醒脑启智胶囊对血管性痴呆小鼠脑组织海马细胞P75受体蛋E的影响

目的探讨中药醒脑启智胶囊对血管性痴呆小鼠脑组织海马细胞D75受体蛋白的影响。方法120只昆明种小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、醒脑液高剂量组、醒脑液低剂量组、银杏叶液对照组、尼莫地平液对照组，每组20只，采用双侧颈总动脉结扎反复脑缺血再灌注的方法制备血管性痴呆小鼠模型。术后15d进行行为学实验和脑组织的病理形态学观察，并用流式细胞术检测各组海马细胞p75受体蛋白的变化。结果①行为学实验显示，模型组小鼠学习成绩与记忆成绩下降，各治疗组小鼠的学习成绩与记忆成绩均有提高（P〈0．05或P〈0.01）；②光镜下病理形态学显示，术后模型组小鼠脑组织海马区呈缺血性病理改变，各治疗组小鼠病变轻于模型组：③流式细胞术检测显示：模型组小鼠脑组织海马细胞p75受体蛋白高于假手术组（P〈0．01）；各用药组与模型组比较，p75受体蛋白降低（P〈0．01）。结论醒脑启智胶囊对血管性痴呆小鼠有明显治疗作用，其作用机制之一是调节海马细胞p75受体蛋白的表达。     

醒脑启智胶囊对血管性痴呆小鼠脑组织钙离子及谷氨酸含量的影响

目的探讨醒脑启智胶囊对小鼠脑组织钙离子(Ca2 )及谷氨酸(Glu)含量的影响.方法 120只昆明种小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、醒脑启智高剂量组、醒脑启智低剂量组、银杏叶对照组、尼莫地平对照组,每组20只,采用双侧颈总动脉结扎反复脑缺血再灌注的方法制备血管性痴呆小鼠模型.术后7 d进行行为学实验和脑组织的病理形态学观察,并用分光光度法测脑组织钙离子及谷氨酸含量.结果行为学实验显示,模型组小鼠学习成绩与记忆成绩下降,各治疗组小鼠的学习成绩与记忆成绩均有提高(P<0.05或P<0.01).光镜下病理形态学显示,术后模型组小鼠脑组织海马区呈缺血性病理改变,各治疗组小鼠病变轻于模型组.模型组小鼠脑组织Ca2 及Glu含量明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);各用药组均低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论醒脑启智胶囊对血管性痴呆小鼠有明显治疗作用,其作用机制之一是通过降低脑组织Ca2 及Glu含量,减少其毒性作用.     

Caspase-9和Caspase-3在血管性痴呆大鼠海马CA1区的表达及意义

目的探讨Caspase-9和Caspase-3在血管性痴呆大鼠海马CAl区的表达及意义。方法将100只大鼠按随机数字法分为假手术组及模型组,每组又分为1、2、4、8和12周5个亚组（n=10只）。采用四血管阻断法制备血管性痴呆模型,应用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,TUNEL检测细胞凋亡,免疫组化法检测Caspase-3及Caspase-9蛋白的表达。结果（1）与假手术组比较,在相同时间点模型组大鼠海马CAl区凋亡细胞数明显增多,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;（2）与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马CAl区Caspase-9、Caspase-3阳性表达在1周开始增多,2周达到高峰,4周开始下降,到12周仍增多,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Caspase-9及Caspase-3共同参与了血管性痴呆大鼠海马CAl凋亡的调控。     

复元醒脑汤对高血压性脑出血大鼠血-脑屏障通透性干预作用的实验研究

目的探讨复元醒脑汤对高血压性脑出血大鼠脑水肿及血-脑屏障通透性的干预作用。方法将SHR大鼠随机分为四组,分别为假手术组、模型组、安宫牛黄胶囊组、复元醒脑汤组,并与WKY大鼠假手术组对照,每组20只大鼠。模型组、安宫牛黄胶囊组和复元醒脑汤组在收缩压达到21．3kPa基础上以胶原酶加肝素尾状核注射法诱发脑出血,建立高血压性脑出血模型,其中安宫牛黄胶囊组和复元醒脑汤组分别给予相应药物干预,于造模后连续灌胃3天。两假手术组脑内注射及灌胃均为生理盐水,模型组灌胃为生理盐水。观测各组动物神经缺损行为体征、脑组织含水量、血-脑屏障通透性变化。结果SHR模型组与WKY假手术组、SHR假手术组比较,神经缺损行为体征评分升高（均P〈0．01）,脑组织含水董增加（均P〈0．01）,脑组织中伊文思蓝含量亦增加（均P〈0．01）;SHR复元醒脑汤和SHR安宫牛黄胶囊两治疗组分别与SHR模型组比较,神经缺损行为体征评分降低（均P〈0．01）,脑组织含水量减少（均P〈0．01）,脑组织中伊义思蓝含量亦降低（均P〈0．01）;上述指标变化复元醒脑汤组与安宫牛黄胶囊组比较差异无统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论复元醒脑汤可降低血-脑屏障通透性,减轻脑水肿程度,改善神经功能缺损,达到治疗高血压性脑出血的目的。     

参芎化瘀胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠海马CA1区BDNF表达的影响

目的探讨参芎化瘀胶囊对血管性痴呆（VD）模型大鼠海马CA1区脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）表达的影响。方法将40只大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组及参芎化瘀胶囊治疗组。采用反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉加腹腔注射硝普钠法,制备VD大鼠模型。应用Morris水迷宫试验检测VD大鼠的学习、记忆能力,HE染色观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态变化,免疫组化法检测BDNF表达。结果与正常组及假手术组比较,模型组出现明显学习、记忆障碍,海马区BDNF阳性细胞增多（P均〈0.01）;与模型组比较,治疗组学习记忆障碍明显改善、海马区BDNF阳性细胞增多（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论参芎化瘀胶囊能改善VD大鼠的学习、记忆能力,其机制可能与参芎化瘀胶囊上调BDNF表达有关。     

卡配因I-细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶5通路在血管性痴呆小鼠海马中的变化

目的 观察脑缺血-再灌注导致的血管性痴呆小鼠不同时间点海马组织卡配因I(Calpain I)-细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶5(Cdk5)通路表达的变化.方法 雄性昆明小鼠160只,随机分为假手术组(n=65)和模型组(n=95).采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血-再灌注的方法 制备血管性痴呆(VD)模型.术后第4周和第6周应用水迷宫实验进行行为学测试,免疫组化观察海马CA1区Calpain I的表达,RT-PCR观察Cdk5的mRNA表达,Western-blot 检测Cdk5的蛋白表达.结果 术后第4周和6周时模型组小鼠的学习、记忆成绩均明显劣于假手术组小鼠(P＜0.05).术后第4周模型组海马CA1区神经元Calpain I表达的平均光密度值(0.090 0±0.010 0)较假手术组(0.033 2±0.004 3)显著增高(P＜0.05),Cdk5 mRNA表达(0.91±0.07)较假手术组(0.35±0.02)显著增高(P＜0.05);术后第6周模型组海马Calpain I表达的平均光密度值(0.104 0±0.008 4)较假手术组(0.032 7±0.004 5)显著增高(P＜0.05),Cdk5 mRNA表达较假手术组显著增高(0.80±0.07 vs 0.53±0.05,P＜0.05).结论 Calpain I-Cdk5通路参与了脑缺血-再灌注后小鼠VD的发生.     

脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及海马组织的作用

目的观察脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆（VD）模型大鼠行为学及海马组织形态学的作用。方法采用大脑中动脉闭塞法（MCAO）制作VD动物模型；跳台试验测定大鼠学习记忆成绩取脑组织作冰冻切片，HE染色，观察大鼠海马形态学改变。结果跳台实验中，与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠存在着明显的学习记忆障碍；与模型组比较。中药组、西药组大鼠学习记忆能力得到改善，且两组相比无统计学意义。光镜观察显示，假手术组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞排列紧密整齐，无明显神经元脱失；模型组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞排列稀疏、紊乱，神经元脱失明显，可见胶质细胞增生，中、西药治疗组可明显减轻大鼠CA1区海马神经元脱失现象，使锥体细胞形态较正常，排列较整齐，接近假手术组。结论脑心通胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠有治疗作用．     

脑心通胶囊对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤及MMP-2、MMP-9表达的影响

目的观察脑心通胶囊对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注脑组织病理变化及MMP-2、MMP-9表达的影响，并探讨其可能的保护机制。方法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型，应用HE及S-P免疫组化法分别观察模型组及用药组大鼠全脑组织的病理改变及MMP-2、MMP-9表达的变化。结果假手术组大鼠脑组织形态结构正常，MMP-2、MMP-9见少量散在阳性表达或不表达；模型组大鼠大脑缺血再灌注区组织明显水肿、蜕变、坏死伴少量炎细胞浸润，对大脑相应区及双侧小脑轻度水肿，MMP-2、MMP-9表达较假手术组对应区显著升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），其中缺血侧大脑以坏死区边缘脑组织表达为甚，且较对侧大脑及双侧小脑明显升高（P〈0．05）；脑心通用药组大鼠大脑缺血区组织水肿、蜕变、坏死较模型组明显减轻，对侧大脑相应区及双侧小脑脑组织形态结构正常，MMP-2、MMP-9表达较模型组对应区显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论脑心通胶囊对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后包括病灶在内的全脑损伤有保护作用，其作用机制可能与降低MMP-2、MMP-9表达有关。     

甘露醇预处理后骨髓间充质干细胞移植对血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及脑源性神经生长因子表达的影响

目的探讨甘露醇预处理后骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）静脉移植对血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠认知功能及脑组织中脑源性神经生长因子（BDNF）表达量的影响。方法全骨髓培养结合细胞贴壁法分离纯化大鼠BMSCs。取健康雄性sD大鼠79只,随机分为假手术组（10只）和模型组（69只）。采用间隔3d分别结扎双侧颈总动脉法制备VD模型。造模后4周,将纳入的32只模型组大鼠随机分为甘露醇预处理BMSCs移植组（简称甘露醇预处理组;尾静脉注射甘露醇1．5g／kg,预处理10～30min后,经尾静脉注射1×10^6／ml BMSCs 1ml）、BMSCs移植组（注射等量的BMSCs,不注射甘露醇）和培养基对照组（注射等量的基础培养液）。剔除死亡大鼠,上述3组分别有9、11、8只,假手术组7只纳入统计。干预后4周,采用Morriss水迷宫实验检测大鼠认知功能,酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠脑组织中BDNF的含量。结果（{）4组相同时间点的比较,BMSCs移植组比培养基对照组逃避潜伏期缩短（均P〈0．01）,平台象限滞留时间延长（P〈0．05）;甘露醇预处理组比BMSCs移植组逃避潜伏期明显缩短（P〈0．01）,平台象限滞留时间延长（P〈0．05）,且均与假手术组水平接近（P〉0．05）。②在额叶皮质和海马区,BMSCs移植组的BDNF含量均高于培养基对照组（P〈0．01）;甘露醇预处理组则高于BMSCs组（P〈0．01）,但均低于假手术组的水平（P〈0．01）。结论与单独静脉注射BMSCs比较,甘露醇预处理后BMSCs静脉移植治疗VD大鼠模型,认知功能改善程度更佳;额叶皮质和海马中BDNF的表达量更高。     

神经保护肽慢病毒对老年性痴呆模型大鼠行为学及海马胆碱乙酰转移酶mRNA表达的影响

目的观察神经保护肽慢病毒（rLent／NT4-NAP）对老年性痴呆模型大鼠行为学及海马胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）原位杂交的影响，进一步研究神经保护肽（NAP）对老年性痴呆疾病的治疗作用。方法建立β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）大鼠海马注射联用转移因子β1（TGFβ1）脑内注射改良的老年性痴呆大鼠模型。实验分成对照组，假手术组，痴呆组，rLent／NT4-NAP组，空病毒组。空病毒组和rLent／NT4．NAP组通过滴鼻给药方式给予。应用水迷宫试验观察各组大鼠行为学的改变，采用原位杂交技术观测各组大鼠海马神经元胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）mRNA的表达变化。结果各组大鼠水迷宫的学习和记忆成绩比较，rLent／NT4-NAP组优于痴呆组（P〈0．05）；对照组，假手术组，NAP组，空病毒组无显著差别。rLent／NT4-NAP组海马ChATmRNA表达也明显增高。各组海马ChATmRNA阳性神经元面密度之比较，痴呆组ChATmRNA阳性神经元面密度值（0．0698&#177;0．0182），低于对照组（0．12170&#177;0．0165），假手术组（0．1130&#177;0．0154）及rLent／NT4-NAP组（0．1083&#177;0．01718），空病毒组（0．1193&#177;0．01118）（P〈0．05），对照组，假手术组，rLent／NT4-NAP组，空病毒组间无明显差别。结论NAP改善老年性痴呆模型大鼠记忆成绩与其恢复大鼠海马低水平的ChATmRNA表达有关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.