肝纤维化标志物联合生化指标检测判断肝病进程的意义

目的探讨血清肝纤维化指标与铁蛋白（SF）、总胆汁酸（TBA）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）联合检测对肝炎患者病变程度及预后的意义。方法以竞争性放射免疫法分析检测242例不同类型、不同程度慢性肝病患者的血清透明质酸（HA）、层黏连蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（ⅣC）和SF；用循环酶速率法分析测定TBA；用速率法分析测定ALT。并设立65例健康体检者为对照组。结果各组肝炎患者血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC、SF、TBA、ALT7项指标与健康对照组比较均有不同程度的升高，其中血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、ⅣC和SF以中、重度慢性肝炎和活动性肝硬化升高最为明显，而TBA、ALT在急性黄疸型肝炎中升高最为明显。结论血清肝纤维化4项指标联合SF、TBA及ALT检测在判断肝纤维化程度中具有较高的临床价值，对连续动态观察肝病进程是一组良好的指标，对肝病的预后具有一定指导意义。     

血清“肝纤四项”检查在诊断肝纤维化程度中的作用

目的分析Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）、层粘连蛋白（LN）和透明质酸酶（HA）在诊断肝纤维化程度的作用。方法采用化学发光法测定120例病毒性肝炎患者及80例健康献血者血清PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN和HA水平,结合病理结果分析其与肝纤维化程度的关系。结果上述四项血清学指标在肝炎患者中均明显升高,以肝硬化者为最高,其升高程度与肝纤维化及肝病严重程度呈正相关。结论血清PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN和HA水平与肝纤维化程度相关,可作为反映慢性肝病肝纤维化严重程度和预后的指标。     

血清LN C Ⅳ P ⅢP HA对肝纤维化及肝硬化的诊断价值

了解检测血清中LN(层粘连蛋白 )、CⅣ (Ⅳ型胶原 )、PⅢP(Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白肽 )、HA(透明质酸 )在诊断肝纤维化及肝硬化中的意义。方法　酶联免疫检测法 (ELISA)。结果　各类肝炎血清四项指标均有升高 ,肝纤维化及肝硬化患者血清四项指标明显高于急性肝炎及慢性肝炎轻度的患者。结论　血清四项指标可作为判断肝纤维化及肝硬化的较好指标。     

肝病患者血清转化生长因子β1的检测及其意义

目的：探讨急慢性肝炎及肝硬化患者血清转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的变化及其意义。方法：采用双抗体夹心ELISA法分别测定96例肝炎患者血清TGF-β1、透明质酸（HA）、层黏蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型胶原（Ⅲ．C）Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ．C）。结果：各型肝炎患者TGF-β1水平较对照组都明显增高（P〈0．01）。随病情的发展,TGF-β1含量逐渐增高,HA、LN、Ⅲ．C、Ⅳ．C含量也明显增加,各组间差异均有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论：TGF-β1在一定程度上反映了肝纤维化的程摩．左肝纤维化、肝硬化痛理过程申具有重要意义．TGF-β1可作为肝纤维化的标志物。     

肝病患者血清CG、HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC水平与临床分型的关系

目的：初步评价肝病患者血清5项指标肝胆酸（CG）、透明质酸（HA）、层黏蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型前胶原（ⅣC）含量与慢性化及临床分型的关系。方法：对138例肝病患者采用放免法测定血清中CG、HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC水平，比较这5项指标与临床分型的相关性。结果：血清CG、HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC水平含量随着病程的进展有逐步升高的趋势，即急性肝炎＜慢肝轻度＜慢肝中度＜慢肝重度＜肝硬化＜肝癌。结论：血清中CG、HA、PCⅢ、LN、ⅣC水平可反映肝病慢性化趋势，与临床一致，是判断早期肝硬化的相对灵敏和可靠指标。     

血清透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原、层粘连蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原对肝纤维化的诊断意义

目的 研究血清肝纤维化指标透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、层粘连蛋白（LN）及Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）水平与肝纤维化程度的关系。方法 采用放射免疫法对77例慢性乙型肝炎肝组织活检患的血清HA、PCⅢ、LN、Ⅳ-C水平进行检测,对肝组织进行纤维化分期,分析上述血清指标水平与肝组织学诊断和肝纤维化分期之间的关系。结果 四项指标水平与慢性肝炎发展的阶段一致,在肝硬变阶段处于最高水平,与肝组织纤维化程度亦一致,在纤维化分期S4水平最高,显示良好的正相关。结论 血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、LN可以作为反映肝纤维化程度的指标。     

PGA指数和透明质酸在诊断慢性乙肝肝纤维化中的价值

目的：寻找一种简便实用的诊断慢性乙型肝炎纤维化的方法。方法：以78例经肝穿刺病理证实的慢性乙型肝炎为对象，测定并比较了由PT、GGT、ApoA1组成的PGA指数和HA、LN、PⅢP、C－IV与肝内纤维化程度(S)和炎症活动度（G）的关系。结果：（1）LN、PⅢP、C－IV在轻度慢性乙肝时无明显升高，在中度慢性乙肝时明显高于正常，但与轻度慢性乙肝无差异，而PGA指数和HA不仅在轻度慢性乙肝时显著升高，而且在轻中度间差异明显.因重度慢性乙肝和活动性肝硬化时，五项指标均显著增高。（2）在G2－4期，HA、LN、PⅢP、C－IV均明显高升，但在G1期，只有PGA指数高于正常，且各期间差异显著。（3）在S1－2期，只有PGA指数、HA、C－IV明显上升，但C－IV的上升幅度远低于PGA指数和HA。（4）加以PGA＞4．5或HA＞200μg／L作为判断临界值，则两者判断肝纤维化的敏感性均＞94％，精确性＞91％，特异性＞86％，如两者结合，则分别达到98．3％、95．2％和96．4％。结论：PGA指数和HA均是反映慢性乙型肝炎患者肝内纤维化程度的良好指标，两者联合检测则可达到最大的价值效益比。     

乙型肝炎患者血清纤维化指标与血小板参数的临床意义

目的 探讨乙型肝炎患者血清透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白(Ⅳ.C)等肝纤维化指标,与血小板计数(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)联合检测的诊断价值.方法 乙型肝炎患者206例(汉族110例,维吾尔族96例),以诊断为急性肝炎32例、慢性肝炎87例、重型肝炎41例、肝炎肝硬化46例为试验组.以昌吉市第二人民医院健康体检者50例(汉族25例,维吾尔族25例)为对照组.用放射免疫试剂盒分析血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、Ⅳ.C水平,用血细胞分析仪进行PLT、MPV、PDW的检测.结果 各试验组患者肝纤维化指标平均值均高于对照组.重型肝炎组、肝炎肝硬化组的HA、LN、PCⅢ、Ⅳ.C平均值较急性肝炎组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各试验组患者PLT与对照组相比均有所降低,重型肝炎组、肝炎肝硬化组的PLT明显低于其余各组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);除急性肝炎组外各试验组患者MPV、PDW平均值均较对照组有所升高.且肝炎肝硬化组的MPV、PDW平均值较其他组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 综合分析血清肝纤维化指标及血小板参数,对乙型肝炎患者肝病进展的临床诊断具有重要参考价值.     

抗核抗体与血清四项肝硬化指标联合检测在丙型病毒性肝炎纤维化诊断中的意义

目的：探讨抗核抗体（ANA）与血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、层黏蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）联合检测在肝病诊断中的意义。方法：采用间接免疫荧光法（IIF）、放射免疫分析法和酶联免疫法（ELISA）检测72例慢性丙肝患者的血清ANA,HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平,并与由年龄、血小板计数、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶及透明质酸四项指标构成的判别肝纤维化程度的指数模型（FibroIndex）比较,同时与48例健康体检者比较。结果：慢性丙型病毒性肝炎（丙肝）患者的血清HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平与对照组比较,均有不同程度升高（P〈0.01）,且随着病程的发展逐渐升高。结论：血清HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C可较好地反映肝纤维化程度,与ANA联合检测可提高对慢性丙肝肝纤维化的诊断水平。     

大黄蜇虫丸治疗乙型肝炎肝纤维化28例

目的观察大黄蜇虫丸治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的临床疗效。方法用大黄蜇虫丸配合保肝、抗病毒等药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者28例，观察治疗前后患者血清透明质酸（HA），Ⅳ型胶原纤维（CⅣ）、层粘蛋白（LN）、Ⅲ型前胶原氨基末端肽（pⅢp）的变化，观察3个月，并同时检测治疗前后的肝功能和B超情况。结果血清肝纤维化指标（HA、CⅣ、LN、pⅢp）水平下降，其中尤以HA和pⅢp下降明显，肝功能各项指标均有不同程度的好转，多数患者的B超指标有改善。结论大黄蜇虫丸有一定的抗肝纤维化作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.