早期子宫内膜癌患者药物治疗中存在的问题

子宫内膜癌是发达国家最常见的妇科肿瘤。自20世纪60年代将孕激素用于子宫内膜癌的治疗开始,人们在子宫内膜癌药物治疗的这条道路上不断尝试、探索、总结。近些年来,有关年轻患者早期子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的药物治疗有很大的发展。本文就年轻患者早期子宫内膜癌的药物治疗进行综述。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的治疗进展

子宫内膜癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,5%发生在40岁以下的妇女,年轻子宫内膜癌患者常强烈要求保留生育功能。生育年龄子宫内膜癌患者症状(月经异常)出现早,多为早期、分化程度好、且多数为性激素依赖型,预后较好。现已有早期子宫内膜癌采用保守手术及激素(通常为孕激素)治疗成功且保留生育功能、成功分娩的报道,现就子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的现状做一综述。     

年轻妇女子宫内膜癌的生育策略

年轻、有生育要求的早期子宫内膜癌患者可以保留生育功能,这在当前已经被大家认同;而对于分化差、分期晚,不适宜保守治疗的年轻妇女子宫内膜癌,应用辅助生殖技术(ART)进行生殖储备也已成为可能。由于子宫内膜癌是雌激素依赖性的肿瘤,因此,这类患者是否可以采用ART,应该采用何种助孕技术,以及治疗的结局和安全性都是人们关注的问题。本文将从两个方面讨论年轻妇女子宫内膜癌的生育     

早期子宫内膜癌患者保留生殖内分泌功能治疗的研究进展

子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）为女性生殖道常见三大恶性肿瘤之一,近年来发病率有上升趋势。虽然子宫内膜癌大多发生于绝经后妇女,但也有约25%的患者为绝经前女性,且3%～14%发生在40岁以下。其中未生育的年轻患者很难接受失去生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能。因此,近年来子宫内膜癌保留生殖内分泌功能的治疗,即保留年轻EC患者的生育功能或卵巢内分泌功能成为较关注的问题。近年研究表明,以孕激素为主治疗希望保留生理功能的年轻、早期、高分化子宫内膜癌患者是相对安全有效的。综述子宫内膜癌保留生育及卵巢功能的治疗现状。     

早期子宫内膜癌保留生育力选择与实施

随着子宫内膜癌发病率的升高，如何对有保留生育功能要求的年轻子宫内膜癌患者进行严格的筛选和制定个体化诊疗计划，从而提高保留生育力疗效，降低相应并发症或疾病进展风险是临床面临的主要问题。文章就早期年轻子宫内膜癌保留生育功能评估和治疗方案选择进行阐述。     

子宫内膜癌治疗应关注的几个问题

子宫内膜癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,关于其诊断和治疗国内外均有诊治指南,但是在治疗方面还存在一些问题,应引起广大妇科肿瘤工作者关注。如,早期子宫内膜癌患者子宫切除范围和淋巴结是否有必要切除,子宫内膜癌内分泌治疗的必要性,年轻的早期子宫内膜癌患者能否保留生育功能等。针对上述问题进行简要论述。     

子宫内膜癌治疗应关注的几个问题

子宫内膜癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,关于其诊断和治疗国内外均有诊治指南,但是在治疗方面还存在一些问题,应引起广大妇科肿瘤工作者关注。如,早期子宫内膜癌患者子宫切除范围和淋巴结是否有必要切除,子宫内膜癌内分泌治疗的必要性,年轻的早期子宫内膜癌患者能否保留生育功能等。针对上述问题进行简要论述。     

结合典型病例谈年轻子宫内膜癌患者生育功能的保留

随着全球女性生育年龄的推迟,年轻子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能越来越受到重视,是近年来国内外研究的热点及重点。大多数早期的年轻子宫内膜癌多为雌激素依赖型,具有病变局限、进展缓慢、分化及预后较好、对性激素治疗反应良好等特点,高效、大剂量、长期应用孕激素是子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗成功的关键,安全有效的全面评估尤为重要,介绍1例治疗成功的典型病例,就此领域的最新进展进行详细阐述。     

子宫内膜癌患者保留生理功能的治疗

子宫内膜癌是妇科常见恶性肿瘤之一,约75%的患者为早期病例,对于Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌的首选治疗方法为筋膜外全子宫切除、双附件切除及盆腔、腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样和（或）清扫术,术后5年存活率达83%～93%,预后较好.但标准的手术治疗使年轻的子宫内膜癌患者失去了生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能,严重影响患者的生存质量.因此,子宫内膜癌患者保留生理功能的治疗,包括保留年轻子宫内膜癌患者的生育功能或卵巢内分泌功能,以及对手术治疗后的子宫内膜癌患者进行激素替代治疗,成为近年较为关注的问题.     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的研究进展

年轻子宫内膜癌患者的保留生育功能治疗是目前的研究热点。子宫内膜癌传统的治疗方式为全子宫与双附件切除术,使年轻女性丧失了生育功能。年轻子宫内膜癌患者的症状出现较早,癌细胞分化程度好,且往往肿瘤局限于内膜,大多为激素依赖型,预后较好。近年已有越来越多的学者尝试了年轻女性保留生育功能的治疗,本文从激素治疗、手术治疗和其他治疗3个方面综述了近年的研究进展。     

Endometriosis in the uterosacral ligament giving orthopedic symptoms through compression of the sciatic nerve and surgically treated via an extraperitoneal approach keeping the pelvic organs intact

Sciatic pain in a young woman was not relieved by orthopedic treatment. The gynecologist found a large hard tumor-like mass in the uterosacral ligament extending to the pelvic wall. Cytologic examination of fine needle aspirate indicated an endometriotic lesion. The large tumor-like mass was extirpated by an extraperitoneal technique and the pain disappeared.     

Cancer of the vulva in a 25-year-old woman with VIN III and high-grade cervical SIL--case report

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with an increase in intraepithelial lesions of the genital tract which are often multicentric. Following is a presentation of a case of vulvar cancer in a young woman (25 years of age) with multiple vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN III) lesions, a high-grade squamous intraepithelial cervical lesion, and a HPV type 16 infection at high risk of oncogenic transformation. This case offers an opportunity to discuss the risk factors that may favor the appearance of these lesions in young women, and their clinical management, diagnosis, and treatment.     

Endometrial carcinoma remaining after term pregnancy following conservative treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate

BACKGROUND: Successful pregnancies after conservative progestin treatment to young women with endometrial carcinoma have recently been reported. However, it is not known for certain whether the lesion is completely eradicated in such patients. We present a case of residual endometrial carcinoma after term pregnancy which had been treated conservatively before the pregnancy began. CASE: A 28-year-old woman with endometrial carcinoma received conservative treatment with high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and then conceived. After delivery at term, atypical cells were found in the endometrial curettage specimen. A hysterectomy was performed 6 months after delivery and revealed the presence of a small focus of intramucosal, grade 1, endometrioid-type adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors. CONCLUSION: We concluded that while MPA treatment had been effective, it had not completely eradicated the carcinomatous lesion, which remained during and after the term pregnancy.     

Reproductive preservation for treatment of stage IA endometrial cancer in a young woman: hysteroscopic resection

Uterine cancer is the most common type of gynecological neoplasm. Conventionally, the standard treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer is surgical staging with hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymph node assessment. However, this leads to definitive sterilization in reproductive-age women. We report a rare case of a young woman with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma successfully treated with reproductive preservation therapy in order to preserve her uterus. Pretreatment evaluation including tumor grade, depth of myometrial invasion, tumor size, and hormone-receptor status indicated a favorable prognosis. The patient was treated with hysteroscopic resection of the endometrial cancer, of the endometrium near lesion, and of the myometrium under lesion plus hormone therapy. Thirty months after operative hysteroscopy, the patient has given birth by cesarean section at 39 weeks of gestation to a male child of 3.2 kg and is now completely free of disease. We therefore conclude that there may be a role for effective treatment of endometrioid carcinomas with preservation of reproductive capacity, even if our preliminary result should be validated by a longer follow-up.     

子宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变的规范化处理及随访

子宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变（high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion，HSIL）多为高危型HPV持续感染所致，属于子宫颈癌前病变。子宫颈锥切术为目前治疗子宫颈HSIL的主要手段，需根据规范制定切除范围。术后标本切缘阳性者不等同于病灶残留，应全面评估以制定后续个体化策略；年轻女性、妊娠期子宫颈HSIL排除浸润性病变后，治疗趋于保守。子宫颈HSIL治疗后复发/进展的发生率5倍于正常人群，故治疗后应长期随访。     

Massive ovarian edema: a case report

Massive ovarian edema is considered a non-neoplastic lesion characterized by a tumor-like enlargement of one or occasionally both ovaries secondary to an accumulation of edema fluid within the stroma. It is an uncommon entity that usually leads to oophorectomy as an unnecessary treatment in children, adolescents and young women. A diagnostic wedge resection with subsequent frozen section is essential. A definitive diagnosis of massive ovarian edema can not be made on preoperative imaging. In this article a case of massive ovarian edema in a 15-year-old female thought to be a solid neoplasm in the preoperative period is described.     

Cervical-vaginal adenosis after in utero exposure to synthetic estrogens

A study to determine the incidence of adenosis and/or adenocarcinoma of the vagina in 528 females between 13 and 25 years who were exposed to diethlstilbesterol in utero and to define the clinical and microscopic changes in their vaginas was undertaken, using primary physicians records as a source for patient identification. Lugol's staining was evaluated and was found to be a simple technique for identifying the lesion of adenosis. Of the young women with documented exposure to diethylstilbesterol or dienestrol, over 90% had adenosis of the vagina. In almost all cases the drug treatment began before the twelfth gestational week. In some patients, the appearance of the cervix was unusual. Of the 188 patients who underwent excisional biopsy, 2 showed a small focus of clear cell adenocarcinoma which was not detected clinically. A causal relationship between in utero exposure to diethylstilbesterol or dienestrol is suggested. It is also suggested that the lesion is developmental since it has been found in prepubertal girls.     

Benign granular cell tumor mimicking carcinoma of the breast. Report of a case.

A case of granular cell tumor of the breast in a 59 year-old woman is presented. Clinical evaluation suggested carcinoma with infiltration of the skin. The granular cell tumor was diagnosed on frozen section and the lesion was treated by wide local excision including the overlying skin. Granular cell tumors of the breast, which are usually benign, may closely mimic breast carcinoma, both clinically and on frozen section. The possibility of granular cell tumor of the breast with its potential for a false-positive diagnosis on frozen section supports a two-step procedure for the treatment of breast cancer, especially in young women, to prevent inappropriate radical surgery.     

Vulvar intra-epithelial neoplasia-treatment outcome

One hundred and two patients with vulvar intra-epithelial neoplasia III (VIN III) were analyzed with respect to age, sites of lesion, presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and recurrence pattern following different treatment modalities. Recurrences were documented in 64% of patients. Patients treated with local excision had a statistically significant lower recurrence rate compared to those who underwent laser vaporization (29% vs 55.8% correspondingly). Recurrence rates were also significantly higher in patients with multifocal/multicentric lesions ( P < 0.05). A group of young, HPV-positive patients with multifocal/multicentric lesions had the highest recurrence rate. Our data suggest that VIN III should be followed for a long period of time and that a prospective study is required to clarify the effectiveness of the different treatment modalities.     

特殊病理类型妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的治疗

特殊病理类型的妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤主要包括胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤（placental site trophoblastic tumour ,PSTT）和上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤epithelioid trophoblastic tumour（ETT）,属于中间型滋养细胞肿瘤。由于缺乏特异性的临床表现和敏感性的肿瘤标志物,诊断过程相对复杂。两者治疗主要以手术治疗为主,病灶局限于子宫时行子宫切除术,有子宫外转移或侵袭时,需同时切除可切除的病灶,根据预后不良因素制定辅助化疗方案。同时由于多数患者为育龄期妇女有保留生育功能的要求,对于病灶局限经过严格筛选的合适患者可以实施保留生育功能的治疗。PSTT和ETT对化疗敏感性均较差,化疗耐药仍然是预后不良的重要因素。由于发病率低,至今缺乏大样本的随机对照试验用于指导临床治疗,新的治疗方法如靶向治疗和免疫治疗等也在不断的探索中。