全覆膜食管金属支架治疗高位食管疾病

目的评价全覆膜食管金属支架在高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心2005年5月至2013年7月间,应用16mm全覆膜食管金属支架对84例高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘进行治疗。其中食管癌性狭窄31例,食管外压性狭窄2例,食管癌放疗后狭窄10例,食管癌术后复发致狭窄4例,吻合口狭窄27例,内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄1例,食管．气管瘘7例,食管一纵隔瘘1例,食管癌术后残胃瘘1例。狭窄或瘘口上缘距中切牙距离15～20cm者48例,大于20cm者36例。结果84例患者共置入100枚支架,术中无出血和穿孔等并发症发生。支架置入术后患者吞咽困难、呛咳症状均迅速缓解。术后并发症发生率为6．0％（5／84）,其中严重胸痛2例,经止痛药物缓解;气管塌陷1例,予气管切开术;支架移位2例,内镜下应用异物钳对支架位置进行调整。76例（90．5％）患者获得完整随访,5-3％（4／76）的患者出现再狭窄,2．6％（2／76）新发食管．气管瘘;其中5例接受再次内镜下置入全覆膜金属支架术并获成功,另1例经沙氏探条扩张及氩离子凝固术治疗效果满意。结论全覆膜食管金属支架治疗高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘安全、有效,可考虑作为临床首选。     

金属支架治疗食管狭窄的价值

目的　评价金属支架治疗食管良、恶性狭窄的价值。方法　采用镍钛合金 (不带膜 )和317L合金 (带膜 )支架治疗食管狭窄 2 7例 (4例食管胃吻合口狭窄、2 3例恶性狭窄 ) ,包括 5例食管呼吸道瘘。置放支架方法为先经胃镜行食管扩张 ,再于X线下置管的二部法。吞咽状况用Neuhaus分级评估。结果　病人术后吞咽分级降低 2个等级。狭窄部直径由 (3 16± 1 83)mm扩张至 (14 6 2± 3 12 )mm(P <0 0 1)。带膜金属支架可使瘘口完全封闭。术后近、远期并发症发生率为 40 7% (11/ 2 7) ,依次为支架移位 3例、出血 3例、剧烈疼痛 2例、再狭窄 3例。结论　金属支架治疗食管恶性狭窄是有效的姑息方法 ,带膜支架治疗食管呼吸道瘘相当有效     

金属支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄的临床应用价值

目的:探讨金属支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄的临床价值。方法:采用内镜法,介入法,用国产镍钛合金带膜和不带膜支架治疗食管胃吻合口狭窄32例,吞咽状况困难分级评估。结果:支架置入术成功率100％,近期疗效满意,病人术后吞困难由2级、3级放善到0级,狭窄直径由0.3cm～0.5扩张到1.5cm～1.8cm,近期无严重并发出现。术后远期并发症发生率为50％,依次为再狭窄10例,支架移位6例。结论:食管胃良性吻合口狭窄应慎重使用支架置入术。     

食管金属要治疗食管良,恶性狭窄

目的 通过对１２４例食管良、恶性狭窄患者的治疗,探讨食管金属支架治疗的临床效果、适应证、并发症以及治疗过程中存在的问题。方法 食管狭窄患者在内窥镜和食管Ｘ线透视下进行食管金属支架治疗。分别置入镍钛记忆合金支架８３例次,带膜不风支架４７例次。结果 金属支架操作均一次性完成,位置良好,支架扩张内径１．２￣１．６ｃｍ,吞咽困难程度由术前的３．３５％下降至１．０５％,患者恢复正常饮食。并发症为下胸痛、反流     

食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘患者行覆膜内支架置入术的临床效果观察

目的:回顾性分析和评价食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘患者行覆膜内支架置入术的临床效果。方法:对26例食管癌放疗后并发狭窄及食管气管瘘患者,在数字减影血管造影技术支持下行覆膜食管内金属支架置入术,充分做围术期的专科护理和治疗,观察患者行介入治疗前后的症状变化和不良反应。结果:26例患者均一次性顺利置入覆膜内金属支架,呛咳、进食困难等症状明显改善,有效地预防和控制了呼吸道炎症。术后1周有效率100%,明显改善了患者的生活质量。结论 :采用覆膜内支架置入治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘效果确切,安全性高,能够改善患者的预后和生存质量。     

食管良恶性狭窄支架成形术的临床作用

目的 探讨镍钛记忆合金支架在食管癌性梗阻、食管吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘、贲门失弛缓症中的临床应用价值。方法 对22例食管良恶性狭窄,采用X线电视定位,经口插管技术,将金属支架准确送入狭窄段,支架膨开后,重新建立食物通道。结果 置管后,吞咽困难程度由术前平均3．1级改善为1．2级。2例吻合口瘘,1例食管气管瘘得到封堵。随访1～12个月,3例死于肿瘤恶液质。1例死于消化道大出血,其余18例尚在随访中。结论 食管支架成形术是治疗食管良恶性狭窄、吻合口瘘可选择方法之一,对提高患生活质量,延长生命发挥着重要作用。     

带膜记忆合金支架置入术治疗恶性食管狭窄的临床应用

目的:总结食管带膜支架置入术治疗恶性食管狭窄、食管气管瘘及食管纵隔瘘的临床应用.材料和方法:恶性食管狭窄15例,其中合并食管气管瘘或食管纵隔瘘4例,全部病例均在电视透视监视下完成操作.结果:本组病例均一次性顺利完成支架置放,其中1例关年后再狭窄置入第2枚支架.结论:食管带膜支架置入术是治疗手术无能的食管恶性狭窄的有效方法,对延长患者生存期及提高患者生存期生活质量起到了里示著作用,手术操作安全、适用.     

食管金属支架治疗食管良、恶性狭窄

目的　通过对 12 4例食管良、恶性狭窄患者的治疗 ,探讨食管金属支架治疗的临床效果、适应证、并发症以及治疗过程中存在的问题。　方法　食管狭窄患者在内窥镜和食管 X线透视下进行食管金属支架治疗。分别置入镍钛记忆合金支架 83例次 ,带膜不锈钢支架 47例次。　结果　金属支架操作均一次性完成 ,位置良好 ,支架扩张内径1.2～ 1.6 cm ,吞咽困难程度由术前的 3.35 %下降至 1.0 5 % ,患者恢复正常饮食。并发症为下胸痛、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血等 ,无食管穿孔和手术死亡。　结论　食管金属支架治疗食管狭窄操作简单、效果确切 ,能提高晚期食管癌、贲门癌患者的生存质量 ,但对贲门失弛缓症等良性疾患的金属支架治疗需慎重 ,要掌握适应证。     

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目的 探讨经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术治疗肠道恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法 经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术共治疗12例肠道恶性梗阻的病人，其中十二指肠恶性狭窄5例，直肠恶性狭窄5例，乙状结肠恶性狭窄2例。结果 5例十二指肠恶性梗阻经水囊扩张后放置支架成功，均解除梗阻症状。7例结直肠恶性梗阻中，4例扩张后放置金属支架作姑息治疗，2例经扩张和支架治疗解除梗阻后接受手术治疗，1例直肠癌术后狭窄伴盆腔广泛转移者扩张治疗失败。结论 经内镜水囊扩张和金属支架置入术治疗肠道恶性狭窄梗阻是一种操作简单、经济有效、并发症少的方法，可以显著减少病人的创伤和痛苦，提高病人的生活质量。     

125I内照射联合金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨125I粒子与内支架结合治疗食管恶性狭窄的可行性及相关疗效。方法本组16例食管恶性狭窄的患者,临床分级为3~4期,在X线透视下经口腔将125I粒子联合内支架植入到患者食管内狭窄段进行治疗,术后随访并发症及疗效。结果16例患者125I粒子联合内支架植入均顺利释放,释放过程中未出现放射粒子脱落现象;所有患者术后吞咽困难症状消除或明显缓解,无明显并发症。结论125I内照射联合金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄,是一种安全、可行和有效的方法。     

The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant esophageal strictures and fistulas.

OBJECTIVES: Esophageal strictures and esophagorespiratory fistulas are complications of malignant esophageal tumors, which are difficult to manage. The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for palliation of malignant esophageal strictures and fistulas was investigated prospectively. METHODS: Forty-three SEMS were inserted in 41 patients with malignant esophageal stricture or fistula. Our series included 32 men and nine women, of whom median age was 61.4 years. Twenty nine stents were inserted for stricture, ten for esophago-tracheal fistula, and four esophago-pleural fistula. Stents were inserted endoscopically under fluoroscopic control. RESULTS: SEMS implantation was technically successful in 40 of 41 patients. A second stenting was needed in two patients. Median dysphagia score improved from 3.4 to 1.3. The covered SEMS was succesful in completely sealing 85.7% of the fistulas. Complication occurred in 11 (26.8%) patients. Especially in the case of tumor stenoses in the distal esophagus, complication rate was higher (44%). In total six patients (14.6%) died after stent placement during early postoperative period. Procedure-related mortality was 4.8% (2/41). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions, including esophagorespiratory fistulas, with SEMS is an alternative palliative procedure. Furthermore SEMS implantation seems more safe in the case of tumor stenoses locating in the middle esophagus.     

食管贲门癌切除消化道重建术后胃狭窄

目的 分析食管癌和贲门癌切除术后胃狭窄的临床特点，探讨其病因、诊断和治疗方法。方法 对1998年1月至2004年12月收治的9例食管癌和贲门癌术后出现胃狭窄患者的临床表现、影像学特征、内镜检查和治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 本组男8例，女1例。年龄49～71岁，中位年龄62岁。症状主要为术后吞咽困难。狭窄部位以吻合口以下的胃黏膜缺失，纤维瘢痕增生为主要特征，其长度为1．5～5．0cm，中位长度2．0cm；宽0．1～0．5cm，中位宽度0．3cm。有7例采用单纯食管扩张术均无效，8例施行经口食管支架置入术，可正常饮食。随访期5—60个月，中位时间12个月。支架置入术后再狭窄11例次（包括6例次支架脱落，1例次支架移位，4例次肉芽生长阻塞），颈部切口化脓感染1例，上消化道大出血1例。结论 食管癌和贲门癌切除术后胃狭窄应结合临床症状、钡餐和内镜检查进行诊断；治疗首选放置非自扩支架或全覆膜自扩支架。     

覆膜支架在中晚期食管癌的应用53例

目的评价覆膜支架应用于中晚期不能切除的食管癌性狭窄的姑息治疗效果。方法进食困难的中晚期食管癌患者53例(其中8例为食管气管瘘),在X线透视下进行支架置入治疗,并随访6个月～1年。结果53例全部成功置入了被覆金属支架,术后病人的进食状况明显改善,生活质量有不同程度提高。结论置入食管被覆支架治疗中晚期食管癌性梗阻是一种安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

Polyflex self-expanding,removable plastic stents: assessment of treatment efficacy and safety in a variety of benign and malignant conditions of the esophagus

Background Historically, esophageal fistulas, perforations, and benign and malignant strictures have been managed surgically or with the placement of permanent endoprostheses or metallic stents. Recently, a removable, self-expanding, plastic stent has become available. The authors investigated the use of this new stent at their institution. Methods The study reviewed all the patients who received a Polyflex stent for an esophageal indication at the authors’ institution between January 2004 and October 2006. Duration of placement, complications, and treatment efficacy were recorded. Results A total of 37 stents were placed in 30 patients (14 women and 16 men) with a mean age of 68 years (range, 28–92 years). Stent placement included 7 for fistulas, 3 for perforations, 1 for an anastomotic leak, 7 for malignant strictures, and 19 for benign strictures (8 anastomotic, 1 caustic, 5 reflux, 2 radiation, and 2 autoimmune esophagitis strictures, and 1 post-Nissen gas bloat stricture). The mean follow-up period was 6 months. Stent deployment was successful for all the patients, and no complications resulted from stent placement or removal. Nine stents migrated spontaneously. Three of three perforations and three of five fistulas sealed. Only one stent was removed because of patient discomfort. One patient with a radiation stricture experienced tracheoesophageal fistulas secondary to pressure necrosis. Of 20 patients with stricture, 18 experienced improvement in their dysphagia. Conclusion Self-expanding, removable plastic stents are easily and safely placed and removed from the esophagus. This has facilitated their use in the authors’ institution for an increasing number of esophageal conditions. Further studies to help define their ultimate role in benign and malignant esophageal pathology are warranted.     

Surgical Treatment of an Aortoesophageal Fistula Caused by Stent Implantation for Esophageal Stenosis: Report of a Case

An aortoesophageal fistula is uncommon, but almost always fatal. We report a case of an aortoesophageal fistula that developed after stent dilation for an esophageal stricture caused by benign esophagitis. As soon as esophageal hemorrhaging was identified by endoscopy, the patient was transferred to the operating theater; however, the uncontrollable and massive bleeding resulted in pulseless shock. The digestive surgeon put side-clamps on the descending aorta and esophagus and transferred the patient to our hospital. We identified an aortoesophageal fistula, 3.0 mm in diameter, in the descending aorta, and performed a graft replacement of the descending aorta and esophagectomy. It was immediately evident that the edge of the stent had been sticking into the aortic wall, which had caused the fistula. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful surgical treatment of an aortoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal stent dilatation.     

应用带膜支架治疗晚期食管癌贲门癌

目的　探讨置入国产CZES型自膨式带膜支架 ,结合其它疗法综合施治重症晚期食管癌贲门癌病人的疗效。方法　采用内镜法、介入法、混合法、手术法 ,为晚期食管癌、贲门癌、食管瘘、吻合口漏、吻合口癌复发或吻合口狭窄病人 15 1例 ,共置入 15 9个支架 ,继而 132例实施放、化疗和中药综合施治。结果　疗效满意 ,明显改善了病人生活质量 ,体质增强 ,进食困难分级由 3.12级降至 1.0 5级 ,肿瘤缩小 2 2～ 3 4cm ,体重增加 1～ 6kg ,置入支架后生存 1 5～ 36个月。结论　置入支架结合综合施治行之有效 ,操作简便、安全可靠 ,适用于临床 ,易于推广     

Expandable metal stent placement for benign colorectal obstruction: outcomes for 23 cases

Background Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are an established treatment for palliation of malignant colorectal strictures and as a bridge to surgery for acute malignant colonic obstruction. Patients with benign colonic strictures may benefit from stent placement, but little data exist for this indication. Methods All cases of colonic stent placement identified from a prospectively collected gastrointestinal database from April 1999 to August 2006 were reviewed. During the study period, 23 patients with benign obstructive disease underwent endoscopic SEMS placement. The etiologies of the stricture were diverticular/inflammatory (n = 16), postsurgical anastomotic (n = 3), radiation-induced (n = 3), and Crohn’s (n = 1) disease. All strictures were located in the left colon. Five patients had an associated colonic fistula. Uncovered Enteral Wallstents or Ultraflex Precision Colonic stents (Boston Scientific) were endoscopically placed in all but one patient. Results Stent placement was technically successful for all 23 patients, and obstruction was relieved for 22 patients (95%). Major complications occurred in 38% of the patients including migration (n = 2), reobstruction (n = 4), and perforation (n = 2). Of these major complications, 87% occurred after 7 days. Four patients did not undergo an operation. Of the 19 patients who underwent planned surgical resection, 16 were successfully decompressed and converted from an emergent operation to an elective one with a median time to surgical resection of 12 days (range, 2 days to 18 months). Surgery was delayed more than 30 days after stent placement for six of these patients. Of the 19 patients who underwent a colectomy, 8 (42%) did not need a stoma after stent insertion. Conclusions SEMS can effectively decompress high-grade, benign colonic obstruction, thereby allowing elective surgery. The use of SEMS can offer medium-term symptom relief for benign colorectal strictures, but this approach is associated with a high rate of delayed complications. Thus, if elective surgery is planned, data from this small study suggest that it should be performed within 7 days of stent placement. Podium presentation at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Esophageal Surgeons (SAGES), 18–22 April 2007 at Las Vegas, NV, USA     

Self-expanding metal stent for tracheobronchial strictures.

To determine the role of expandable metal stent (Wallstent) in treating tracheobronchial strictures, 12 patients with recurrent symptoms of airway obstruction due to either benign or malignant strictures were studied. The seven benign strictures were anastomotic stricture following sleeve resection (2) and single lung transplant (1), tracheal amyloidosis (1), idiopathic chondritis (2), and post-tracheostomy stricture (1). The five malignant strictures were due to recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of trachea (1), large-cell carcinoma of lung (1), recurrent laryngeal squamous carcinoma (1), squamous carcinoma of the trachea (1), and malignant melanoma (1). The placement of stents was performed under rigid bronchoscopic guidance with no complications. All patients with benign strictures derived subjective and functional improvement with stenting. No evidence of restenosis within the stented segment in six of the seven benign strictures was found within up to 24 months. Repeated diathermy resection was required in the patient with recurrent amyloidosis through the distal end of the stent. Among the malignant strictures, symptomatic relief was achieved in four of the five patients. One metal stent migrated proximally and was replaced by a Montgomery T tube. One patient with relief of stridor died at 4 months due to carcinomatosis. Tumour ingrowth through the metal stent remains problematic in two patients. However, the incidence of palliative interventions required has markedly reduced after stenting.     

Self-expanding Polyflex plastic stents in esophageal disease: various indications,complications, and outcomes

Background Esophageal stenting has become an important technique in the treatment of different clincal problems such as malignant or benign stenosis, anastomotic leaks after surgery, or fistulas. In this study we present our experience with the self-expanding Polyflex plastic stent in various indications, arising complications, and patient’s outcomes. Methods Over a three-year period, 35 patients underwent self-expanding Polyflex plastic stent placement for esophageal stenosis (n = 23) with 22 malignant, and for perforations, fistulas, or anastomotic leaks after surgery (n = 12). The short-term efficacy and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Results In patients with stenosis, implantation was performed without any complications in 91% (21/23). In one patient perforation occurred while passing the stenosis; in another patient the stent dislocated during the insertion procedure. Dysphagia score improved from 3.0 to 1.0 after stenting. In all patients with perforations, fistulas, or anastomotic leaks (n = 12), stents were placed successfully without any complication. Complete sealing of the mucosal defect was proven by radiography in 92% (n = 11) and healing was seen in 42% (n = 5). If indicated, stent removal was performed without any complications. Stent migration (n = 13; 37%) was the most common long-term complication. Conclusions The placement of self-expanding Polyflex plastic stents is a highly sufficient and cost-effective treatment for malignant and benign esophageal disorders. Because the long-term results were highly favorable, self-expanding plastic stent placement could be used as the initial treatment for various conditions.