表皮下大疱病的鉴别诊断和抗原表达区域性差别的研究

通过间接免疫荧光和盐裂皮损周围皮肤直接免疫荧光（简称盐裂ＤＩＦ），分别研究正常人皮肤、类天疱疮（ＢＰ）及获得性大疱性表皮松解症（ＥＢＡ）抗原表达的区域性差别和表皮下大疱病鉴别诊断。 窝、肘窝、上背、下背、股内侧和下腹部皮肤ＢＰ抗原表达率较高；膝、阳窝、足背、肘、肘窝和下腹部皮肤ＥＢＡ抗原表达率较高。皮肤ＤＩＦ显示２５例表皮下大疱病中１６例（６４％）基底膜带有Ｃ３或ＩｇＧ或伴Ｃ３和ＩｇＡ沉积；盐裂ＤＩＦ表明２５例（１００％）均有ＩｇＧ或伴Ｃ３和ＩｇＡ沉积在表皮侧或真皮侧。结果提示，ＢＰ抗原高表达率与皮损好发部位相一致；ＥＢＡ抗原高表达率一部分与皮损好发部位一致。盐裂ＤＩＦ不仅提高ＤＩＦ阳性率，而且根据免疫反应物沉积部位可以鉴别出ＢＰ与ＥＢＡ以及大疱性系统性红斑狼疮。     

SLE患者外周血单个核细胞中IL—10与γ干扰素的表达

为了探讨系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）患者中ＴＨ２／ＴＨ１型细胞因子自然表达的趋势,用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）法检测了１０名正常人和１５例活动期ＳＬＥ患外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）中白介素１０（ＩＬ－１０）和γ干扰素（ＩＦＮγ）ｍＲＮＡ表达的水平。结果,与正常人相比,活动期ＳＬＥ患者ＰＢＭＣ中ＩＬ－１０ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平增高,而ＩＦＮγｍＲＮＡ的表达水平降低（均Ｐ〈０．０１）,表明活动性ＳＬＥ     

正常胎儿及成人皮肤凝集素亲和组织化学研究

用１７种生物素化凝集素研究了２９例胎儿和２３例成人皮肤细胞表面复合糖的糖基的变化。结果表明：在胎儿、成人表皮细胞之间ＢＳＬ－Ｉ、 ＤＢＡ、 ＵＥＡ－Ｉ、 ＳＴＬ、 ＳＪＡ、 ＷＧＡ、 ＤＳＬ，在皮脂腺之间ＲＣＡ－Ｉ、 ＲＣＡ－ 、ＥＣＬ，在汗腺之间 ＷＧＡ、 ＤＳＬ、 ＰＨＡ－Ｅ、 ＣｏｎＡ的凝集素受体阳性率差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。提示在皮肤分化发育过程中，其细胞表面复合糖的糖基发生了有意义的变化。     

红斑狼疮皮损中浸润细胞免疫表型和角质形成细胞HLA-DR抗原表达的研究

应用抗ＨＬＡＤＲ、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８、ＣＤ２０的单克隆抗体和ｓｔｒｅｐｔｒａｖｉｄｉｎｐｅｒｏｘｉｄａｓｅｓｔａｉｎｉｎｇ（ＳＰ）技术对１０名正常人皮肤,１６例ＳＬＥ皮损和１９例ＤＬＥ皮损进行了免疫组化研究。观察到正常人皮肤角质形成细胞未见ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原表达,而ＳＬＥ（６／１６）,ＤＬＥ（８／１９）皮损处角质形成细胞可以表达ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原。在ＳＬＥ、ＤＬＥ真皮内浸润细胞主要为Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＣＤ３＋浸润细胞）,且以ＴＨ细胞（ＣＤ４＋浸润细胞）占优势。另外,还发现在两种ＬＥ表皮角质形成细胞表达ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原处,真皮内可见ＣＤ３＋浸润细胞和激活的Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＨＬＡＤＲ＋浸润细胞）。讨论了ＬＥ皮损角质形成细胞ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原表达及其与病损内浸润细胞免疫表型的关系。ＬＥ皮损处ＨＬＡＤＲ＋角质形成细胞可能具有抗原递呈作用,而角质形成细胞异常表达ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原则可能与真皮内浸润单个核细胞或淋巴细胞释放的ＩＦＮα,ＴＮＦγ等有关。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血淋巴细胞bcl-2的表达及临床意义

目的 为了探讨ｂｃｌ－２基因在系统红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）发病机制中的作用及临床意义。方法 应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测３１例ＳＬＥ患者外周血单一核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ表达水平和流式细胞仪双标记法分析其Ｔ、Ｂ细胞ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达。结果 活动期ＳＬＥ患者ＰＢＭＣｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ表达水平明显升高,占５５．６％,且活动期ＳＬＥ患者ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋和ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ细胞亚群Ｐ     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血单一核细胞中Th1型细胞因子的表达

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）患者中Ｔｈ１型细胞因子表达的情况。方法 用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）法检测了ＳＬＥ患者外周血单一核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）中白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ表达（４１例）和γ干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）ｍＲＮＡ表达（３１例）的水平。结果 与正常人相比,活动期ＳＬＥ患者中ＩＬ－２表达水平降低者占７８．０％,ＩＦＮ－γ表达水平降低者占８３．９％。活动期ＳＬＥ组ＰＢＭＣ中ＩＬ－２和     

皮肤NK／T细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理及基与EB病毒关系的研究

目的 探讨皮肤ＮＫ／Ｔ细胞淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、免疫表型及与ＥＢ病毒感染的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学染色,选用ＣＤ４５ＲＯ、ＣＤ３ε、ＴＩＡ－１、ＣＤ２０、Ｋｉ－Ｂ５、ＣＤ６８和ＬＭＰ１等抗体;用ＥＢＥＲ１／２原位杂交检测ＥＢ病毒编码的小分子ＲＮＡ。结果 ５例皮肤ＮＫ／Ｔ细胞淋巴瘤中层得占同期皮肤恶性淋巴瘤的５．６８％;男４例,女１例,平均年龄３４岁,主要表现为皮肤无症状肿块,２例有溃疡形成;组     

结缔组织病

２００１１０４０ 　ＳＬＥ病人外周血白细胞Ｂｃｌ－２和Ｂｃｌ－ＸｍＲＮＡ表达研究／孙保东（上海二医大仁济医院风湿科）… ／／上海免疫学杂志．－２０００， ２０（ ４）．－２３９～ ２４０，２４７ 采用高度敏感和特异性的荧光标记ＰＴ－ＰＣＲ方法对 ５０例 ＳＬＥ、２４例 ＲＡ和 ２４例健康者的外用血白细胞凋亡相关基因 Ｂｃｌ－２、Ｂｃｌ－ＸＩ和 Ｂｃｌ－Ｘｓ　 ｍＲＮＡ表达进行了半定量研究。结果显示，ＳＬＥ病人Ｂｃｌ－２表达低于健康者（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｂｃｌ－Ｘｓ表达明显高于健康者（Ｐ＜０．０００１），亦高于…     

1M NaCl分离皮肤的免疫荧光法在表皮下大疱疹诊断中的应用

该文介绍了１Ｍ ＮａＣｌ分离皮肤免疫荧光法诊断表皮下大疱病的原理和优越性。同时介绍了盐裂正常人皮肤ＩＩＦ法以及盐裂皮损周围皮肤的ＤＩＦ法对表皮下大疱病诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血单一核细胞CD23的表达

为了揭示Ｂ细胞中ＣＤ２３的表达与ＳＬＥ发生发展的关系及在ＳＬＥ发病机理中可能的作用，我们应用ＡＢＣ免疫组化法和斑点核酸杂交技术对ＳＬＥ患者外周血单一核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）ＣＤ２３蛋白和ｍＲＮＡ表达进行了检测。结果显示：３０例ＳＬＥ患者ＰＢＭＣＣＤ２３蛋白表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），且与疾病活动呈正相关关系（ｒｓ＝０．３８１４，Ｐ＜０．０５）；具有不同ＡＮＡ、抗ｄｓＤＮＡ抗体水平，有无伴肾损、脑损的ＳＬＥ患者，ＰＢＭＣＣＤ２３表达均无显著性差异（Ｐ均＞０．０５）；单纯使用皮质类固醇激素治疗或和其它免疫抑制剂联合治疗的ＳＬＥ患者，ＰＢＭＣＣＤ２３表达亦无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２０例ＳＬＥ患者ＰＢＭＣＣＤ２３ｍＲＮＡ表达较正常人显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。经治疗病情稳定后，ＣＤ２３蛋白和ｍＲＮＡ表达均降至正常（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。提示在ＳＬＥ活动期Ｂ细胞高度激活、增殖并大量表达ＣＤ２３，且该种表达与ＡＮＡ、抗ｄｓＤＮＡ抗体产生水平无直接关系     

NaCl分离皮肤为底物的IIF法鉴别诊断表皮下大疱病

对1989~1991年间,在本所就诊的100例表皮下大疱病,通过临床、组织病理、直接免疫荧光(DIF)、间接免疫荧光(IIF)法以及1M NaCl分离皮肤为底物的IIF法进行了诊断和评价.结果发现DIF检查的100例中有76例皮肤BMZ有免疫反应物沉积,另24例为阴性,但有典型的自身免疫性大疱病的临床表现;根据临床、DIF和分离皮IIF法修正诊断出大疱性类天疱疮(BP)54例、获得性大疱性表皮松解症(EBA)8例、线状IgA大疱性皮病(LABD)7例(成人4、儿童3),瘢痕性类天疱疮(CP)7例、水疱性红斑狼疮(BSLE)3例、迟发性皮肤卟啉症(PCT)2例、BP和寻常型天疱疮(PV)并发1例,BP和疱疹样皮炎(DH)并发1例,有17例未定.研究结果发现分离皮IIF法对提高表皮下大疱病的诊断水平有较重要的应用价值.但由于CP的抗BMZ抗体可分别出现在表皮侧或真皮侧,所以分离皮IIF法不能单独鉴别CP和BP、CP和EBA.应该结合临床、免疫印迹和免疫电镜等方法进一步诊断,从而也表明分离皮IIF法有一定的局限性.     

Anatomical distribution and immunological characteristics of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen and bullous pemphigoid antigen

A Japanese patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) was autopsied, and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) testing was performed. Using this patient's serum (EBA serum) and three bullous pemphigoid (BP) sera, the anatomical distribution and immunological characteristics of EBA antigen and BP antigen were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). EBA antigen showed the same anatomical distribution as BP antigen in DIF and IIF studies; both antigens were limited to the skin, tongue, oesophagus, trachea, cornea and bladder. EBA antigen was located on the dermal side of both NaCl and PBS-separated skin, whereas BP antigen was limited to the epidermal side. Ethanol fixation abrogated the antigenic stability of BP antigen, but not that of EBA antigen. No difference was found when acetone or formalin fixation was used. The separation methods and prefixation in ethanol could be useful techniques applicable to the classification of the bullous disorders which manifest circulating anti-BMZ antibodies.     

Use of sodium-chloride separated human skin in detection of circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies

The sensitivity of the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) technique for detection of circulating basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies was evaluated, employing NaCl-separated human skin and intact skin as substrate. Consecutive serum samples from 12 patients with clinically, histologically and immunohistologically verified bullous pemphigoid (BP) were investigated in parallel on both substrates, in dilutions ranging from 1:10 to 1:1,280. All BP sera showed linear deposits of IgG at the BMZ on intact skin, with titres ranging from 10 to 160. On NaCl-separated skin, all BP sera produced a linear epidermal fluorescent band for IgG, with titres ranging from 80 to 1,280. None of the sera showed deposits of IgM anti-BMZ antibodies. Sera from 5 healthy donors (dilutions 1:10) produced no fluorescence, either on intact or on NaCl-separated skin. The serum-titres of circulating anti-BMZ IgG antibodies in 2 patients with corticosteroid-resistant BP were significantly reduced (from 160 to less than 10) during treatment with plasmapheresis, when using NaCl-separated skin as substrate for IIF, whereas the serum-titres showed insignificant reduction (from 20 to less than 10), when using intact skin as substrate. We conclude that the IIF method is more sensitive for detection of circulating anti-BMZ antibodies, when NaCl-separated skin as compared with intact human skin is employed as substrate.     

C4d immunohistochemical stain is a sensitive method to confirm immunoreactant deposition in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in bullous pemphigoid

Background:  Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is characterized clinically by the onset of pruritic urticarial plaques, vesicles and bullae in a predominantly elderly population. While the diagnosis may be suspected on routine hematoxylin and eosin histology of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, fresh-frozen tissue must be used to show the immunologic nature of the bullous process by direct immunofluorescence (DIF). The diagnosis is further confirmed and separated from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) by subsequent serologic studies to detect antibodies directed against BP180 and BP230 antigens and characteristic antibody deposition on salt-split skin.
Methods:  Using a polyclonal complement fragment 4d (C4d) antibody, we stained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens from cases of BP and controls.
Results:  We showed characteristic linear basement membrane deposition of C4d in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in seven of nine cases diagnosed as BP vs. EBA by DIF on fresh-frozen tissue. None of the four controls for which we had adequate tissue were positive.
Conclusion:  These results indicate that formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue can be stained for the immunoreactant C4d to show characteristic immunoreactant deposition, potentially obviating the need for repeat biopsy for DIF and allowing clinicians to proceed to serologic confirmation of BP.     

Acquired bullous diseases of childhood: re-evaluation of diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence examination on 1 M NaCl split skin and immunoblotting

Summary Acquired autoimmune bullous diseases of childhood are rare, and can be difficult to distinguish clinically. We have studied 12 children, with an initial diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) in eight patients, cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) in one, chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) in one, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) in two.
All patients had positive indirect immunofluorescence (HF) of the BMZ with IgG. Using 1 M NaCl split skin, six patients showed epidermal binding of IgG, with additional IgA in three cases, and in five patients IgG antibodies bound a dermal protein. Immunoblotting studies revealed an antibody to type VII collagen (EBA antigen) in three patients who had a dermal pattern on IIF. Six sera reacted with an epidermal protein of 180 and/or 220 kDa, characteristic of BP and CP. One of the three IgA-positive sera detected 220-and 180-kDa epidermal proteins using anti-IgA antibody. Following these studies the diagnosis was changed in three of the children. The diagnosis of CBDC was changed to either BP or EBA because of the presence of circulating IgG autoantibodies. In two children with an initial diagnosis of BP the diagnosis was changed to EBA.
We conclude that the clinical picture in bullous disorders of childhood shows considerable overlap, and is often misleading. Additional circulating IgA autoantibodies seem to be more common in BP than has been recognized previously. Indirect immunofluorescence investigation on 1 M NaCl split skin may be helpful in differentiating between BP and EBA, but does not replace immunoblotting studies. EBA is apparently more common in children than in adults. No difference was found between the children with BP and EBA with regard to the duration of disease. The long-term outlook is good, although the course may be protracted.     

Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy to differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

We applied confocal laser scanning microscopy to fluorescence overlay antigen mapping (FOAM) for differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). FOAM of tissue-bound IgG and marker basement membrane components (BMCs) including integrin β4, laminin-1, laminin-5 and type IV collagen, showed that tissue-bound IgG in perilesional skin samples from five patients with BP was localized on the epidermal side of type IV collagen, and colocalized with some of the other three BMCs, whereas IgG in a sample from a patient with EBA was on the dermal side of all the BMCs. FOAM of binding sites of autoantibodies in patients' sera and markers including integrin β4, laminin-1, type IV collagen and type VII collagen, showed that the binding sites of autoantibodies from 16 patients with BP were localized on the epidermal side of type IV and type VII collagens, and localized above or codistributed with integrin β4 and laminin-1, whereas those from five patients with EBA were codistributed with type IV and type VII collagens, and localized on the dermal side of integrin β4 and laminin-1. These spatial relationships are compatible with their previously described ultrastructural locations. Thus, this method appears to be useful in the differential diagnosis of BP and EBA.     

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita associated with psoriasis vulgaris

We report a case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) associated with psoriasis vulgaris. A 71-year-old woman with psoriasis vulgaris developed subepidermal blisters on the extremities. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated linear deposit of IgG at the basement membrane zone, which bound to the dermal side of normal human skin split with 1 mol/L NaCl. Immunoblot analysis using recombinant full-length type VII collagen detected a 290-kDa band, confirming the diagnosis of EBA. A literature search for previous reports found a few cases of EBA associated with psoriasis, and all cases, including our own, presented with widespread inflammatory vesicles and bullae, and responded to conventional therapy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. This study suggests that western blotting using recombinant full-length type VII collagen could be useful for diagnosis of EBA, and that EBA associated with psoriasis may have a tendency to be the inflammatory type.     

The presence of intra-lamina lucida blister formation in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: possible role of leukocytes

In evaluating patients we have noted disparity between the locations of bound immunoreactants and the level of blistering in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). We examined 10 consecutive EBA patients by routine histology, direct (DIF) and indirect (IIF; intact and NaCl-split skin) immunofluorescence, immunofluorescence mapping (IM), and/or direct immunoelectron microscopy (DIEM). DIF was positive in each. IIF was positive in 3/8 and 6/7 patients when intact and split skin were used as substrates. DIEM revealed immunoreactants within the lamina densa (LD) in 6/10, sub-LD in 1/10, and both LD and sub-LD in 3/10 patients. In contrast, by DIEM and IM, blister formation was noted within the lamina lucida (LL) in 7/9 and 8/10, sub-LD in 1/9 and 1/10, and within both LL and sub-LD in 1/9 and 1/10, respectively. In the presence of neutrophils within the upper dermis (n = 6), cleavage occurred within the LL in 5 specimens; in one additional specimen containing predominantly neutrophils, cleavage occurred within both LL and sub-LD. In the presence of mononuclear cells (n = 2), intra-LL cleavage occurred. In the presence of eosinophils, cleavage occurred within both LL and sub-LD. In the one specimen lacking any infiltrate, the cleavage plane was exclusively sub-LD. Intra-LL cleavage planes are more common than sub-LD ones in at least early cases of EBA. These findings likely represent the intra-LL-separating effect of leukocyte-derived proteolytic enzymes, when such cells are chemoattracted to the dermoepidermal junction by bound immuno-reactants.     

Differentiating anti-lamina lucida and anti-sublamina densa anti-BMZ antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on 1.0 M sodium chloride-separated skin

Sixty-one bullous disease sera containing IgG anti-BMZ antibodies were examined by indirect immunofluorescence on intact skin and skin separated through the lamina lucida by incubation in 1.0 M NaCl. All sera produced an indistinguishable pattern of linear immunofluorescence on intact skin at dilutions of 1:10 or higher. On separated skin, antibodies bound to either the epidermal (epidermal pattern), dermal (dermal pattern), or epidermal and dermal (combined pattern) sides of the separation. The binding patterns were consistent on separated skin from several donors and titers of anti-basement membrane zone antibodies on separated skin were comparable to those on intact skin. Sera from 3 patients with herpes gestationis (HG), 36 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), and 1 patient with clinical and histologic features of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) showed an epidermal pattern. Sera from 9 patients with BP showed a combined pattern and sera from 6 patients with EBA and 6 patients with clinical and histologic features of BP showed a dermal pattern. Indirect immunoelectron microscopy of selected sera showed antibodies producing the epidermal and combined patterns were anti-lamina lucida antibodies and those producing the dermal pattern were anti-sublamina densa antibodies. These results show indirect immunofluorescence on separated skin is a dependable method for differentiating bullous disease anti-lamina lucida and anti-sublamina densa antibodies and that differentiating between the antibodies is essential for accurate diagnosis in some patients. The results also suggest BP anti-lamina lucida antibodies may have more than one antigenic specificity.