腹股沟区的应用解剖学研究

目的为临床腹股沟疝修补术提供解剖学资料。方法选取经甲醛防腐固定的40具成人尸体(男30具,女10具),逐层解剖并用三角板、游标卡尺、量角器对其进行测量。结果腹股沟韧带长(12.0±0.5)cm,宽0.6 cm;腹股沟管长(4.7±0.6)cm;腹股沟镰长(2.2±0.8)cm。腹股沟镰表现为四种类型:联合腱型55侧、结合型12侧、腹横肌腱膜型4侧、肌-腱膜混合型9侧。腹壁下动脉的行程异常占11.3%。腹股沟管后壁可分为两层紧贴的筋膜层,并形成一个卵圆形的区域,其纵径长(2.9±0.7)cm,横径(1.4±0.38)cm。结论腹横筋膜深层较浅层薄弱,加强和重建腹股沟管后壁是腹股沟疝手术成败的关键。     

腹股沟斜疝层次结构显示及其应用解剖学研究

目的为临床腹股沟疝修补术和局部手术解剖学教学提供理论基础和形态学资料。方法连续逐层解剖显示斜疝标本腹股沟区局部层次并观察腹股沟管、疝囊及周围组织。结果腹股沟区各层结构分层、明显延续为阴囊壁各层次;除腹环明显外,未见典型的腹股沟管围成结构;由腹膜形成典型的疝囊;腹膜鞘突上段闭锁不完全形成疝囊后壁的鞘突腹膜前、后层。结论认识腹股沟斜疝后腹股沟区和腹股沟管解剖结构改变是临床腹股沟疝修补术和腹股沟管重建成功的基础。     

腹股沟区的应用解剖及其临床意义

目的为腹腔沟斜、直疝修补术提供理论基础,方法 用肉眼观察并应用游标卡尺测量腹股沟区有关结构。结果 腹内斜肌起始有四种类型,肌腱移行处呈现三种类型：腹横肌起始,腹股沟镰各有三种类型。腹股沟韧带平均长11．65cm,宽0．58cm;髂耻束平均长6．94cm,宽0．53cm。髂耻束并不恒定存在。腹内斜肌起于髂耻束者3例,占1．17％,腹横肌起于髂耻束者占10．7％。结论 观测值为临床疝修补术提供理论基础和实用数据。     

患有腹股沟疝的女性婴幼儿圆韧带的解剖

概述:婴幼儿的腹股沟疝修补术是一种常见手术。有关腹股沟的胚胎学和解剖学已作过详尽的描述。通常认为,在女性沿疝囊走行的圆韧带终止于大阴唇。本文在患有腹股沟疝的女性儿童中,对其圆韧带的解剖结构进行了观察。     

腹股沟区的应用解剖学

对100侧腹股沟区进行了解剖观察。腹股沟韧带平均长12cm,宽0.6cm;腹股沟管平均长4.7cm;腹股沟镰有四种类型:(1)联合腱型占66%;(2)肌一腱膜混合型占15%;(3)结合肌型占14%;(4)腹横肌腱膜型占5%。有10%的腹壁下动脉行程异常,其中 S 形(高位弯曲)和 L 形(低位弯曲)各5例。腹股沟后壁可分为两层紧贴的筋膜层,并成一个“梨状窝”,其平均纵径为2.9cm,横径1.4cm。加强和重建后壁,现已被认为是腹股沟疝手术成败的关键。     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术肌耻骨孔的活体解剖学观察及临床意义

目的　探讨腹膜前间隙的解剖学特点,为腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的提供手术解剖依据。 方法　对我院30例腹股沟疝患者行LIHR时进行术中解剖观察及术后回顾分析手术视频,通过解剖学绘图描述LIHR手术入路、解剖层次及技术要点。 结果　腹膜前间隙由Retzius间隙和Bogros间隙组成,其间有间隔分开。腹横筋膜由深浅两层结构组成,腹膜与腹横筋膜的深层之间为无血管区域。 腹横筋膜在腹股沟韧带深面增厚形成髂耻束,参与构成股管的内侧壁及腹股沟管的下壁,生殖股神经股支及股外侧皮神经在髂耻束下方通过。 结论　熟悉腹膜前间隙肌耻骨孔区域解剖标志点,是LIHR手术的前提,具有重要临床意义。     

尺神经、肘管的解剖学观察及临床意义

目的解剖学观察测量成人尺神经、肘管的形态结构,为临床手术治疗肘管综合症提供解剖学基础。方法采用解剖学方法对成人尸体26具(男16具,女10具)解剖观察测量肘管后壁长度,切开肘管后壁,将尺神经前移,测量其前移的最大距离。结果肘管后壁长度:男性为(2.38±0.43)cm,女性为(2.15±0.38)cm;切开肘管后壁将尺神经前移至肱骨内上髁前方皮下,最大前移的距离:男性为(1.53±0.31)cm,女性为(1.38±0.41)cm。结论临床手术治疗肘管综合症,切开肘管后壁进行时,可切开长度在2.15~2.38 cm,肘管内尺神经前移距离在1.38~1.53 cm之间,不会产生术后神经张力增加。     

骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经损伤的应用解剖学

目的:为骨盆手术防止股外侧皮神经盆内段损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:在25具成人防腐标本上解剖观察股外侧皮神经的起源、行程及分支,测量神经出盆点与髂前上棘中心点的距离。结果:①股外侧皮神经出盆点位置的解剖变异较大,根据神经出盆点与髂前上棘的关系可分为四种类型。②股外侧皮神经72％从腹股沟韧带深面穿出,28％穿行于腹股沟韧带中。穿出点距髂前上棘的距离为(1.02±0.88)cm。③股外侧皮神经穿过腹股沟韧带并被阔筋膜包裹,形成了股外侧皮神经的远侧固定点。结论:(1)腹股沟韧带及阔筋膜对股外侧皮神经的固定作用是骨盆手术损伤股外侧皮神经的解剖学因素。(2)术中神经预防性松解是避免医源性神经损伤的关键。     

经阴道广泛性子宫切除术中膀胱宫颈韧带的应用解剖

目的:为经阴道广泛性子宫切除术提供应用解剖学基础。方法:经阴道逆行解剖观测8例(16侧)常规防腐女性盆腔尸体标本。结果:(1)膀胱宫颈韧带位于膀胱、子宫颈和阴道之间,可分为宫颈部(2.07±1.06)cm、阴道部(1.75±0.58)cm;(2)膀胱宫颈韧带长度为(4.12±1.02)cm,阴道部起始端宽为(0.69±0.23)cm;(3)输尿管膝部距离阴道部起始端(2.14±0.47)cm;(4)输尿管膝部距离子宫动脉跨越处(2.16±0.36)cm。结论:经阴道广泛性子宫切除术中对膀胱宫颈韧带的解剖至关重要,可避免损伤输尿管和子宫动脉等重要结构。     

骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖学测量及其意义

目的　测量骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖学数据,为临床应用提供形态学基础。 方法 20例（男、女性各10例20侧）正常成人防腐骨盆标本,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的起点宽度、附着点宽度、韧带上缘、中部和下缘长度、韧带中点宽度和厚度。 结果　男、女性骶结节韧带上缘、中部和下缘长度分别为（12.19±0.49）cm和（11.20±0.39）cm 、（8.02±0.80）cm和（7.22±0.90）cm、（6.67±0.24）cm和（6.76±0.15）cm,两者比较除韧带起始部宽度和上缘长度存在差异(P<0.05)外,其余无统计学差异;男、女性骶棘韧带上、中、下平均长度分别为（4.45±0.14）cm和（4.56±0.32）cm、（4.27±0.17）cm和（4.54±0.67）cm、（4.44±0.33）cm和（4.67±0.42）cm,韧带起始部宽度、韧带中点宽度和厚度男、女性差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余无统计学差异。 结论　骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带与临床骨盆骨折和妇产科疾病的治疗联系紧密,本研究为临床相关研究和治疗提供了解剖学依据。     

Anatomical basis of neuropathies and damage to the ilioinguinal nerve during repairs of groin hernias. (about 100 dissections)

Surgical access to the inguinal region, notably during hernia repairs, exposes the ilioinguinal nerve to the risk of damage at the origin of the neuralgia. The incidence of these post-operative neuropathies and their medicolegal consequences justify this study about the anatomical variations of the ilioinguinal nerve. With the aim of preventing its damage during repairs of groin hernias and identifying the factors of onset of chronic spontaneous neuropathy of the ilioinguinal nerve, we dissected 100 inguinal regions of 51 fresh adult corpses. The nerve was absent in seven cases and double in one case. Out of the 94 ilioinguinal nerves observed, we analyzed the path in relation to the inguinal ligament and the connections with the walls of the inguinal canal and its content. The ilioinguinal nerve travels along the superficial surface of the internal oblique muscle, passing on average 1.015 cm from the inguinal ligament. In one case, the fibers of the internal oblique muscle spanned it in several places. The nerve was antero-funicular in 78.72% of cases and perforated the fascia of the external oblique in 28.72% of cases. The terminal division took place in the inguinal canal in 86% of cases, with terminal branches that sometimes perforated the fascia of the external oblique. These results enabled us to better understand the etiopathogenic aspects of certain neuropathies of the groin and to propose techniques useful for the protection of the nerve during repairs of groin hernias.     

Emergence and course of the ilioinguinal nerve of the groin

The aim of our study was to find a way of preserving the ilioinguinal nerve during surgical procedures for the repair of inguinal hernias. 40 inguinal regions were dissected, 37 ilio-inguinal nerves studied. The emergence of the nerve was at 4.21 cm of the anterior superior iliac spine, at 0.78 cm of the inguinal ligament on average. Its course was parallel to the inguinal ligament, always lay under the aponevrosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle, it passed through the superficial abdominal ring in 67.56% before proceeding on anterior side of spermatic cord. This result allowed us to examine the possibility of the nerve course variation's, of anastomosis with iliohypogastric nerve and particularly the best way to identify it when surgical procedures are performed in the lower portion of the abdomen.     

Where exactly is the deep inguinal ring in patients with inguinal hernias?

It is difficult to distinguish direct from indirect inguinal hernias on clinical examination. This study attempted to determine an anatomical basis for this finding. Fifty adult patients with primary inguinal hernias were assessed. The position of the deep inguinal ring (DIR) was estimated from the position of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic tubercle (PT) pre-operatively and then the actual distance from these landmarks was measured intra-operatively. The DIR was actually located at a mean of 41% (95% confidence interval (CI) 26–56%) of the way along the inguinal ligament from the PT towards the ASIS (regression slope 1.203; 95% CI 1.141–1.127), compared with the 50% which would be expected from traditional clinical methodology. The DIR was actually found at a mean of 51% (95% CI 33–69%) of the way along a line from the pubic symphysis to the ASIS (regression slope 1.421; 95% CI 1.343–1.499). Pre-operative estimates of the position of the DIR are not accurate measures of its true position in patients with inguinal hernias. Clinical examination of inguinal hernias cannot rely on a constant position of the DIR to determine whether a hernia is direct or indirect.     

The development of the gubernaculum and inguinal closure in the marsupial Macropus eugenii

This study reports the developmental anatomy of testicular descent and inguinal closure of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) from birth to maturity. In females the ovary migrated caudally between days 10 and 20 after birth. The gubernaculum differentiates into the round ligament in the abdomen and extra-abdominally as the ilio-marsupialis muscle of the mammary glands. In males the testes migrated to the internal inguinal ring by day 20 post partum (pp), coinciding with the enlargement of the gubernaculum, and from the internal inguinal ring to the scrotum between days 20 and 65 pp. During descent there was an increase in the hyaluronic acid concentration in cells of the gubernaculum and scrotum. Development of the cremaster muscle began by day 10 pp on the periphery of the gubernaculum and its basic structure was completed by day 60 pp. After descent the inguinal canal closed between days 50 and 60 pp, but a small irregular lumen persisted, somewhat similar to that seen in the congenital scrotal hydrocoele of humans. Tammars have a hopping mode of locomotion and, like humans, are essentially bipedal. We suggest that inguinal closure evolved in these two species because their upright posture may otherwise lead to a high incidence of inguinal hernias.     

腹股沟疝的多层螺旋CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）诊断及鉴别诊断腹股沟直疝、斜疝的主要依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年10月—2013年6月中山大学附属第一医院诊断并治疗的54例腹股沟疝患者的临床及MSCT资料.按照确诊的疝类型分为直疝组、斜疝组,对比分析2组患者MSCT影像中疝囊颈位置、腹壁下血管移位情况、新月征、是否进入阴囊等参数.结果 结合临床及MSCT表现,确诊直疝及斜疝各34个.直疝疝囊颈均位于腹壁下血管内侧,41.2％（14/34）腹壁下血管外移,61.8％（21/34）伴新月征,23.5％（8/34）的疝进入阴囊;斜疝中64.7％（22/34）的疝囊进入腹股沟管内口,35.3％ （12/34）腹股沟管显示不清,88.2％（30/34）疝腹壁下血管向内后方移位,均无新月征,64.7％ （22/34）的疝进入阴囊.2组各参数之间的差异均有统计学意义（P值均＜0.05）.结论 MSCT可显示腹股沟区解剖细节,对腹股沟直疝、斜疝的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要临床意义.     

锥状肌及耻骨前韧带的解剖学观测

目的 探究锥状肌及耻骨前韧带的毗邻关系,为进一步了解维持耻骨联合稳定的机制提供解剖学依据。 方法 选用24具标本（男19具,女5具）,观测锥状肌的长、宽、厚及其与邻近的腹直肌、长收肌和耻骨前韧带之间的毗邻关系。 结果 95.8%大体标本双侧存在锥状肌（23/24,男性19例,女性4例）,4.2%右侧缺如（1/24,女性1例）。测得锥状肌长度,右侧：男（70.64±13.48）mm,女（71.81±11.27）mm,左侧：男（69.60±12.01）mm,女（64.25±19.79）mm;宽度,右侧：男（20.68±4.12）mm,女（20.65±2.04）mm,左侧：男（20.02±2.99）mm,女（18.23±4.77）mm;厚度,右侧：男（2.50±1.61）mm,女（1.49±0.40）mm,左侧：男（2.19±1.06）mm,女（1.50±0.56）mm,左、右侧锥状肌的长、宽和厚未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。测得耻骨前韧带宽度,右侧：男（5.96±1.55）mm,女（6.60±1.10）mm,左侧：男（6.35±1.58）mm,女（6.16±0.69）mm。锥状肌以腱性纤维起于耻骨前面及耻骨联合前的纤维性韧带;腹直肌肌腱、长收肌肌腱、腹股沟韧带以及锥状肌起点在耻骨嵴处交织毗邻,形成层次鲜明的耻骨前韧带。 结论 锥状肌起于耻骨前韧带,与腹股沟韧带和长收肌肌腱一同构成耻骨前韧带;同时以耻骨前韧带为中心,毗邻结构共同构成一个复合体,为耻骨联合的稳定提供重要的支撑。     

Defining the position of deep inguinal ring in patients with indirect inguinal hernias

A preliminary survey of surgeons of all grades in our hospital revealed confusion about the position of the deep inguinal ring. Standard teaching is that the deep inguinal ring is lateral to the femoral artery. The aim of this study was to define the position of the deep ring in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair. Thirty consecutive male patients undergoing indirect inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia were studied. The following landmarks were marked on the patient with a felt pen: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), femoral artery (FA), deep inguinal ring (DR), pubic tubercle (PT) and pubic symphysis (PS). The distance of each point from the ASIS was measured in centimetres. The relation of the femoral artery to the deep inguinal ring was confirmed by palpation through the deep ring during surgery. The femoral artery was consistently identified midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis (mid-inguinal point). The deep inguinal ring was located medial (22/30) or above (8/30) the femoral artery, but never lateral. The mean distances from the anterior superior iliac spine to the deep ring and femoral artery were 8.8 and 7.7 cm, respectively. Contrary to standard teaching, this study demonstrates that the deep inguinal ring lies medial, not lateral, to the femoral artery. This may clarify some of the variations in textbook anatomy, and explain the difficulty in distinguishing direct and indirect inguinal hernias pre-operatively.Presented at the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI, April 2004 Harrogate)     

Is inguinal hernia a defect in human evolution and would this insight improve concepts for methods of surgical repair?

In Homo sapiens sapiens and many mammalian quadrupeds, there is an absence of the posterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line (of Douglas) and an insubstantial transversalis fascia in the groin. This anatomical arrangement presents no particular functional anatomic difficulty for quadrupeds as their inguinal canal is directed “uphill” during ambulation and therefore is not subjected to significant gravitational stress. In humans, however, gravitational stress necessitated by erect posture, including bearing the weight of the intra-abdominal organs directed toward the lower abdomen, considerably amplifies this intrinsic anatomic weakness. It allows a significant number of pathologic inguinal hernias, both direct and indirect, to become clinically manifest and associated with a coincident increase in morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with strangulated hernias and/or delayed treatment. The morbidity is associated with a significant national economic loss secondary to work hour loss from pain, discomfort, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation following therapy. The mortality is usually associated with strangulation, especially in those in patients with delayed treatment. The lack of the evolutionary development of a strong posterior rectus sheath and transversalis fascia in the lower abdomen is thought to represent a significant specific anatomic defect in the evolution of humankind. If so, then perhaps methods for surgical repair will be directed toward correction of this defect and avoid, not encourage, such methods as the utilization of the weak or absent transversalis “fascia,” which are doomed to a high recurrence rate, or other methods that are unnecessarily complicated, such as certain laparoscopic repairs of inguinal hernia. Clin. Anat. 10:47–55, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.