The critical role of plasmapheresis in ABO-incompatible renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Thousands of patients with chronic renal failure die yearly and are unable to have a kidney transplant due to the severe shortage of donors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed to remove ABO antibodies and permit ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) kidney transplants, but there is only limited research within this area and a lack of standardized protocols for TPE. This article reviews the literature to provide a historical perspective of TPE for ABO‐I kidney transplantation and also provides the Johns Hopkins Hospital protocol with a focus on both titers and TPE. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The TPE treatment plan is based on ABO titers with the goal of a titer of 16 or less at the anti‐human globulin (AHG) phase before surgery. Pretransplant therapy consists of every‐other‐day TPE followed immediately by cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin. ABO antibody titers are closely monitored before and after transplantation. After transplantation, TPE therapy is performed for all patients to prevent rebound of anti‐A and anti‐B titers until tolerance or accommodation occurs. TPE is discontinued and reinstituted based on the clinical criteria of creatinine levels, biopsy results, and ABO titer. RESULTS: Fifty‐three ABO‐I kidney transplants have been completed with no episodes of hyperacute antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) and only three episodes of AMR. One‐year death‐censored graft survival is 100 percent and patient survival is 97.6 percent. CONCLUSIONS: While randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the optimal method and protocol to remove ABO antibodies, the current literature and our results indicate a critical role for TPE in ABO‐I renal transplantation.     

Therapeutic plasma exchange reduces ABO titers to permit ABO-incompatible renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Thousands of patients with chronic renal failure die yearly without a kidney transplant due to the severe shortage of donors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed to permit ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) kidney transplants, but little is known about how well TPE reduces ABO antibodies or complications related to TPE in this clinical setting.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 46 individuals that received TPE to permit ABO-I kidney transplant. The number of TPE treatments was based on a goal ABO titer at the anti-human globulin (AHG) phase of 16 or less before surgery.
RESULTS: Before TPE, the median titer of recipient was 32 (range, 2-128) at room temperature (RT) phase and 64 (range, 4-1024) at AHG phase. The first TPE reduced the total agglutination reactivity score at AHG phase by 10.2 percent. Before transplantation, there was a mean of 6.2 ± 2.5 TPE treatments and total agglutination reactivity score at AHG phase was reduced by 53.5 percent. The median titer remained reduced at 3 to 6 months after transplantation at 4 (range, 0-64) at RT phase and 8 (range, 1-64) at AHG phase. TPE complications were minimal. During at least one procedure, 15 (32.6%) individuals had either urticaria or pruritis, 18 (39.1%) individuals experienced mild citrate-induced hypocalcemia, 5 (10.2%) individuals had hypotension, 6 (13.0%) individuals had nausea or vomiting, and 1 (2.2%) individual had West Nile virus encephalitis.
CONCLUSIONS: With current infectious disease blood screening protocols, TPE has minimal complications and can reduce ABO antibody titers to permit ABO-I renal transplantation.     

Hemotherapy in patients undergoing blood group incompatible bone marrow transplantation

The management of hemotherapy in 31 cases of ABO- or Rh-incompatible bone marrow transplantation is described. Our experience confirms that ABO or Rh incompatibility does not adversely affect engraftment, patient survival, or incidence of graft-versus-host disease. Eighteen recipients with ABO antibodies against the donors' red cells (major incompatibility) were managed by different combinations of plasma exchange, transfusion of incompatible donor type red cells, and removal of donor-type red cells from the bone marrow before transplant. The only serious complication was delayed hemolysis in seven of nine patients who received incompatible red cell transfusions before transplant. Thirteen patients received bone marrow containing ABO antibodies against their red cells (minor incompatibility). Five were managed by centrifuging the bone marrow to remove plasma and reduce the amount of antibody. This did not cause substantial loss of stem cell activity (60-100% of original marrow), and no patients had complications related to the marrow transfusion. In contrast, two of seven patients who received uncentrifuged bone experienced hemolysis. Two of four Rh positive recipients who received marrow from an Rh negative donor developed anti-D, possibly due to Rh positive blood components transfused after transplantation. None of eight Rh negative patients who received an Rh positive transplant has developed anti-D. Blood components should be selected to avoid transfusion of incompatible red cells and to avoid transfusion of a large amount of incompatible plasma. This may necessitate use of plasma components of a different ABO type than the red cell components.     

Emergency ABO‐incompatible liver transplant secondary to fulminant hepatic failure: Outcome,role of TPE and review of the literature

The increasing demand for solid organ transplants has brought to light the need to utilize organs in critical situations despite ABO‐incompatibility. However, these transplantations are complicated by pre‐existing ABO antibodies which may be potentially dangerous and makes the transplantation prone to failure due to rejection with resulting necrosis or intrahepatic biliary complications. We report the clinical outcome of an emergency ABO‐incompatible liver transplant (due to fulminant hepatic failure with sudden and rapidly deteriorating mental status) using a modified therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) protocol. The recipient was O‐positive with an initial anti‐B titer of 64 and the cadaveric organ was from a B‐positive donor. The patient underwent initial TPE during the peri‐operative period, followed by a series of postoperative daily TPE, and later a third series of TPE for presumptive antibody‐mediated rejection. The latter two were performed in conjunction with the use of IVIg and rituximab. The recipient's anti‐B titer was reduced and maintained at 8 or less 8 months post‐op. However, an elevation of transaminases 3 months post‐transplant triggered a biopsy which was consistent with cellular rejection and with weak C4d positive staining suggestive of antibody mediated rejection. Additional plasma exchange procedures were performed. The patient improved rapidly after modification of her immunosuppression regimen and treatment with plasma exchange. This case illustrates that prompt and aggressive plasma exchange, in conjunction with immunosuppression, is a viable approach to prevent and treat antibody mediated transplant rejection in emergency ABO‐incompatible liver transplant. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Therapeutic plasma exchange for desensitization prior to transplantation in ABO‐incompatible renal allografts

Background: Although there have been desensitization protocols used for ABO‐incompatible (ABOi) renal transplants, there are a lack of studied protocols. Our center developed a preconditioning protocol that involved mycophenolic acid, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) that allowed for ABOi renal transplantation. Methods: Ten patients in our institution with end‐stage renal disease who were unable to procure ABO‐compatible donor kidneys underwent treatment with this protocol (which included a uniform 5 TPE sessions) prior to an ABOi renal transplant. A retrospective chart review was performed on these patients and clinical endpoints including ABO antibody titers, serum creatinine, clinical complications, and graft performance were analyzed. Results: The median ABO antibody titers at presentation, after completion of the protocol, and after transplant for the patients were 32 (range, 2–128), 8 (range, 1–64), and 4 (range, 2–32), respectively. The mean serum creatinine at study conclusion was 1.45 ± 1.04 mg/dl at an average of 262.20 days from transplant. There were four incidents of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) and two incidents of delayed graft function (DGF). There was one incident of graft failure and no patient deaths. Conclusions: The desensitization protocol used by our institution allowed for successful ABOi renal transplantation. Although there were incidents of AMR and DGF, the majority of the transplants resulted in viable grafts. A larger patient study group may be needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of this protocol. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Impact of ABO blood group incompatibility on the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background and aimABO and Rh compatibility are not required between the donor and recipient for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Although ABO incompatibility is not considered a contraindication in alloHSCT, its clinical outcomes are still doubtful. In this study, we analyzed the neutrophil and platelet recovery, graft versus host disease (GVHD), relapse rate, mortality rate, non-relapse mortality and survival in patients who underwent alloHSCT.Materials and methodsTwo hundred and sixty four patients with hematological malignant diseases, aplastic anemia and inborn errors of metabolism or the immune system that received an alloHSCT in our HSC transplant center between the years of 2001 and 2018 were evaluated.ResultsIndications for alloHSCT included both hematological malignancies (n = 233), aplastic anemia (n = 25) and benign conditions (n = 6). Of these donor recipient pairs, there were 189 (71.6%) matches, 36 (13.6%) major, 29 (11%) minor and 10 (3.8%) bidirectional ABO mismatches. The seventy-four (41.6%) of the ABO match and 27 (38.6%) of the ABO mismatch patients developed GvHD. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was ABO match group and ABO mismatch group were 65% and 73%, respectively (p = 0.36). The 5-year diasease free survival (DFS) for ABO match group and ABO mismatch group were 60% and 69%, respectively (p = 0.17).ConclusionIn conclusion, this study showed that ABO mismatch did not seem to have a significant effect on major outcomes after alloHSCT, such as developing GVHD, relapse rate, mortality rate, DFS and OS. ABO incompatibility did not lead to delayed platelet and neutrophil engraftment after alloHSCT.     

ABO incompatibility as an adverse risk factor for survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

BACKGROUND: Graft ABO incompatibility has not been thought to affect patient survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, although it may be associated with prolonged erythroid aplasia and immediate or delayed hemolysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 292 allogeneic transplant recipients measured survival in a subgroup of ABO-incompatible bone marrow graft recipients. RESULTS: Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome receiving non-T-cell-depleted bone marrow grafts had an 85-percent greater risk of death within 100 days of transplant (relative risk, 1.85, 95% CI, 1.33-2.58; p = 0.003) than comparable patients receiving ABO-compatible grafts. Both ABO major- and minor-mismatched graft recipients were at risk.The increased mortality rate was not due to an increase in graft failure or acute graft-versus-host disease; rather, patients died of multiple-organ failure and sepsis, which is consistent with regimen-related toxicity. This effect was not seen in a larger group of 112 chronic myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing similar treatment. CONCLUSION: ABO incompatibility may be a significant prognostic risk factor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in susceptible subgroups of recipients. Care is necessary to design hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell-processing and -transfusion policies to minimize this risk.     

Low rates of anti-recipient isohemagglutinins in ABO incompatible hematopoietic stem cell transplants

IntroductionIsohemagglutinins occur naturally and form in an 'opposite' (antigen-negative) pattern to a patient’s ABO blood type. Patients undergoing minor and bidirectional ABO incompatible hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may demonstrate detectable antibodies against their native blood type. In this study, we sought to characterize the rates of such antibody formation and evaluate the clinical significance of our findings.Materials and MethodsAn internal database of HSCT patients at an academic medical center was queried for ABO incompatible transplant patients from 2009-2019. Serum typing results, clinical histories, and laboratory data were compiled and reviewed.ResultsA total of 182 minor and bidirectional ABO incompatible HSCT patients were identified. Anti-recipient isohemagglutinins were found in 9% (16/182) of the HSCT patients. The rate was higher in patients with minor incompatibility (12%: 15/127) versus bidirectional ABO incompatibility (2%: 1/55) (p = 0.04). No anti-recipient isohemagglutinins were identified in umbilical cord HSCT patients (0%: 0/7). Serologic agglutination reactions of recipient isohemagglutinins were overall mostly weak (13/16 weak + to 1+). There was a trend towards a higher rate of acute graft-versus-host-disease in patients with anti-recipient isohemagglutinins compared to those without (75% vs. 53%; p = 0.12), though not statistically significant. Rates of alloimmunization to minor red cell antigens were similar between the two groups. Few patients showed laboratory evidence of hemolysis at 12 months follow up.Discussion and conclusionsAnti-recipient isohemagglutinins occur at low rates in ABO incompatible HSCT and are significantly more common in minor ABO incompatible transplant compared to bidirectional transplants. Larger cohort studies are needed to better understand the relationship between anti-recipient isohemagglutinins and HSCT outcomes.     

Immunomodulation in transplant patients by cryofiltration.

Cryofiltration was applied to major ABO incompatible bone marrow transplant (BMT), renal transplant, and chronic renal rejection cases. The anti-ABO titers IgM and IgG pretreatment by cryofiltration were x64 and x8 in a major ABO incompatible BMT patient. After treatments, they were decreased to x16 and x2, respectively. BMT was performed successfully. In a case of ABO major incompatible renal transplant, anti-A-IgM before cryofiltration treatment was x128, and CH50 was 26.5. Three treatments were performed. As a result, the anti-A-IgM and CH50 levels were decreased to x4 and under 10. After renal transplantation, antibodies appeared again, but because the creatinine level was normal, cryofiltration was not performed again. Five cases of chronic rejection of renal transplants were treated by cryofiltration. They remained hemodialysis (HD) free for an average of 17.4 months, and the longest duration was 32 months. Cryofiltration is a good treatment for extracorporeal immunomodulation in transplantation.     

Effects of ABO incompatibility on the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BackgroundABO compatibility between donor and recipient is no necessary in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). Incompatible transplantations can be divided into three groups based on the donor and recipient blood groups. The influence of each kind of incompatibilities on the outcome of patients does not seem to be consistent. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of AHSCT patients focusing on compatibility statues.MethodThis retrospective study was conducted on 186 patients who underwent first AHSCT, includes 108 identical, 38 minor, 32 major and eight bidirectionalABO incompatible recipients. Comparative analysis was performed for common clinical transplantation outcomes.ResultsThere was no statistically significant association betweenABO incompatibility and graft-versus-host disease, WBC or platelet engraftment, and transfusion requirement. WBC engraftment rate was significantly lower in minor-incompatible patients. Furthermore, total and direct bilirubin which (the hemolysis biomarkers) were considerably higher in the bidirectional incompatible group, compared to the other patients.ConclusionOur results indicate that theABO incompatibility might be an effective factor in engraftment time and laboratory hemolysis. Elucidating the impact of ABO incompatibility on the clinical outcome of patients warrants an extended and deep investigation in a large-scale study with comprehensive variables such as survival, relapse, and other complication of transplantation.     

肾移植受者人类白细胞抗原体液免疫致敏状态的监测及其临床意义

背景:器官移植受者在受到同种抗原人类白细胞抗原(HLA)免疫致敏后,外周血中容易产生群体反应性抗体,如何提高致敏受者肾移植的成功率和移植物长期存活率值得深入研究.目的:通过检测肾移植受者的HLA-IgG抗体水平及其特异性,评估受者体液免疫致敏状态,并观察HLA交叉反应组配型可接受性错配情况与移植肾存活率的关系.设计:临床观察.单位:南方医科大学附属珠江医院.对象:选择1998-01/2005-12在南方医科大学附属珠江医院器官移植科接受肾移植1297例患者,男824例,女473例,平均(42±16)岁,其中HLA-IgG抗体阳性受者165例,阴性受者1 132例.初次肾移植受者1217例,2次移植77例,3次移植2例,4次移植1例.所有患者在接受本实验相关检测及治疗前均签署知情同意书,本实验经过医院伦理委员会批准许可.试剂:莱姆德抗原板和混合抗原板购自美国One Lambda公司.HLA-Ⅰ类单克隆抗体湿板和HLA-Ⅱ类DNA分型试剂购自美国OneLambda公司:Taq多聚酶购自美国PE公司:DNA抽提试剂购自德国QIAGEN公司.抗人C4d多克隆抗体和显色底物DAB购自奥地利Biomedica公司.方法:①通过酶联免疫吸附试验筛查受者术前血清中的HLA-IgG抗体,对阳性血清进一步用抗原板(LAT1240和LATIHDS)检测抗体阳性率及其特异性,采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应技术进行HLA基因分型.②对40例Scr升高的受者进行抗HLA抗体检测和移植肾穿刺活检,并通过免疫组织化学染色观察肾小管周围毛细血管壁上C4dd的沉积.⑧移植受者术后1,3,5年移植肾存活率及性别、移植与抗体阳性率的关系,并分析不同HLA交叉反应组错配数受者移植肾存活率的差别.主要观察指标:①肾移植患者手术前后HIA-IgG抗体阳性率及HLA分型.②移植肾活检组织中肾小管周围毛细血管壁上C4d的沉积特征.③移植肾存活率差别.结果:患者1297例均进入结果分析.①HLA-IgG抗体阴性受者1132例,阳性受者165例,Ⅰ类HLA-IgG抗体阳性受者126例,Ⅱ类HLA-IgG抗体阳性受者90例,51例受者同时存在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类HLA-IgG抗体,抗体阳性率＞50%的高致敏受者94例.②40例移植肾穿刺活检标本中,13例患者观察到肾小管周围毛细血管壁上存在C4d的沉积.27例未见C4d沉积;13例C4d阳性受者中10例外周循环中抗HLA抗体阳性.③抗体阳性受者移植物功能延迟恢复的发生率显著高于阴性受者(P＜0.01).抗体阳性受者的1,3及5年移植肾存活率与抗体阴性受者无明显学显著性差异(P＞0.05).女性受者中抗体阳性率明显高于男性受者(P＜0.01),再次移植受者中抗体阳性率显著高于初次移植受者(P＜0.01);随着HLA交叉反应组错配数的增加,移植肾存活率呈下降趋势,0错配受者的1,3,5年移植肾存活率分别为97%,94%和92%.2错配受者1.3,5年移植肾存活率分别为91%,82%和77%,3错配受者较0错配受者下降更为明显,分别为9%,15%和24%.结论:肾小管周围毛细血管壁上C4d的沉积可作为抗体介导体液性捧斥反应的客观指标,供受者间良好的HLA配型能显著降低排斥反应发生率和改善移植物存活.     

ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplantation: prevention of hemolysis by alkaline hydration with mannitol diuresis in conjunction with red cell reduced buffy coat bone marrow.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in the presence of major ABO incompatibility presents the risk of a potentially fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction at the time of marrow infusion. We describe the use of a forced alkaline hydration/mannitol diuresis regimen in combination with red blood cell (RBC) reduced bone marrow given as buffy coat in 5 patients undergoing allogeneic BMT from ABO incompatible donors. Three patients had ABO antibody titers of 1:32 and were not subjected to antibody removal procedures. Two patients with respective antibody titers of 1:512 and 1:128 underwent plasmapheresis to reduce the antibody titers to below 1:64. The forced diuresis/mannitol regimen was well tolerated. Although the RBC content was still high in the buffy coat preparation a significant hemolytic transfusion reaction was successfully prevented. No patient had back pain, hyperbilirubinemia or renal impairment despite clinical and laboratory evidence of hemoglobinuria. These data indicate that patients with antibody titers below 1:64 might be spared the risks and cost associated with plasmapheresis or complete RBC depletion of the bone marrow transplant.     

Plasmapheresis in ABO incompatible kidney transplant

In patients with an end-stage renal disease, dialysis a or kidney transplant are required to prolong live. For survival of the transplanted kidney, besides the HLA-system, the ABO blood type of donor and patient is also of importance. When the donor organ is derived from a living donor, time can be available prior to the transplant to reduce blood type AB antibodies in case of ABO major incompatibility between organ donor and recipient by double filtration apheresis.     

ABO血型对异基因造血干细胞移植患者植入的影响探讨

目的探讨ABO同型及3种ABO血型不合对异基因造血干细胞移植患者各系植入的影响,为患者优化移植方案提供依据。方法回顾性分析本院2014年1月~2018年6月期间进行异基因造血干细胞移植患者70例,ABO同型18例,ABO血型不合52例,在确保对比组患者年龄;性别;供/受者亲缘关系;疾病诊断;移植前骨髓造血功能状况;HLA相合情况无差异的情况下,对比分析患者粒系、红系、巨核系植入时间,移植后3个月内红细胞及血小板输注量,ABO血型不合的血型开始转化时间、转化完成时间等指标。研究以上指标在ABO同型及3种ABO血型不合移植中有无差异。结果 70例患者中,ABO同型18例,粒系植入时间12.0(11.0~16.3)d,红系植入时间41.5(35.0~49.0)d,巨核系植入时间19.0(16.0~22.5)d。ABO血型不合52例,移植后血型开始转化时间28.0(22.5~44.0)d,转化完成时间105.5(85.0~141.8)d,粒系植入时间14.5(12.0~16.0)d,红系植入时间61.0(39.5~85.0)d,巨核系植入时间23.0(18.0~31.0)d。ABO同型相较ABO血型不合(主要/主次要双向不合)异基因造血干细胞移植红系植入时间缩短(P<0.05),红细胞及血小板输注量减少(P<0.05),粒系、巨核系植入时间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。ABO血型主要不相合、次要不相合、主次要双向不合异基因造血干细胞移植中的血型转化时间,粒系、红系、巨核系植入时间,红细胞、血小板输注量均无差异(P>0.05)。结论异基因造血干细胞移植优先选择ABO同型供者,在缺乏同型供者情况下,优先选择次要不相合,其次主要不相合、主次要双向不合供者。     

ABO‐incompatible living donor kidney transplantation without post‐transplant therapeutic plasma exchange

Blood group incompatibility remains a significant barrier to kidney transplantation. Approximately, one‐third of donors are blood group incompatible with their intended recipient. Options for these donor‐recipient pairs include blood group incompatible transplantation or kidney paired donation. However, the optimal protocol for blood group incompatible transplantation is unknown. Protocols differ in techniques to remove ABO antibodies, titer targets, and immunosuppression regimens. In addition, the mechanisms of graft accommodation to blood group antigens remain poorly understood. We describe a blood group incompatible protocol using pretransplant therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab in addition to prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. In this protocol, we do not exclude patients based on a high initial titer and do not implement post‐transplant TPE. All 16 patients who underwent this protocol received a living donor transplant with 100% patient and graft survival, and no reported episodes of antibody‐mediated rejection to date with a median follow‐up of 2.6 years (range 0.75–4.7 years). We conclude that blood group incompatible transplantation can be achieved without post‐transplant TPE. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:340–346, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effect of ABO incompatibility on the fate in vivo of 111Indium granulocytes

The effect of ABO incompatibility on the in vivo fate of 111Indium granulocytes was determined. The intravascular recovery and survival (t1/2) and extravascular migration into a skin window of normal-donor granulocytes did not differ in 15 subjects from the values obtained in four controls who received ABO-compatible granulocytes. Nor was the correlation between the ABO antibody titers and the in vivo measurements strongly positive. It is concluded that ABO incompatibility did not alter the in vivo fate of granulocytes.     

Severe haemolysis after an ABO unmatched kidney transplant - a nonsecretor transplanted from a donor with high anti-A titre

A case of severe haemolysis following an ABO unmatched renal transplant is reported in a group A nonsecretor who received a kidney from a group O living related donor. Following the haemolytic episode, group A donor units were incompatible and the patient was transfused with group O blood. Serological investigation of the recipient revealed anti-A present in the serum and on the red cells. Investigation of the donor revealed the presence of high-titre anti-A. The association of such high-titre donor antibody with haemolysis in ABO unmatched grafts has not been reported before. We discuss the risk factors for developing haemolysis in an ABO unmatched organ transplant and explore the possible relevance of such high donor antibody titre to recipients who are nonsecretors.     

Effect of ABO mismatching on a radioimmunoassay for platelet compatibility. Successful adsorption of ABO alloantibodies with synthetic A and B substance

IgG and IgM anti-A and/or -B agglutinin titers were determined on 17 serum samples (5 group 0, 7 group A, 5 group B) to range from 8 to 1024. The presence of hemolysins was also evaluated. Single adsorptions with solid-state synthetic A and B substances greatly reduced or eliminated anti-A and -B titers but did not adsorb known platelet antibodies. Unadsorbed and adsorbed serum samples were crossmatched with ABO-compatible and -incompatible platelets by a radioimmunoassay employing 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific for human gamma, mu, and C3d antigens. IgG and IgM crossmatch incompatibility was directly related to ABO alloantibody titers greater than or equal to 64. The use of adsorbed serum in the crossmatch eliminated or greatly reduced incompatible results that were due to ABO alloagglutinins alone, thus allowing the reliable detection of platelet and/or HLA antibodies.     

ABO血型不合的异基因骨髓移植

目的 探讨ＨＬＡ 相合,ＡＢＯ 血型不合的异基因骨髓移植（ａｌｌｏＢＭＴ） 中存在的免疫及造血问题。方法 对本所３８ 例ＡＢＯ 血型主要不合,２３ 例次要不合的ＨＬＡ 相合的ａｌｌｏＢＭＴ 受者进行分析,并选用同期ＡＢＯ 血型相合的ａｌｌｏＢＭＴ 患者作配对比较。结果ＡＢＯ 血型不合的ａｌｌｏＢＭＴ患者,输注骨髓后无一例发生急性溶血。经配对ｔ 检验及χ２ 检验,ＡＢＯ 血型不合对骨髓植活、血小板恢复,ＧＶＨＤ 及５ 年无病生存率均无影响; 在ＡＢＯ 血型主要不合组, 红系开始恢复时间明显延迟,使红细胞输用量明显增多;其中５ 例患者发生纯红细胞再生障碍（ 纯红再障） ,持续约７ ～２４ 个月。发生纯红再障者均为“Ｏ”型血受者,红系恢复与血型抗体滴度具有相关性。结论ＡＢＯ 血型不合可以进行ａｌｌｏＢＭＴ,但对发生纯红再障高危的患者宜慎重。     

Transfusion of donor-type red cells as a single preparative treatment for bone marrow transplants with major ABO incompatibility

BACKGROUND: Major ABO incompatibility of a bone marrow donor and recipient entails the risk of severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nineteen patients who received transplants of bone marrow from donors whose ABO type was a major mismatch with the recipients were treated with plasma exchanges transfusion (n = 7) or donor-type red cell transfusion (n = 12) to remove isoagglutinins from the recipient. Efficacy, side effects, engraftment, and transfusion requirements were analyzed for the two treatment groups. RESULTS: Both treatment methods were well tolerated, were of comparable efficacy in removing ABO antibodies, and did not affect the engraftment of platelets, red cells, or white cells. Except for observations in one patient, whose renal function was already impaired before red cell treatment and who developed reversible renal failure after transplant, no significant differences in serum creatinine levels were observed in the two groups after treatment. Only serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase measured, as a sign of hemolysis, on Day 0 (488 +/− 110 vs. 191 +/− 30 U/L in the red cell and plasma exchange groups, respectively, p < 0.05) were higher in the red cell group than in the plasma exchange group. CONCLUSION: Transfusion of donor-type red cells is an effective means of preventing hemolytic reactions in patients who receive marrow transplants from donors whose ABO type is a major mismatch. It is technically simple and well tolerated, even in patients with high-titer isoagglutinins, but it should be avoided in patients with abnormal renal function.