵泡发育停滞、闭锁而导致排卵障碍。     

多囊卵巢综合征伴无排卵不育的治疗

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是无排卵不育最常见的原因。高胰岛素血症及高雄激素血症与无排卵有关。生活方式调整,降低体重、采用胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍和(或)口服避孕药可改善病理状况,或与其他药物合用诱导排卵。克罗米芬(CC)仍是促排卵的一线药物,如果失败可采用低剂量促性腺激素。芳香化酶抑制剂有可能在未来替代CC。腹腔镜下卵巢打孔术是诱导排卵的另一种方法。也可选择超声下经阴道小卵泡穿刺术治疗耐CC的PCOS不育患者。当所有方法失败,采用体外受精-胚胎移植可取得良好效果。结论:无排卵不育的PCOS患者经积极治疗多数能获得成功。     

79例多囊卵巢综合征患者血清C肽水平测定分析

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是一种以内分泌紊乱为主伴多种代谢异常的临床综合征,基本的病理生理改变为无排卵性月经异常及高雄激素血症。近年来的研究表明胰岛素抵抗（IR）与PCOS的发病过程相关,IR可能是PCOS发生发展的重要因素之一,IR所产生的代偿性高胰岛素血症,可引起糖代谢、脂代谢紊乱,增加心血管病的危险。     

多囊卵巢综合征与高同型半胱氨酸血症相关性的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一组以内分泌代谢紊乱为主的综合征,临床表现主要包括月经稀发、排卵障碍、高雄激素血症以及卵巢多囊样改变。PCOS患者发生2型糖尿病、动脉硬化以及心血管疾病的风险增加,这主要和PCOS患者体内各种因素导致的胰岛素代谢紊乱和血管内皮系统损伤有关。同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)作为血管内皮损伤的标志之一,是心血管疾病发病的独立危险因素,PCOS患者往往伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteinemia,HHCY),这可能是导致PCOS患者心血管并发症的重要因素之一。目前PCOS患者体内HCY水平升高的机制尚未完全清楚,现就国内外这方面的研究进展做一综述。     

多囊卵巢综合征与复发性流产的研究进展

复发性流产(RSA)的发生与多种因素相关,包括年龄、遗传、内分泌与代谢障碍、免疫因素、子宫发育异常、血栓形成倾向、感染、精液质量和生活方式等。多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种以持续性无排卵、多卵泡不成熟、雄激素水平升高和胰岛素抵抗为主要特征的生殖功能障碍与糖代谢异常并存的内分泌紊乱综合征。PCOS患者RSA的发生率明显高于普通人群,30%~40%的PCOS患者存在自然流产史。目前,PCOS患者易发生RSA的具体发病机制尚不明确,可能与高黄体生成素血症、高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、高泌乳素血症、黄体功能不全、血栓形成等有关。本文从上述方面对PCOS患者发生RSA的常见原因及其预防进行综述。     

性激素结合球蛋白在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是女性常见的内分泌疾病,主要以排卵障碍,卵巢呈多囊样改变和高雄激素血症为特征。性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)主要作用是结合睾酮和雌激素,调节性激素在血中的浓度。本文对SHBG基因表达水平与PCOS,SHBG水平和胰岛素抵抗(IR)、高雄激素血症、2型糖尿病、代谢综合征(MS)、妊娠糖尿病、乳腺癌和子宫内膜癌等远期并发症的相关性进行综述,以期为PCOS的诊断提供一定参考,为临床治疗提供指导。     

腹腔镜治疗多囊卵巢综合征

1简介 多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS）是一种常见的内分泌疾病,在育龄期女性中的发病率为6％～8％,是导致无排卵性不孕最常见的原因（约75％）。诊断依据临床表现（肥胖、月经稀发／闭经,多毛）,生化改变（血清黄体生成素及雄激素水平升高）及超声影像特点（卵巢多囊样增大）。PCOS患者还可能存在胰岛素抵抗及代偿性的高胰岛素血症。     

减重手术在多囊卵巢综合征治疗中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS）是女性常见内分泌紊乱性疾病,其发生率近10%。表现为无排卵、高雄激素血症及超声显示卵巢的多囊改变。多数患者伴有代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）,表现为高血压、高血脂、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及糖耐量异常。     

Treatment of Metformin on women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appears to be the most common endocrine disorders of women. It is associated with significant reproductive, endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular morbidity. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which result in hyperandrogenemia have been documented as a central role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Treatment with insulin sensitizer, metformin, has been shown to follow by regularization of menstrual cycle, improved response to ovulation induction and reduction of hyperandrogenism. It possibly prevents early trimester pregnancy loss and decrease the risk of developing type Ⅱ diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article aims to review the current evidence on the use of metformin in women with PCOS.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者血纤溶能力的研究

目的了解多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的血纤溶能力及服用二甲双胍后血纤溶能力的变化。方法(1)对照组20例、PCOS患者30例,分别取血检测组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活抑制物(PAI-1)的活性;(2)PCOS高胰岛素血症者10例,分别给予二甲双胍750~1 500 mg/d治疗,比较治疗前、后t-PA、PAI-1活性。结果PCOS组的血胰岛素(INS)、游离睾酮(F-T)t、-PA、PAI-1分别为(24.42±12.30)mU/L(、2.70±1.50)ng/L、(0.17±0.06)KU/L(、0.88±0.05)AU/ml,对照组分别为(10.04±6.12)mU/L(、1.70±1.00)ng/L(、0.28±0.04)KU/L、(0.70±0.09)AU/ml。10例PCOS患者经二甲双胍治疗后INS、F-Tt、-PA、PAI-1分别为(12.20±7.78)mU/L、(1.70±1.00)ng/L、(0.26±0.08)KU/L、(0.70±0.35)AU/ml。结论PCOS患者的血纤溶能力低于正常者,而服用二甲双胍后血纤溶能力明显改善。     

AMP kinase activation increases glucose uptake, decreases apoptosis, and improves pregnancy outcome in embryos exposed to high IGF-I concentrations

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome are at increased risk of miscarriage. Although evidence exists that metformin reduces this risk, the mechanism is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that AMP kinase (AMPK) activation with metformin directly improves insulin signaling within the blastocyst, leading to improved pregnancy outcomes. Murine embryos were exposed to 200 nmol/l IGF-I, similar to the concentrations that can occur during polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Resulting blastocysts were compared with embryos cocultured with excess IGF-I plus metformin and embryos cultured in control medium for the following: AMPK phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and apoptosis. Study and control blastocysts were also transferred into control animals. On embryonic day (E) 14.5, resulting fetuses were examined for size and rates of fetal implantation and resorption. Compared with control blastocysts, blastocysts exposed to high concentrations of IGF-I showed a decrease in AMPK activation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and an increase in the number of apoptotic nuclei. Blastocysts cocultured in metformin and excess IGF-I performed as well as controls in all studies. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-d-ribofuranoside, another AMPK activator, also prevented the effects of excess IGF-I on blastocysts. Implantation rates and fetal size at day 14.5 were significantly lower among IGF-I-exposed embryos transferred into control mothers compared with control embryos transferred into control mothers. Both of these parameters were reversed by co-incubation with metformin and IGF-I before transfer. Activation of embryonic AMPK may be the mechanism responsible for the improved pregnancy outcomes seen in PCOS patients taking metformin.     

二甲双胍联合复方醋酸环丙孕酮预治疗对多囊卵巢综合征不育患者促排卵疗效的影响

目的观察多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者经二甲双胍联合复方醋酸环丙孕酮预治疗后的内分泌、糖及脂代谢变化及随后促排卵效果。方法测定65例PCOS患者的基础内分泌、糖及脂代谢指标并与30例非PCOS不育患者比较。对 50例PCOS患者给予二甲双胍联合复方醋酸环丙酮治疗,3个月后复查内分泌、糖及脂代谢指标,停药后给予克罗米芬(CC) 及人绝经期促性腺激素(HMG)促排卵(观察组);未经上述药物治疗的15例PCOS患者直接行促排卵治疗(对~g11)。比较各组卵泡发育、排卵及妊娠情况。结果65例PCOS患者基础促黄体生成素(LH)、睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)、空腹胰岛素(FI)、空腹血糖／空腹胰岛素比值(FG／FI)及甘油三脂(T-Ch)、总胆固醇(TG)水平高于非PCOS不育患者(P<0.001～P<0.05), 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平低于非PCOS不育患者(P<0．05);观察组经治疗后LH、T及E2分别下降58．9％、38％及30．1％,载脂蛋白B(apoB)及HDL—C上升17．2％及20％(P<0．001～P<0．05),FI及FG／FI虽有不同程度下降及上升, 但差异无显著性。促排卵结果:排卵率71．7％、妊娠率38％,均明显高于对照组(P<0．05)。结论二甲双胍联合复方醋酸环丙孕酮治疗可有效改善PCOS患者内分泌及糖、脂代谢紊乱,改善卵巢对促排卵药物的敏感性,提高排卵率及临床妊娠率,对PCOS不育妇女不失为良好的预治疗方法。     

Effect of pretreatment with compound cyproterone acetate-metformin combination on the outcome of ovulation induction in the infertility women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Objective: To observe the effects of compound cyproterone acetate (Daine-35) in combination with metformin on the endocrinologic, metabolic changes and the outcomes of ovulation induction in the infertility women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: A prospective study recruited 65 PCOS patients and 30 non-PCOS infertility women. The body mass index (BMI), waist: hip ratio (WHR), Ferriman-Gallwey score, gonadotrophin, testosterone (T), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, apoA, apoB and HDL-cholesterol were determined in all patients before the treatment and served as the baseline. At the end of 12-week therapy, these parameters were re-measured. 50 PCOS infertile patients as study group were treated with combination of Daine-35 with metformin for three months. Clomiphene citrate (CC) and human menopause gonadotrophin (hMG) were added for three cycles to induce ovulation. Other 15 PCOS cases as control group directly underwent ovulation induction with CC and hMG for three cycles. Results: The PCOS patients had higher levels of LH, T, E2, fasting insulin, FG/FI, total cholesterol and triglyceride, and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol when compared with the non-PCOS women (P<0.001-P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of LH, T, E2 were significantly decreased (58.9%, 38% and 30.1%, respectively) and the levels of apoB and HDL-C were significantly increased (17.2% and 20%, respectively) in the study group (P<0.001-P<0.05). FI and FG/FI showed a slight change in the study group, but no significant difference was found. The rates of ovulation and pregnancy were higher than those in control group (71% vs 60.5% and 38% vs 13.3%, respectively).Conclusions: Metformin in combination with compound cyproterone acetate (Daine-35) therapy may normalize the endocrine and metabolic abnormalities, and improve the ovarian response to ovulation induction drugs and increase the pregnancy rate of infertility patients with PCOS.     

Polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A state-of-the-art review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) often coexists with a wide spectrum of dysglycemic conditions, ranging from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), which occur to a greater extent compared to healthy body mass index-matched women. This concurrence of disorders is mainly attributed to common pathogenetic pathways linking the two entities, such as insulin resistance. However, due to methodological flaws in the available studies and the multifaceted nature of the syndrome, there has been substantial controversy as to the exact association between T2D and PCOS which has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this review is to present the best available evidence regarding the epidemiology of dysglycemia in PCOS, the unique pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the progression of dysglycemia, the most appropriate methods for assessing glycemic status and the risk factors for T2D development in this population, as well as T2D risk after transition to menopause. Proposals for application of a holistic approach to enable optimal management of T2D risk in PCOS are also provided. Specifically, adoption of a healthy lifestyle with adherence to improved dietary patterns, such the Mediterranean diet, avoidance of consumption of endocrine-disrupting foods and beverages, regular exercise, and the effect of certain medications, such as metformin and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, are discussed. Furthermore, the maintenance of a healthy weight is highlighted as a key factor in achievement of a significant reduction of T2D risk in women with PCOS.     

瘦素与多囊卵巢综合征发病及体外受精结局的相关研究

目的探讨血清及卵泡液瘦素(leptin)水平与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病的关系和对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法采用放射免疫法测定进行IVF-ET的20例PCOS患者(PCOS组)和20例非PCOS患者(对照组)卵泡液中leptin、胰岛素(INS)水平以及同期血清中leptin水平,PCOS患者经二甲双胍和口服避孕药(OC)预治疗三个月。结果PCOS组卵泡液及血清leptin水平均高于对照组(12.87±7.34 vs 10.10±5.15)、(13.65±7.75 vs 10.53±4.65),但差异无显著性,卵泡液及血清leptin水平均与卵泡液INS水平呈正相关(r=0.578、r=0.682,P均<0.01)。PCOS患者卵泡液低leptin组成熟卵细胞率高于高leptin组,差异有统计学意义(94%vs 86%,P<0.05),血清leptin水平与卵裂率呈负相关(r=-0.501,P<0.05)。结论PCOS患者体内leptin可能与卵泡液INS共同参与PCOS发生发展,leptin可能主要通过影响卵母细胞成熟、受精卵分裂而影响妊娠成功率。     

A study on lifestyle adjustment and insulin sensitizing treatment in PCOS-IR women

Objective:To compare the efficacy of lifestyle adjustment,metformin and rosiglitazone on women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance(PCOS-IR)Methods:A randomized controlled trial(RCT)was carried out in Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH),One hundred and six women with PCOS were randomly allocated to three intervention groups:lifestyle adjustment,lifestyle adjustment plus metformin,lifestyle adjustment plus rosiglitazone group,patients were treated with lifestyle adjustment(diet and exercise),lifestyle adjustment plus metformin(500mg three times daily),lifestyle adjustment plus rosiglitazone(4mg once daily)for three months.Sixty patients completed treatments,basal body temperature(BBT),total testosterone as well as fasting serum insulin and lipid levels were measured and compared in all patients before and after lifestyle adjustment.Results:No significant differences were found in the baseline characteristics among three groups.In lifestyle adjustment group 51%(22/43)patients completed treatment,23%(5/22)patients resumed ovulation.In lifestyle adjustment plus metformin group 58%(21/36)patients completed treatment,43%(9/21)patients resumed ovulation.In lifestyle adjustment plus rosiglitazone group 63%(17/27)patients completed treatment,59%(10/17)patients resumed ovulation.Ovulation rate was significantly higher in lifestyle adjustment plus rosiglitazone group than that in weight loss group.There was no significant difference among three groups in body mass index(BMI),waist circumference,waist-hip ratio(WHR),sex hormone,serum fasting insulin and lipid levels after treatment.Conclusions:Lifestyle adjustment,metformin and rosiglitazone treatment can improve ovulation each.