急性右室心肌梗死的心电图分析

目的　探讨急性右室心肌梗死 (ARVI)的心电图特征。方法　选择急性心肌梗死 (AMI) 5 0例 ,进行心电图回顾性分析。结果　 5 0例AMI中合并ARVI 18例 ,发生率为 3 6%。下壁、正后壁AMI 2 3例中合并ARVI 12例 ,发生率 5 2 2 %。V3R～V5R导联QRS波呈QS型 ,其后ST T有动态改变。部分病例有Ⅰ、aVL、V5、V6 导联Q波消失 ,STⅢ /Ⅱ 抬高 >1,STⅡ 抬高≥ 1mm ,V1 ～V5导联ST段抬高呈递减性 ,STV2 ↓ /STaVF↑≤ 5 0 %等表现。结论　AVRI多合并下壁、正后壁AMI。右胸导联异常Q波 ,动态ST T改变是ARVI诊断依据 ,常规 12导联心电图上述改变可作为ARVI诊断线索     

42例急性右室梗死的心电图分析

目的探讨急性右室心肌梗死（ARVI）的心电图诊断价值。方法对42例确诊ARVI的心电图进行回顾性分析。结果V4R导联ST抬高≥0．1mV是ARVI早期诊断的最佳指标;下壁急性心肌梗死（AMI）时,ST抬高幅度STⅢ〉STU、STV2Ⅱ、STV2↓/STaVF↑≥0．5强烈提示合并ARVI;ARVI易伴发缓慢心律失常。结论体表心电图对ARVI早期诊断简便、实用,且有价值。     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图对右冠状动脉病变的诊断价值

目的探讨心电图在ST段抬高型急性下壁心肌梗死(IWAMI)时右冠状动脉(RCA)病变位置的诊断价值。方法对109例经冠状动脉造影证实右冠状动脉为梗死相关动脉患者的18导联心电图进行回顾性分析。结果心电图STV1抬高≥2mm、STV4R抬高≥1mm、STV3压低/STⅢ抬高<0.5对右冠状动脉近段闭塞的判断有较大的价值,其阳性率与右冠状动脉远段闭塞组有显著性差异,其诊断的特异性、敏感性均较高。结论ST段抬高型急性下壁心肌梗死时体表心电图与右冠状动脉闭塞位置有明显相关性。     

急性下壁心肌梗死ST段抬高STⅢ/Ⅱ＞1对右室梗死的诊断价值

目的　探讨ST段抬高STⅢ /Ⅱ >1在急性下壁心肌梗死并发右室梗死的诊断价值。方法　描记常规 12导联和V3R～V7R,以连续 2个QRS波群的TP连线为基线 ,测量Ⅱ ,Ⅲ ,V3R V7R导联J点后 80ms处ST段抬高的幅度。结果　Ⅲ导联ST段抬高 >0 1mv ,且STⅢ /Ⅱ >1者占 2 4例 ,其中 18例 (75 % )并发右室梗死 ;而STⅢ /Ⅱ≤ 1者 2 4例中仅 2例 (8 3% )并发右室梗死 ,二者之间差异显著 (P <0 0 0 1)。其敏感性 ,特异性和准确率分别为 90 %、78%、77%。结论　急性下壁心肌梗死的早期 ,ST段抬高 ,STⅢ /Ⅱ >1,是心电图早期识别合并右室梗死的可靠指标。该指标对诊断右室梗死的敏感性同STV4R段抬高相当     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者合并右室梗死的心电图探讨

目的　探讨急性下壁心肌梗死合并右室梗死时的心电图变化。方法　对 118例首次发病后 12h以内急性下壁心肌梗死患者行动态描记心电图 ,并对心电图结果进行分析。结果　合并右室梗死者STV2 与STaVF两者无相关关系 (P >0 .0 5 )。不合并右室梗死者STV2 为 (- 0 .13± 1.73)mm ,STaVF为 (1.37± 1.2 3)mm ,两者之间呈负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。在诊断合并右室梗死方面 ,STV4 R和STV5R >1mm的敏感性为 10 0 % ;STV3R >1mm的敏感性为 86 .7% ;STV1 aVF>0 .5的敏感性为 87.5 % ,特异性为 6 2 .7% ;Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高的敏感性为 87.5 5 % ,特异性为 5 7.8%。合并右室梗死者中冠状动脉造影 6例、尸检 1例均为右冠状动脉近端病变 ,且均合并STV3R～V5R >1mm。结论　不合并右室梗死者胸前导联ST段抬高是aVF导联ST段压低的“镜像”表现 ;而合并右室梗死者“镜像”表现消失。STV4 R和STV5R>1mm诊断右室梗死的敏感性最高。STV3R～V5R>1mm预示右冠状动脉近端病变。     

STⅢ↑/STⅡ↑＞1诊断下壁合并右室心梗死的临床价值

目的 用标准导联中STⅢ↑/STⅡ↑＞1诊断下壁合并右室心肌梗死的临床价值.方法 对37例下壁心肌梗死者的右胸导联及抬高STⅢ与STⅡ比值进行观察,同时结合临床表现.结果 6例心电图中STⅢ/STⅡ↑＞1;其中4例右胸导联V4R～V5R的ST ↑＞0.1mV,2例ST ↑但<0.1mV,临床症状除有典型的心肌梗死表现外,还有右心室衰竭的症状,符合下壁合并右室心肌梗死的诊断.结论 用常规心电图中STⅢ↑/STⅡ↑的比值＞1,并有典型的右心衰竭的表现,对诊断下壁合并右室心肌梗死既简单而又准确.     

右心室梗死的心电图与临床

1资料与方法1.1一般资料63例均为我院1995年9月～2004年9月诊断为右室梗死(RVMI)患者。其中男39例,女24例,年龄47～82(62.2±4.5)岁。所有病例符合WHO急性心肌梗死(AMI)诊断标准。1.2心电图表现1.2.1RVMI心电图诊断标准[1～3]①V4R导联ST段抬高≥1mm,若ST段抬高的程度为V4R>V3R>V1则诊断更有价值;②未合并前壁AMI时,STV1～V5导联抬高≥1mm,抬高幅度从V1～V5导联逐渐降低;③STV2压低与STaVF抬高之比≤50%[3];④CR4R(右锁骨中线第5肋间)导联ST段抬高≥1mm;⑤右心前导联(V3R～V6R)QRS波可呈QS型;⑥多与下壁或后壁MI同时…     

急性前壁心肌梗死心电图ST段改变与前降支阻塞部位关系的研究

目的探讨急性前壁心肌梗死心电图的ST段改变与冠状动脉阻塞部位的关系。方法对34例急性前壁心肌梗死病人进行回顾性分析。结果34例患者中19例为前降支病变,15例为前降支合并多支血管病变,心电图STⅠ、aVL抬高,STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF压低,STaVL>STⅠ,STV2>STaVR,STV3/Ⅱ<-2.3,均为前降支近端狭窄,STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF、V5、V6抬高,STV5>STⅡ,STV6>STaVF,均为前降支远端狭窄。结论急性前壁心肌梗死病人进行心电图常规检查,可以预测梗死与冠状动脉阻塞部位的关系。STⅠ、aVL抬高,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF压低>1mm,为前降支近端病变。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V5、V6抬高>1mm为前降支远端病变。     

Ⅱ、ⅢST段抬高比值与ⅠST段偏移对急性下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的诊断价值

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的诊断价值。方法 对照分析61例急性下壁心肌梗死入院时心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值及Ⅰ导联ST段偏移与冠状动脉造影梗死相关动脉的关系。结果 14例左旋支阻塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为12、2例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等点线12例，压低2例。而47例右冠状动脉阻塞所致者ST段反转高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为2、45例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电位线2例、压低45例。两组差异有显著性意义。结论 心电图ST段拾高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电线是诊断左旋支阻塞敏感而特异的指标，而ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ＜1、Ⅰ导联ST段压低则对诊断右冠状动脉阻塞具有很高的特异性和敏感性。     

aVR导联对急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管判断的价值

目的探讨心电图(ECG)对急性下壁心肌梗死(MI)患者梗死相关血管(IRA)判断的价值。方法选择2002年7月～2004年12月的急性下壁MI患者90例,回顾性分析其症状发作后24h内ECG改变。结果90例中,IRA为右冠状动脉(RCA)者70例,为左回旋支(LCX者)20例;Ⅰ导联ST段抬高和(或)V1和V2导联ST段压低提示IRA在LCX,而ST段抬高Ⅲ导联大于Ⅱ导联和(或)导联V4RST段抬高≥0.5mm提示IRA在RCA;aVR导联ST段压低≥1mm判断IRA为LCX,其敏感性为70.0%,特异性为94.3%。结论Ⅰ导联ST段抬高、ST段抬高Ⅲ导联>Ⅱ导联、导联V4RST段抬高≥0.5mm、V1和V2导联ST段抬高或压低以及aVR导联ST段压低等5项标准可用于判断急性下壁MI患者的IRA,而aVR导联ST段压低为一项新的标准。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.