北京地区人群中人Boca病毒血清抗体的分析

目的 通过对血清中人Boca病毒(HBoV)主要衣壳蛋白VP2特异性IgG抗体进行检测,初步了解北京地区人群中这种新发现的病毒的感染状况.方法 以大肠杆菌表达的HBoV主要衣壳蛋白VP2为抗原,应用Western-blot方法,对1996年4月至1997年3月取自首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院健康查体者及北京宣武医院非呼吸道感染患者的血清标本共677份进行HBoV VP2蛋白特异性IgG抗体检测.设抗组氨酸抗体及兔抗HBoV-VP2多肽特异性免疫血清为阳性血清对照.结果 (1)677份血清标本中,抗HBoV VP2蛋白的IgG抗体阳性400份,总检出率为59.1%.(2)被检对象中,＜1个月的婴儿抗体阳性率为45.3%,1个月～的婴儿抗体阳性率为41.4%,2个月～的婴儿抗体阳性率最低(31.3%),6个月～至7岁龄抗体阳性检出率在45.6%～69.7%,7岁后直至40岁,抗体阳性检出率维持在70%左右;50岁后则为61.8%～62.8%.结论 早在1996年北京地区的人群中就有59.1%曾经感染过HBoV,说明这种病毒是一种新发现的病毒而不是新出现的病毒,北京地区人群中该病毒的感染较常见.6个月龄以前的婴儿为易感人群.     

重庆地区0～6岁儿童人类偏肺病毒感染状况调查

目的检测重庆地区0～6岁儿童人类偏肺病毒(hMPV)特异性IgG抗体,了解其感染状况。方法由于hMPV与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)同属副黏病毒科,需首先明确hMPV与RSV有否交叉抗原。故采用RSV抗原吸附血清标本中可能存在的RSV抗体,用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法比较未经吸附和已吸附RSV抗体的血清与RSV或hMPV感染细胞裂解液的反应情况;制备抗hMPV兔血清,用免疫印迹法检测该血清与hMPV和RSV反应性,进一步排除RSV和hMPV间存在交叉抗原的可能性。然后用hMPV感染的Vero-E6细胞裂解液为抗原,用ELISA法检测重庆医大附属儿童医院的325份0～6岁不同年龄非呼吸道感染患儿和正常儿童的血清标本中hMPVIgG抗体。结果经RSV抗原吸附的血清与RSV抗原反应性明显降低,同一血清与hMPV的反应性却无明显改变;免疫印迹法证实,用hMPV抗原免疫家兔获得的抗hMPV抗血清仅与hMPV抗原反应,而不与RSV抗原反应,提示RSV与hMPV间并无交叉抗原性。用ELISA法检测不同年龄组儿童血清中hMPVIgG抗体阳性率分别为0～5月龄74·5%,6～11月龄64·0%,12～23月龄、24～35月龄、3～6岁组分别为72·7%、90·3%、93·1%。在各年龄组中RSV与hMPV阳性率非常相近。结论hMPV是重庆地区0～6岁儿童常见的呼吸道病原,既往感染率与RSV相似,至6岁时儿童几乎均经历过hMPV感染。     

急性呼吸道感染住院儿童人偏肺病毒感染的流行情况及临床特征

目的了解急性呼吸道感染住院患儿人偏肺病毒(hMPV)呼吸道感染的流行情况及临床特征。方法收集2006年11月～2007年2月本院儿科中心的112例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本,对其中65例用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)检测常见7种呼吸道病毒特异性抗原阴性患儿鼻咽分泌物用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测hMPV抗原。结果1.IFA能检测到鼻咽分泌物中hMPV抗原;2.阳性8例,阳性率为12.31%,112例中单一hMPV感染率为7.14%;3.hMPV的检出高峰主要在11月份及次年1月份;4.在≤5岁年龄组阳性率为15%(6/40例),>5岁年龄组阳性率为8%(2/25例),二组hMPV感染阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);5.hMPV感染的临床表现无特征性。结论西安地区儿童急性呼吸道感染与hMPV感染有关;咳嗽、发热是hMPV感染后的主要临床症状。     

太原市部分人群诺瓦克样病毒血清抗体水平的调查

目的　为了解诺瓦克样病毒在太原市人群中的感染状况。方法　采用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ，分别以重组杆状病毒表达的Ｎｏｒｗａｌｋ （ｒＮＶ） 和Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ （ｒＭＸ） 病毒样颗粒为抗原，对来自太原市的不同年龄人群的３２２ 份血清标本进行了诺瓦克样病毒（ＮＶ） 特异性ＩｇＧ 抗体检测。结果　总检出率为ＮＶ７８．６ ％ ，Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ 病毒（ＭＸ）８２．９ ％ 。不同年龄人群两种型别抗原的抗体检出情况类似：７ ～１１ 个月的阳性率最低，分别为ＮＶ３７．５％ ， ＭＸ３１．３％ ；１ 岁时达到ＮＶ４８．１％ ，ＭＸ７０．４ ％ ；２ ～３ 岁时达到ＮＶ６９．２ ％ ，ＭＸ８８．５％ ；４ ～６ 岁后均接近或超过９０％ 。结论　太原市人群中这两种血清型的诺瓦克样病毒感染十分普遍。     

哮喘儿童呼吸道合胞病毒感染后血清抗F和抗G蛋白特异性IgG抗体的变化

目的探讨血清抗呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）抗Ｆ和抗Ｇ蛋白ＩｇＧ抗体水平与哮喘儿童ＲＳＶ感染及感染后病情轻重的关系。方法以ＲＳＶ（Ｌｏｎｇ株）及表达ＲＳＶＦ和Ｇ蛋白的重组痘苗病毒为抗原，采用酶联免疫吸附试验，检测了６６例６岁以下哮喘患儿ＲＳＶ流行期间双份血清中抗ＲＳＶＦ和Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体水平。结果（１）本组哮喘患儿ＲＳＶ感染率为３５％；（２）ＲＳＶ感染组哮喘患儿血清抗Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白ＩｇＧ抗体滴度明显低于非ＲＳＶ感染组；（３）ＲＳＶ感染后哮喘中～重度发作组血清抗Ｆ蛋白ＩｇＧ抗体滴度明显低于轻度发作组；（４）哮喘患儿ＲＳＶ感染后恢复期较急性期血清抗Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白抗体滴度均有明显升高，其升高程度在不同年龄组及两种蛋白间差异均无显著意义。结论血清抗Ｆ和抗Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体对哮喘患儿ＲＳＶ感染有一定保护作用；ＲＳＶ感染后抗Ｆ和抗Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体滴度的高低亦反映哮喘急性发作的轻重程度     

衣原体IgM及IgG抗体在小儿呼吸道感染病因学诊断中的意义

为阐明4岁内小儿衣原体感染的病因及发病率,检测151例下呼吸道感染小儿血清衣原体特异性抗体,结果有24.7％确诊为呼吸道衣原体感染,且22.7％为肺炎衣原体引起,沙眼衣原体仅占2％。衣原体是引起继发性免疫缺陷的危险因子,研究100例7个月～15岁反复呼吸道感染小儿的血清沙眼衣原体特异性抗体,其中55例IgG和IgG抗体阳性,8例(14.5％)有两种抗体。患儿之母亲血清抗体阳性率亦高(75％),并发现沙眼衣原体抗体平均滴度值与患儿年龄呈线性关系,在6岁以内反复呼吸道感染最多的组内特异性IgG抗体平均滴度明显高于7～15岁小儿(P<0.05)。所以宫内感染是主要传播途径,其次是日常生活接触传染(家庭性衣原体病)。     

合胞病毒感染后血清中抗F和G蛋白特异性IgG抗体反应

为深入了解婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）感染后特异性保护抗体的反应，探明ＲＳＶ感染后血清保护性抗体的类型及其相互关系；以表达呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白的重组痘苗病毒为抗原，用间接免疫荧光法检测３３例ＲＳＶ感染后婴幼儿双份血清中抗ＲＳＶ的Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体反应。结果表明，１岁以内婴幼儿ＲＳＶ感染后，血清中Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体有不同程度的升高，但Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体反应明显低于Ｆ蛋白；１岁以后，机体对ＲＳＶ感染的抗Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体反应较１岁以前明显增强。说明婴幼儿ＲＳＶ感染后，机体抗ＲＳＶ的Ｆ和Ｇ蛋白特异性ＩｇＧ抗体反应受年龄因素的影响，尤其以Ｇ蛋白更为显著。     

重庆地区儿童血清偏肺病毒中和活性的研究

目的初步分析重庆地区0～6岁儿童血清人偏肺病毒（hMPV）中和活性及与hMPVILsG抗体水平的关系,为进一步大样本的血清流行病学研究奠定基础。方法0～3岁儿童血清来自因外科疾患住院的儿童,3～6岁儿童血清来自托幼儿童体检血清。采用微量中和实验检测上述血清中hMPV中和活性,分析血清中和活性水平及其与hMPVIgG抗体水平的相关性。结果在抽取的50份血清标本中,此前通过间接酶联免疫吸附试验检测为阴性的8份标本均未显示中和活性,而42份hMPVIgG抗体阳性血清标本中和活性均显阳性,平均中和滴度为1：129。其中0—5个月组中和滴度均值1：160,6～11、12～23、24～35个月和3～6岁组中和滴度均值分别为1：58．9、1：114．9、1：172．8、1：160。血清中抗hMPVIgG水平和中和活性具有显著相关性,r=0．668,但hMPVIgG水平与中和活性并不平行。结论0—6岁儿童血清中多具hMPV中和活性,但其是否足以预防不同亚型hMPV感染尚待进一步研究。     

南京市0～8岁儿童巨细胞病毒感染流行病学调查

目的 调查儿童巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染率及首次感染的年龄,为了解中国CMV感染现状提供循证医学证据.方法 随机抽取2011年6月至9月在南京市儿童医院体检的837例儿童.男513例,女324例;年龄1d～8岁,平均3.6岁.采用固相ELISA酶联免疫试剂,定性检测体检儿童血清中CMV IgM抗体、定量检测CMV IgG抗体浓度及IgG亲合力指数.结果 837例儿童血清中,CMV IgG阳性690例,阳性率为82.4％.其中男童阳性427例,阳性率83.2％;女童阳性263例,阳性率81.2％,男童与女童CMV IgG阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.584,P=0.445).在92例6月龄以内的儿童中,其中86例CMV IgG阳性,阳性率为93.5％;7月龄之后阳性率逐渐下降,在9月龄下降至最低,为66.7％,然后随年龄增长而升至80.0％左右(x2=15.4,P＜0.001).从837例儿童中按年龄段随机抽取352例,同时检测其血清CMV IgM,共23例阳性,总IgM阳性率为6.5％,其中以2～3月龄婴儿阳性率最高,达58.3％,之后逐渐下降,6岁以后未检出CMV IgM阳性病例(x2=5.1,P ＜0.001).进一步检测23例活动性感染标本的IgG抗体亲合力指数,发现13例IgG亲合力指数＜30％,原发感染率为56.5％,其中以＜1岁儿童居多(7例),占总原发感染数的53.8％.结论 目前南京地区儿童CMV感染率大约为80.0％,低于成人,其首次感染多数发生在3月龄前.     

小儿巨细胞病毒活动性感染的两种诊断方法比较

目的　通过血清人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)IgM和尿快速培养HCMV检测临床标本的比较 ,进一步评价血清特异性IgM诊断活动性HCMV感染的价值。 方法　①ELISA法检测患儿血抗HCMV IgG、IgM。②通过检测尿培养物中HCMV即刻早期抗原 (IEA)快速诊断活动性HCMV感染。结果　① 119例尿培养阳性者 ,血抗HCMV IgG均为阳性。②与尿快速培养法相比 ,血IgM的特异性和敏感性分别达到 97 7%和 6 9 7% ;血IgM阳性数与尿快速培养阳性数比率在≤ 1个月、～ 1岁和～ 3岁组分别为 4 5 8%、75 75和 82 4 % ,表明IgM检测结果在各年龄组均有假阴性 ,其中尤以 1个月以下婴儿多见。③ 2例 3个月左右患儿血IgM阳性而尿培养阴性。 11例随访患儿中 ,9例在结束更昔洛韦治疗后 1个月复查 ,3例IgM迟于尿培养转阴 ,2例尿培养阴性而血IgM仍为阳性 ,表明IgM检测结果可有假阳性。 结论　血清特异性IgM检测可用于诊断活动性CMV感染 ,但其意义有一定局限性 ,应结合其他指标综合判断     

Common WU polyomavirus infection in a Beijing population indicated by surveillance for serum IgG antibody against capsid protein VP2

Background

WU polyomavirus (WU virus) was identified as a novel polyomavirus in 2007 from specimens of pediatric patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI). A lack of permissive cell lines has limited investigations into WU virus pathogenesis and prevalence.

Methods

The encoding region of the capsid protein VP2 gene was amplified from a WU virus DNA-positive clinical specimen and expressed as a recombinant Histagged protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The expressed VP2 was identified by expected molecular weight and immunoreactivity with anti-His monoclonal antibody in Western blotting assay. Serum samples collected from 455 individuals of all ages in Beijing without symptoms of ARI were tested for IgG antibodies against the affinity-purified recombinant VP2 protein by Western blotting to investigate the prevalence of natural WU virus infection. In addition, serum samples from four ARI pediatric patients, whose nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for WU virus DNA and negative for all other respiratory-related viruses, were tested for IgM antibody against the recombinant VP2.

Results

Of the 455 serum samples, 238 reacted with the recombinant VP2, yielding an overall positive rate of 52.3% for IgG against VP2 of WU virus. The positive rate was the highest in serum samples from infants and children between 1 to 4 years of age. One of four ARI pediatric patients was positive for IgM against WU virus VP2, implicating WU virus as the causative disease agent.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of IgG against WU polyomavirus in Beijing-based study population indicates that WU virus infection is common in Beijing. WU virus may be responsible for some pediatric ARI cases, and primary infection of this virus may occur mostly in childhood.     

北京地区部分儿童严重急性呼吸综合征的血清学研究

目的 确定临床诊断为严重急性呼吸综合征（SAILS）患儿感染的病原是否为SAILS相关冠状病毒（SAILS-CoV）;同时探讨儿童sARS患者的传播能力。方法2003年6-8月收集到的SAILS患者及其接触者血清标本177例,同时期的来源于非疫区择期手术儿童血清标本49例,以及无SAILS接触史的北京健康儿童血清标本93例,SAILS流行前儿童血清标本90例,总计409例。应用不同方法（包括酶联免疫吸附实验、间接免疫荧光、Western-blot等）、不同单位生产的试剂盒测定抗SAILS-CoV抗体。结果不同检测方法中,SAILS．CoV特异性IgG抗体阳性率在SAILS患儿中为39．1％-43．5％。成人SAILS患者中为57．1％-71．4％;与SAILS患儿接触的儿童中均为阴性。与SAILS患儿接触的成人中为6．0％-9．0％;与成人SAILS接触的儿童中为0-9．7％;与成人SAILS接触的成人中为4．4％-7．1％;同时期的正常儿童与非疫区择期手术儿童以及SAILS流行前的正常儿童血清标本用不同方法和试剂检测结果不尽相同。结论临床诊断为SAILS的患儿SAILS-CoV特异性IgG抗体阳性率（40％左右）明显低于临床诊断为SAILS的成人患者。提示在流行期间有相当一部分儿童sARS实际上是由其他的呼吸道病毒感染所致。与成人sARS接触的儿童和成人中,有一部分SAILS抗体为阳性,提示可能存在SAILS-CoV的隐性感染。目前已推广使用的SAILS诊断试剂对于儿童SAILS诊断的正确性还需要进一步的验证。     

Autoantibodies directed against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in patients with cystic fibrosis: association with microbial respiratory tract colonization

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with the appearance of serum autoantibodies directed against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). OBJECTIVES: To determine the age-specific seroprevalence rates of anti-BPI-IgG and IgA in a population of patients with CF and to correlate anti-BPI antibody concentrations with microbial respiratory tract colonization and pulmonary function variables at the time of serum sampling and 6 years thereafter. METHODS: Determination of BPI antibodies of the IgG and IgA isotypes using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera of a CF serum bank of 1992; correlation of anti-BPI antibody concentrations with age, clinical score, pulmonary function variables in 1992 and 1998, total serum immunoglobulin isotype concentrations and respiratory tract colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus spp. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients (age in 1992, 14.1 +/- 7.5 years) were studied. Reactivities for anti-BPI-IgG and IgA were found in 28 (39%) and 26 (37%) patients, respectively. The seroprevalence of anti-BPI-IgA, but not IgG, increased significantly with age. P. aeruginosa colonization was associated with elevated concentrations of anti-BPI-IgG (P = 0.003) and IgA (P = 0.037). There were significant negative correlations between pulmonary function variables (vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s) in 1992 and 1998, respectively, and concentrations of anti-BPI-IgG or IgA in a multiple regression analysis. Anti-BPI-IgG, but not IgA, remained significantly associated with P. aeruginosa colonization (P = 0.006) and with reduced vital capacity (P = 0.01) in 1998 after correction for total serum isotype concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-BPI-IgG are strongly associated with concurrent P. aeruginosa colonization and with long term restrictive pulmonary function abnormalities.     

Serum and salivary anti-capsular antibodies in infants and children immunized with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

AIM: To study the ability of seven-valent experimental pneumococcal polysaccharide CRM197 protein conjugate vaccine (PncCRM) to induce antibodies in serum and saliva of infants. METHODS: Sixty Finnish infants received Pnc-CRM vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and were boosted with PncCRM (n = 30) or pneumococcal polysaccharide (PncPS) (n = 29) vaccine at the age of 15 months. Serum IgG antibody concentrations to vaccine serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F were measured by enzyme immunoassay at 2, 4, 6, 7, 15, 16 and 24 months of age. Salivary IgA, IgG and secretory Ig antibody titers at 7 and 16 months of ages were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay against the same serotypes, except 23F. RESULTS: PncCRM induced systemic immune responses and immunologic memory. At 7 months of age 69 to 100% of children, depending on the serotype, had serum IgG antibody concentrations exceeding the value of 1.0 microg/ml. At 15 months the titers were still higher than before the vaccinations. Booster doses of either PncPS or PncCRM induced an increase in antibody concentrations. The titers were still elevated at 24 months of age. Salivary IgA and IgG antibodies were found rarely at 7 months of age, but in up to 80% of samples taken at 16 months of age, depending on the serotype and nature of the booster vaccine. Salivary IgG correlated with IgG in serum, supporting the theory that salivary IgG is derived from serum. Salivary IgA and secretory Ig correlated positively, which indicates that IgA was locally produced. CONCLUSIONS: PncCRM induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses in infants.     

Seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 (exanthema subitum; critical 3-day fever-exanthema in young children) in the population of Northern Germany]

We tested 989 sera of all age groups (patients and blood donors) from north eastern Germany (West Pomerania and Mecklenburg) and found 820 cases (82.9%) of specific human herpes virus type 6 (HHV 6) antibodies (IgG) gy indirect immunofluorescent assay. The seroprevalence rose to 83.6% when the 7 HHV 6-IgM positive results (0.7%) were included; moreover a further 23 sera (2.3%) showed specific HHV 6 antibodies of both classes (IgM and IgG). The antibody prevalence was constantly high at 90% from the age of 8 months up to the 71-80 years group, and it only decreased in the age group over 80. 93.2% of the newborn infants showed HHV 6-IgG antibodies (of maternal origin) in the cord blood; this prevalence is identical with that for females of reproductive age (92.7% in the 3rd decade, 93.7% in the 4th decade). No sex differences in seroprevalence were observed. The main immunization occurs in the first year of life but infection with HHV 6 at a later age is also well documented. We found the lowest seroprevalence in the 3rd and 4th postnatal months (when maternal immunity had disappeared); later the seroprevalence of specific antibodies rose very rapidly and by the 8th month the rate was the same as for the adult group. The theoretical possibility of prenatal infection due to HHV 6 exists, but the real risk of a first infection during pregnancy is very low, because only 7-8% are susceptible in this group.     

Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in Bangladesh

Data on the seroprevalence of antibodies protective against the varicella-zoster virus are needed to develop strategies to prevent varicella infections in Bangladesh. Of 1209 patients evaluated at referral-level health facilities in Dhaka, 943 (78%) had no known history of chickenpox and were tested by latex agglutination for the presence of varicella-zoster antibody in serum. Forty-one per cent (386) of the 943 specimens tested were negative. Seropositivity was highest among neonates (83%), declined sharply to 19% in those aged 7-12 months, and thereafter rose steadily with age until a plateau of 85% was reached after the age of 16 years. This first report of varicella-zoster antibody seroprevalence in Bangladesh suggests that, as in other tropical areas, a significant proportion of children, adolescents and adults are susceptible. Children aged from 15 months to early adolescence might be the most important group to target with the vaccine currently available. However, to ensure successful immunisation, further, population-based seroprevalence data are needed, as are an assessment of the vaccine's acceptability and the accessibility of the target population. Incomplete coverage of young children could result in delayed acquisition, and, ultimately, in more severe disease.     

Isotype composition of antibodies to streptococcus group B type III polysaccharide and to tetanus toxoid in maternal,cord blood sera and in breast milk

Neonates are protected against group B streptococcal (GBS) infections and tetanus by transplacentally transferred serum antibodies. Antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA classes and IgG subclasses to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of type III group B streptococci (GBS III) and to tetanus toxoid (TT) were measured in sera from healthy women of fertile age and in paired maternal and cord blood sera from term and preterm pregnancies. GBS III CPS antibodies of the IgG class were found in sera from 97 out of 100 women of fertile age, but only 15 of them had antibodies above the proposed protective level (2 g/ml). TT IgG antibodies above the protective level (0.01 units/ml) were found in all sera. The IgG antibodies against GBS III CPS were mainly composed of the IgG2 subclass and to a lesser extent of IgG1. Almost all women had IgG1 antibodies against TT and 40% had IgG4 antibodies. Total IgG and IgG1 antibodies against GBS III CPS were higher in cord blood sera from 37 term neonates than in sera from their mothers whereas IgG2 antibody levels were similar. Total IgG and IgG1 antibodies against TT were also higher in the 20 term neonates tested than in their mothers. In contrast, total IgG and IgG1 to both GBS III CPS and TT and IgG2 to GBS III CPS were lower in cord blood sera from preterm neonates than in sera from their mothers. IgA antibodies to GBS III CPS were detected in 63% of breast milk samples while IgA antibodies against TT were detected in only 4%. In conclusion the study shows important differences in IgG subclass composition of antibodies against a polysaccharide and a protein antigen and in placental transfer of IgG antibodies in term and preterm babies.