CpG-ODN对慢性乙肝患者外周血树突细胞表型、功能和STAT、SOCS表达的影响

目的研究CpG寡核苷酸(CpG-ODN)对慢性乙肝患者(CHB)外周血树突细胞(DC)表型和功能、细胞因子信号传导分子(STAT)及其抑制因子(SOCS)表达的影响。方法以细胞因子GM-CSF、IL-4自CHB和健康者外周血单核细胞诱导扩增DC,以CpG-ODN或TNF-α刺激DC,评价其对DC表型和功能的影响;应用W estern印迹法检测DC胞质STAT1、3、4、5、6以及SOCS1、3蛋白的表达。结果TNF-α、CpG-ODN能明显增强CHB患者DC的HLA-DR和IL-12 p70表达以及T细胞促增殖能力,但不能增强CD1 a的表达;两者能不同程度增强DC胞质STAT1、4、6和SOCS1、3的表达,但不影响STAT3、5的表达。结论CpG-ODN与TNF-α一样可能通过调节DC胞质信号分子STAT1、4、6及SOCS1、3的表达促进CHB外周血DC分化、成熟及其抗原递呈功能。     

HMGB1在TNF-α诱导大鼠滑膜细胞株RSC-364增殖中的作用及机制

目的：探讨HMGB1在TNF-α诱导的大鼠滑膜RSC-364细胞增殖中的作用及机制。方法: 将常规培养的RSC-364细胞分为正常对照组和10 μg·L-1TNF-α刺激组，分别于6 h、12 h、24 h收集细胞。RT-PCR检测HMGB1、STAT1和STAT3 mRNA的表达；免疫细胞化学和流式细胞术检测HMGB1、PCNA、 STAT1和STAT3蛋白表达。结果：① TNF-α能显著上调HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白的表达，同时PCNA蛋白表达也增强（P<0.05或P<0.01）。② TNF-α 作用12 h 后，STAT1 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显增强，24 h表达最高（P<0.01）。③ TNFα 作用6 h-24 h对STAT3 mRNA和蛋白的表达无明显影响（P>0.05）。④ HMGB1蛋白表达与PCNA 、STAT1蛋白表达呈正相关；STAT1与PCNA蛋白表达亦呈正相关。结论：TNF-α可能通过诱导RSC-364细胞高度表达HMGB1，促进滑膜细胞增殖；STAT1可能参与了其信号转导及调控过程。     

转录因子T-bet表达增强人树突状细胞疫苗诱导的抗肝癌免疫

目的：探讨T-bet在肝癌患者外周血来源的树突状细胞(dendritic cells，DCs)中表达能否增强其诱导抗肿瘤免疫。方法: 取肝癌患者外周血单核细胞，用5 μg/L rhGM-CSF、5 μg/L rhIL-4培养6 d成不成熟DC（iDC），随后加10 μg/L TNF-α诱导成熟DC。用冻融法制备肝癌细胞株HepG2肿瘤抗原，致敏DC，并分组如下： loaded DC/TNF-α（loaded mDC）； loaded DC/TNF-α+IFN-γ（loaded DC/T +I）； loaded DC/T-bet (loaded DC/T-bet)； iDC。体外刺激淋巴细胞。观察T-bet外源表达对DC的表型、混合淋巴细胞反应、肿瘤特异性细胞杀伤效率影响。结果: 外源表达T-bet促进DC/T-bet表型成熟，促进自体混合淋巴细胞反应，诱导分泌出更多的Th1型细胞因子，增强肝癌细胞特异性杀伤效应。结论: T-bet增强DC抗肿瘤免疫性能。     

SOCS1沉默增强树突状细胞抗喉癌免疫效应

目的研究SOCS1沉默的树突状细胞特异性抗肿瘤作用机制,并探讨RNAi技术在喉癌基因治疗中的应用前景,为树突状细胞的临床应用提供新思路和理论依据。方法以细胞因子GM-CSF、IL-4和TNF-α体外诱导扩增外周血单核细胞来源的DC,倒置显微镜下观察DC形态特征;构建RNAi载体转染DC,Western blot检测SOCS1的表达情况,筛选抑制SOCS1表达的有效靶序列;流式细胞术检测DC表面分子CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达;ELISA法分析上清中IFN-γ的含量;MTT法评估DC刺激T细胞增殖的能力及诱导细胞毒性T细胞的杀伤活性。结果 DC体外诱导培养成功;设计的RNAi载体经测序验证无误。干扰序列5可显著下调SOCS1表达水平;SOCS1沉默联合喉癌Hep-2抗原致敏的DC可显著上调表面分子标志CD83(85.61±0.96)%、CD86(96.86±1.20)%和HLA-DR(98.02±0.94)%的表达;该组DC能有效刺激T细胞增殖,增加IFN-γ的分泌量,最终增强CTL的特异性杀伤作用,效靶比为50:1时其杀伤活性显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 SOCS1沉默并负载喉癌Hep-2抗原的DC可以产生高效而特异性的抗喉癌免疫应答。     

香加皮羽扇豆烷乙酸酯(CPLA)对树突状细胞分化成熟的影响

目的：探讨香加皮羽扇豆烷乙酸酯（CPLA）对人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）来源的树突状细胞（DC）在体外分化成熟及免疫活性的影响。方法：从人外周血分离单个核细胞，与细胞因子GM—CSF、IL-4共培养，于第5天加入DC的促成熟刺激剂TNF-α（阳性对照组）或CPLA。倒置显微镜和透射电镜下观察DC的形态；应用流式细胞术检测成熟DC的表面标志CD1a、CD83、CD80和CD86的表达情况；用ELISA检测DC培养上清中IL-12和IFN-γ的含量；用MTT法测定DC刺激T细胞增殖的能力。结果：培养10d后，经CPLA刺激的PBMC呈现出典型DC的形态学特征；成熟DC的特征性表面分子CD1a、CD83、CD80和CD86表达水平均明显上调（P〈0．05）；细胞培养上清中IL-12和IFN-γ含量明显增高（P〈0．05）；刺激T细胞增殖的能力明显增强（P〈0．05）。结论：CPLA可诱导PBMC来源的DC分化成熟，并可促进其细胞因子的分泌，增强DC的免疫调节活性。     

白细胞介素-18干预诱导的树突状细胞表型和活性研究

目的：研究白细胞介素-18（IL-18）干预诱导的树突状细胞（DC）的表型和活性。方法:自人外周血单核细胞诱导DC，第5 d起分为IL-18组、TNF-α组和IL-18+TNF-α组，分别加IL-18、TNF-α及IL-18+TNF-α促成熟，用ELISA法测定上清中IL-12含量；用流式细胞仪测定培养8 d DC的CD1a、HLA-DR、CD83及CD86的表达；用MTT法检测3组DC诱导T细胞增殖的作用。用ELISA法测定3组DC刺激T细胞分泌干扰素γ(IFN-γ)的量。结果:IL-18组与TNF-α组CD1a、HLA-DR、CD83及CD86表达无差异，IL-18+TNF-α组CD1a、CD83及HLA-DR阳性率高于IL-18组。IL-18+TNF-α组IL-12量高于IL-18组和TNF-α组(P＜0.05)。IL-18组与TNF-α组DC刺激T细胞增殖作用无差异，IL-18+TNF-α组DC的作用强于IL-18组和TNF-α组。IL-18组和TNF-α组IFN-γ量无显著差异，IL-18+TNF-α组IFN-γ的量高于IL-18组和TNF-α组(P＜0.05)。结论:IL-18干预诱导的DC高表达表面分子，具有明显的免疫刺激活性，IL-18与 TNF-α合用作用更强。     

钙动员诱导人外周血单核细胞分化为树突状细胞的信号转导

目的初步探讨钙离子载体（CI）在体外迅速诱导人外周血单核细胞（PBMC）分化为树突状细胞（DC）的信号转导途径。方法分离健康献血者的PBMC,在体外用人重组粒／巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）和CI培养40h或rhGM-CSF和TNF-α培养5d,部分PBMC用环胞菌素A（CsA）预处理30min后,再加入CI或TNF-α;相差显微镜下观察细胞的形态;流式细胞仪检测细胞表面CD14、CD80、CD86、CD83、HLS-DR等分子的表达;MTT比色法检测其对同种异体T淋巴细胞的刺激增殖作用;凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析（EMSA）检测不同方法培养的细胞其核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）的活化水平。结果健康献血者的PBMC经rhGM-CSF与CI培养40h或rhGM-CSF与TNF-α培养5d,均可获得DC的典型形态和表面分子的表达,包括CD14表达下调,CD80、CD86及HLA-DR等分子表达的上调,以及较强刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的作用;其中CI诱导的DC其CD80、CD86、CD83、HLA-DR等分子的上调更明显,刺激T淋巴细胞的增殖能力更强。经TNF-α及CI所诱导分化的DC均具有较好的NF-κB活性。但经CI诱导的DC,其形态、表面标志物、对T淋巴细胞的刺激增殖能力及NF-κB的活性,均受到CsA的抑制;而TNF-α所诱导的DC却不受CsA的影响。结论CI比TNF-α更迅速、更高效地诱导PBMC向DC分化的原因,是信号转导途径的不同,但不论上游信号转导途径有何不同,两者最终都通过激活NF-κB诱导细胞的分化。     

CD40配基化调节小鼠树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的研究

目的 探讨CD40配基化对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的调节作用及其生物学意义。方法 采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DC，并利用mCD40-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的Dc制备成熟DC；采用间接免疫荧光标记法检测成熟Dc上B7-H3分子的表达；RT-PCR检测B7-H3 mRNA转录水平；混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）和B7-H3单抗阻断实验分析CD40配基化的DC表面B7-H3分子在T细胞活化中的作用；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DC对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定各组MLR反应和DC培养上清中IFN-γ分泌水平。结果 B7-H3分子在DC不同分化发育阶段均有表达，CD40配基化能显著上调凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC中B7-H3表达，TNF-α激发的DC弱表达（P〈0．05）；阻断CD40配基化的DC上B7-H3分子能抑制T细胞增殖和IFN-γ分泌；CD40配基化促进凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC分泌IFN-γ量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论 体外CD0配基化DC的B7-H3分子上调性表达有助于其刺激T细胞增殖和IFN-γ的产生。     

B7-H1/PD-1共刺激途径对慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV特异性T淋巴细胞功能的影响

目的研究B7-H1／PD-1共刺激信号途径对慢性乙型肝炎（chronic hepatitis B，CHB）患者HBV特异性T淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响。方法流式细胞术检测CHB患者和健康人外周血髓样树突细胞（myeloid dendritic cells，mDC）上B7-H1及T淋巴细胞上PD-1的表达水平，并分析患者B7-H1和PD-1的表达水平与ALT水平的相关性；体外培养CHB患者单核细胞来源的树突细胞（monocyte-derived cells，MoDC），HBcAg负载后用“细胞因子鸡尾酒”（TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β和PGE2）促成熟。MoDC和自体T淋巴细胞混合培养，并对B7-H1／PD-1途径进行阻断处理，^3H-TdR掺入法检测HBV特异性T淋巴细胞增殖的能力；ELISA法检测混合淋巴细胞培养上清中细胞因子的浓度；ELISPOT法检测分泌IFN-γ的T淋巴细胞频数。结果B7-H1及受体PD-1在CHB患者外周血mDC和T淋巴细胞上的表达水平明显升高，且B7-H1和PD-1的表达水平与患者的ALT水平呈明显的正相关；阻断B7-H1／PD-1共刺激途径，不但能够促进HBV特异性T淋巴细胞的增殖和Ⅰ型细胞因子分泌，同时可以提高分泌IFN-γ的抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的频数。结论CHB患者B7-H1和PD-1表达水平的升高，降低了HBV特异性T淋巴细胞免疫功能。     

HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性乙肝患者血清中HBsAb确认方法的建立

目的 建立一种基于酶联免疫吸附实验（ ELISA）的HBsAb确认方法,验证HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性的乙肝患者血清中HBsAb阳性的真实性,剔除假阳性结果,避免错误诊断.方法收集60例电化学发光免疫分析法（ ECLIA）检测的HBsAg浓度在1000 COI以上的混合血清作为确认血清,将不同稀释度的确认血清与收集的HBsAb阳性混合血清中和,筛选并确定确认血清中HBsAg的最佳试验浓度.收集40例HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性的血清,与确认血清中和后采用ELISA检测COI的下降率,验证HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性标本中HBsAb阳性的真实性.结果 确认血清HBsAg浓度为2000 COI时对HBsAb的中和效果最好,ELISA确认法对40例HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性标本确认结果为37例真阳性和3例假阳性,与ECLIA法完全一致.结论 成功建立了HBsAg和HBsAb双阳性血清HBsAb的确认方法,该方法简单、准确且成本较低.     

山东省枣庄市乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学调查

目的　了解枣庄市人群中乙型肝炎的流行特征。方法　于 2 0 0 0年采用随机分层抽样 ,调查 312户家庭的 96 3人 ,以RIA法检测HBsAg、抗 HBs和抗 HBc。结果　HBsAg、抗 HBs、抗 HBc和HBV标化流行率分别为 7.0 8%、37.5 6 %、4 1.35 %和 4 4 .37%。HBsAg流行率男性高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,城区高于农村 (P <0 .0 1) ,在不同年龄及职业人群中差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。抗 HBs、抗 HBc和HBV感染率有随年龄增长而递增的趋势 (P <0 .0 1)。HBV总感染率男性高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,农村高于城市 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　枣庄市人群HBV感染率较高 ,应积极采取预防和控制措施 ,减少发病。     

人外周血初始B细胞和记忆性B细胞亚群的特征和功能

B淋巴细胞是免疫系统的重要免疫成份,主要功能是介导体液免疫应答.在人外周血中,按照B淋巴细胞的发育阶段及功能的不同,可将B淋巴细胞分为初始成熟B细胞、记忆B细胞和浆细胞.记忆B细胞又可分为IgM记忆B细胞和类型转换的记忆B细胞.近年来的研究表明,B淋巴细胞的亚群远比人想象中的复杂,因此对人B细胞各亚群的起源、发育和功能进行更深入的研究,将有助于治疗自身免疫性疾病,在慢性感染性疾病的治疗过程中找到新的策略,并指导研发安全有效的疫苗.     

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Spain: identification of viral genotypes and prediction of antigenic subtypes by limited sequencing

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes were studied by a line probe assay (LiPA) and by direct sequencing of a 339 nucleotide fragment from the S region of the viral genome in samples from 269 carriers living in Spain, either native to Spain (231) or immigrants from Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe (38). The sequences were also used to predict the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) subtype on the basis of the amino acids specified at selected positions of the HBsAg molecule. Agreement between the two genotyping methods was found in most cases (98.1%) and a HBV genotype could be assigned to all samples. The viral groups D/ayw2 (30.1%), D/ayw3 (28.6%), and A/adw2 (21.2%) were prevalent, with an additional participation of the groups D/ayw4 (4.8%), F/adw4q- (1.9%), A/ayw1 (1.9%), and D/adw3 (0.7%), all of them present among the autochthonous carriers. Strains from genotypes B and C were found exclusively among Chinese immigrants. Genotype E strains were found in immigrants from Central Africa and in one patient native of Spain. Point mutations leading to amino acid changes of residues involved in the expression of the HBsAg subtype determinants were found in 12 samples (4.5%). Some mutations would predict the putative novel genotype-subtype associations A/adw4q+, A/ayr, D/ayr, and E/ayw1, while others would suggest the loss of subtype-specific determinants. The finding of HBV strains characteristic for Africa among the autochthonous carriers confirms the emergence of African HBV strains in Spain.     

人外周血初始B细胞和记忆性B细胞亚群的特征和功能

B淋巴细胞是免疫系统的重要免疫成份,主要功能是介导体液免疫应答.在人外周血中,按照B淋巴细胞的发育阶段及功能的不同,可将B淋巴细胞分为初始成熟B细胞、记忆B细胞和浆细胞.记忆B细胞又可分为IgM记忆B细胞和类型转换的记忆B细胞.近年来的研究表明,B淋巴细胞的亚群远比人想象中的复杂,因此对人B细胞各亚群的起源、发育和功能进行更深入的研究,将有助于治疗自身免疫性疾病,在慢性感染性疾病的治疗过程中找到新的策略,并指导研发安全有效的疫苗.     

Analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B causing consecutive cases of fatal fulminant hepatitis in Miyagi Prefecture Japan

We encountered five consecutive patients with fulminant hepatitis induced by acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in 2000--2001 in Japan. They had not had previous contact each other, and were referred to us from different hospitals. Although a 69-year-old woman could be rescued by intensive internal treatment, the four patients died. We analyzed the partial (nt 278-646) and entire nucleotide sequences of the HBV obtained from them, and their divergences were 0-0.3% and 0-0.2%, respectively. The results suggested that they had been infected with the same HBV isolates. The isolates belonged to genotype B and subgenotype B2 on the phylogenetic tree analysis (AB302942-AB302946). As for the nucleotides sequences of them, previously reported mutations of G1896A, A1762T, and G1764A were present. Amino acid analysis revealed that previously reported Ile97Leu and Pro130Non-Pro in the core region and Trp28Stop in the precore region were present. As for the entire nucleotide sequences among B2, AB302942 showed low divergences with AF121245 and AB073834 (1.7%), and X97850 from patients with fulminant hepatitis (3.2%). We compared the two consensus nucleotides derived from AB302942 and X97850 (fulminant hepatitis) versus AY121245 and AB073834 (non-fulminant hepatitis), which revealed a difference in nt 1,504 located in the P and X region. Nucleotide 1,504 was C for isolates from fulminant hepatitis and G for non-fulminant hepatitis, and it was recognized among most of the isolates belonging to B2 registered on GenBank. Further studies could disclose the mechanism of severe inflammation of liver that finally leads to fulminant hepatitis.     

High levels of viral replication during acute hepatitis B infection predict progression to chronicity

To assess the pattern of development of serologic markers during acute hepatitis B, levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were assayed in stored serum samples obtained sequentially from 12 subjects infected with HBV during experimental studies conducted in the 1950s. Six patients developed acute self-limited hepatitis, three developed chronic hepatitis, and three had an asymptomatic infection without HBsAg. HBsAg was the first serologic marker detected (mean = 52 days after exposure), followed by HBeAg (62 days) and HBV DNA (72 days). Peak HBsAg levels occurred before onset of symptoms and correlated with peak titers of HBeAg and HBV DNA. Patients who developed chronic hepatitis had higher peak levels of viral markers than those with self-limited disease: HBsAg (30 versus 5.4 μg/ml), HBeAg (1:2,000 versus 1:60 titer) and HBV DNA (3,192 versus 444 pg/ml). Thus, chronic HBV infection is characterized by high levels of viral replication appearing early during the acute phase of infection. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

The Effect of Age on the B-Cell Repertoire

The antibody repertoire changes with age. This change reflects, in part, the age-associated impairment in the production of a diverse population of naive B cells in the bone marrow and, in part, by the decreased diversification of B cells in the germinal center where affinity maturation and isotype switching takes place. B cell number is strictly regulated and despite the decreased output of B cells by the bone marrow does not decline during aging. Self-renewal of peripheral B cells is sufficient to assure the stability of peripheral B cell number. However, when B cell production is stressed as, for example, following drug-induced lymphopenia, the rate of recovery of B cell number as well as of B cell diversity is compromised in old compared to young mice. Finally, aging is associated with the appearance of B cell clonal expansions which not only limit the diversity of the B cell repertoire but very likely give rise to monoclonal serum immunoglobulins and B cell neoplasms.     

Low-dose UVB radiation perturbs the functional expression of B7.1 and B7.2 co-stimulatory molecules on human Langerhans cells

In previous studies, we have shown that ultraviolet (UV) B radiation perturbs the APC function of Langerhans cells (LC) by interfering with as-yet unidentified co-stimulatory signals. Recently, B7.1 and B7.2 on APC were shown to deliver important co-stimulatory signals through interaction with their counterreceptors CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. To determine whether UVB affects the functional expression of B7.1 or B7.2 on LC, B7.1 and B7.2 expression was studied on human LC by multiparameter flow cytometry. Little, if any, B7.1 or B7.2 was detected on LC freshly isolated from skin. However, following 48 h of tissue culture, expression of both B7.1 and B7.2 were markedly up-regulated. To test whether these molecules were functional, primary mixed epidermal cell leukocyte reactions (MECLR) were performed. Blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to B7.1 or B7.2 both inhibited the MECLR, with anti-B7.2 being much more effective than anti-B7.1. UVB radiation dose-dependently (100–200 J/m²) suppressed the culture-induced up-regulation of B7.1 and B7.2 on LC. Since LC exposed to the same UVB flux (UVB-LC) failed to stimulate alloreactive T cells in a MECLR, we questioned whether this was related to their inability to provide B7 co-stimulation. Indeed, when effective B7-CD28 signaling was ascertained by adding submitogenic doses of exogenous anti-CD28 mAb to UVB-LC, the proliferative response of alloreactive T cells was restored. We conclude that the suppressive effects of low-dose UVB radiation on the APC function of LC are, at least in part, due to an inhibition of functional B7.1 and B7.2 expression.     

成都双流机场职工接种乙肝疫苗的效果分析

目的:了解机场职工接种乙肝疫苗以后产生抗-HBs情况,观察乙肝疫苗免疫接种效果,探讨注射乙肝疫苗后不同年龄、不同性别之间抗-HBs阳性率的差异。方法:将2006～2008年度机场职工年度体检所检测的抗-HBs资料结合同期接受乙肝疫苗预防注射的档案进行回顾性研究,比较接种乙肝疫苗前后抗-HBs的差异。结果:研究对象276人。经预防接种乙肝疫苗以后,抗-HBs阳性率为79.2%,接种后抗-HBs阳性率明显高于未接种者(x2=26.857p=0.000),具有统计学意义。结论:接种乙肝疫苗是目前预防乙型肝炎的最有效措施,实施乙肝疫苗接种,对于基层单位做好职工的预防保健工作中具有十分重要的意义。