双腔负压吸引法清除血液透析长期留置导管内血栓

目的 探讨应用双腔负压吸引法清除维持性血液透析患者长期留置导管内血栓的作用.方法 将12例维持性血液透析的长期留置导管患者随机分为对照组（6例,235例次）和观察组（6例,232例次）.对照组采用常规操作方法,即单腔负压吸引法上机,利用血泵对透析导管的动脉腔进负压吸引;观察组采用双腔负压吸引法上机,即在常规操作流程中,于上机前增加利用透析机血泵对透析导管的静脉端进行负压吸引这一步骤,实现对透析导管的动、静脉双腔均进行负压吸引.结果 观察组血栓清除率为3.02%,比对照组（1.70%）高1.78倍;两组透析器凝血情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 双腔负压吸引法对透析导管内不牢固血栓的清除效果优于单腔负压吸引法,同时并不增加透析器的凝血.     

安尔碘敷料在双腔静脉留置导管中的应用

目的 探讨安尔碘敷料预防血液净化患者双腔静脉导管感染的效果.方法 将210例双腔静脉置管留置1周以上的血液净化患者按入院时间分为常规组(73例)和安尔碘组(137例).常规组每次透析结束后,用安尔碘消毒双腔导管穿刺部位周围皮肤＞10 cm,用2块无菌纱布覆盖,胶布固定.安尔碘组常规消毒后用同等规格的安尔碘敷料覆盖穿刺部位,上层用无菌纱布覆盖,胶布固定.结果 常规组局部皮肤感染率显著高于安尔碘组(P＜0.05),两组导管相关感染发生率和导管留置时间比较,差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 应用安尔碘敷料换药可降低双腔静脉留置导管患者的局部皮肤感染.     

11例带涤纶套长期静脉留置导管患者行血液透析的护理体会

目的观察带涤纶套长期静脉留置导管的护理、留置时间、并发症及其处理,延长导管的使用时间。方法观察11例留置带涤纶套的双腔导管进行维持性血液透析患者的护理情况,总结护理办法。结果 11例患者透析时血流量均能保证透析充分。结论良好的护理是延长导管使用寿命和防治并发症的必要条件。     

指腹揉搓配合尿激酶处理PICC导管堵塞

目的 探讨指腹揉搓配合尿激酶解除PICC导管堵塞的效果.方法 将120例PICC导管完全堵塞患者随机分为观察组和对照组各60例.对照组采用常规方法即尿激酶溶解疏通;观察组在此基础上,用拇指、示指指腹揉搓外露导管至穿刺点1 cm处.结果 两组导管再通率及再通时间比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01),均未发生与使用尿激酶相关的并发症.结论 PICC导管堵塞采用指腹揉搓配合尿激酶进行溶解疏通,再通效果好,方法简单.     

长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管在血液透析中的使用及护理

目的:探讨慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管行血液透析(HD)的并发症及护理.方法:对2006年7月～2010年10月6例使用长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管的患者血液透析例情况和护理做一小结,介绍留置导管的适应证、置管方法、导管的护理操作、导管使用不当的因素以及常见并发症.结果:6例患者共2976次治疗期间,其中1例全身感染,经抗感染治疗无效而把拔管,其余5例全部在维持血透,并发局部感染1次,血流不畅2例共11次,微血栓形成73次,无一例因导管功能失效而拔管.与使用动静脉内瘘患者相比,血液透析充分性无显著差异.结论:使用长期性留置带涤纶套双腔导管行血液透析,医护人员严格的无菌操作、正确的使用导管和封管、对患者针对预防并发症的健康宣教是保证患者延长导管使用寿命的关键.     

改良腹膜透析置管术对导管相关并发症的影响

目的 探讨通过改进腹膜透析置管手术方法减少导管相关并发症的发生,提高腹膜透析质量.方法 2014年12月至2015年12月于本院住院的145例终末期肾脏病行腹膜透析置管的患者,随机分为观察组71例和对照组74例进行对照研究,观察并比较两组患者术后1年内漂管移位、网膜包裹、血块或纤维素阻塞、漏液、腹膜炎、隧道炎以及出口感染等并发症的发生率.结果 观察组患者采用改良腹膜透析置管术后1年内导管移位3例(4.22％),网膜包裹2例(2.81％);对照组1年内导管移位10例(13.51％),网膜包裹5例(6.75％),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后随访1年内两组患者总的导管相关并发症发生率,观察组为22.53％(16/71),对照组为40.55％(30/74),具有显著统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 改良后的腹膜透析置管术可有效降低导管相关并发症,进一步提高腹膜透析的质量,且手术操作简易、方便、安全,利于在基层医院开展运用,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

双腔耐高压PICC使用方法的改进

目的对双腔耐高压PICC的使用方法进行改进并评价其效果。方法将100例置入5Fr双腔耐高压PICC患者按住院时间分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组行常规方法置管、维护,观察组在常规方法基础上增加冲管频率,并交替使用管腔。结果观察组仅1例发生导管完全堵塞,堵管程度显著低于对照组(P0.01),两组导管相关性感染率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双腔耐高压PICC使用方法的改进,能有效降低堵管率,在严格遵守操作规程的基础上并不会增加导管相关性感染率。     

股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的 :比较股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的使用情况。方法 :采用前瞻性研究 ,将4 9例不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者分为两组 :颈内静脉组 31例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于颈内静脉 ;股静脉组19例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于股静脉。观察两组患者导管使用寿命、并发症、透析血流量及Kt/V值等指标。结果 :颈内静脉组导管使用寿命为 (387± 10 1)d ,而股静脉组为 (2 10± 88)d ,有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;颈内静脉组导管感染率、堵塞率明显低于股静脉组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组的透析血流量与Kt/V值无明显差异。结论 :对不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者 ,股静脉及颈内静脉半永久性双腔导管是较好的血管通路 ,颈内静脉优于股静脉。     

Making and clinical application of disposable maintenance kit for central venous catheter

目的 研制一种满足临床中心静脉导管维护需求的护理用品,使临床护士有效地提供安全、方便的中心静脉导管维护服务.方法 将60例深静脉导管留置患者(CVC 10例,PICC 50例)按置管序号单号分为对照组,双号分为观察组,每组CVC置管5例,PICC置管25例.观察组采用自行研制的一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包进行导管维护换药冲洗工作,对照组按常规方法进行维护.结果 观察组导管单次维护时间为(8.56±1.31)min,显著低于对照组(15.45±1.69) min (P＜0.01);观察组平均花费20元/次,低于对照组(27.93元/次).结论 一次性中心静脉导管维护护理包可明显提高中心静脉导管维护效率,降低患者的维护费用.     

Q-syte与PosiFlush联用预防中心静脉导管相关血流感染

目的 探讨分隔膜无针密闭式输液接头与预充式导管冲洗器联用预防中心静脉导管相关血流感染的效果.方法 将130例患者随机分为观察组与对照组各65例.对照组按照常规应用肝素液冲管和肝素帽保护输液接头的方法进行导管护理;观察组应用分隔膜无针密闭式输液接头与预充式导管冲洗器进行导管护理.结果 观察组导管相关血流感染发生率为3.08％,对照组为12.31％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 分隔膜无针密闭式输液接头和预充式导管冲洗器联用能有效降低导管相关血流感染发生率.     

Analysis of a new technique to stabilize the chronic peritoneal dialysis catheter

A significant cause of morbidity for peritoneal dialysis patients is catheter dysfunction. In our experience, the most common cause of catheter dysfunction was cephalad migration of the catheter tip out of the true pelvis. A new technique for catheter placement that reduces catheter migration from 35% to 6% (P less than .01 chi 2) is described. Our results demonstrate that peritoneal catheters which dysfunction because of catheter flip generally do so in the first 3 months.     

An indwelling urinary catheter for the 21st century

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? A vast literature has been published on the prevalence, morbidity and microbiology of catheter‐associated urinary tract infections. Research and development in recent years has focused on producing antibacterial coatings for the indwelling Foley catheter with insufficient attention to its design. This article provides a critical examination of the design of the indwelling Foley catheter. Design specifications are outlined for a urine collection device that should reduce the vulnerability of catheterised urinary tract to infection. The indwelling urinary catheter is the most common cause of infections in hospitals and other healthcare facilities 1 . As long ago as 1958, Paul Beeson 2 warned ‘… the decision to use this instrument should be made with the knowledge that it involves the risk of producing a serious disease which is often difficult to treat’. Since then, scientific studies have progressed revealing a greater understanding of the bladder's defence mechanisms against infection and how they are undermined by the Foley catheter 3 - 5 . In addition, the complications caused by the development of bacterial biofilms on catheters have been recognised and the ways in which these bacterial communities develop on catheters have become clear 5 , 6 . It is now obvious that fundamental problems with the basic design of the catheter, which has changed little since it was introduced into urological practice by Dr Fredricc Foley in 1937 7 , induce susceptibility to infection. These issues need to be addressed urgently if we are to produce a device suitable for use in the 21st century.     

THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY CATHETER

The urinary catheter is one of the most frequently used medical devices and has a long and intriguing history of development. This paper describes the catheter from its simple beginnings through the subtle but important changes it has undergone paralleling the advances in plastics technology witnessed this century. The changes have not been without controversy and the recent association of catheters with tissue toxicity, which has forced the implementation of strict guidelines for their manufacture and use, is described.     

Directional differences in urethral pressure recordings: Contributions from the stiffness and weight of the recording catheter

The difference between urethral pressures measured along the anterior wall and those measured along the posterior wall was found to increase markedly as the stiffness of the catheter was increased and to increase by a greater amount if the weight of the catheter was increased. A method of grading the stiffness of catheters is proposed and the use of stiff catheters in past reports of urethral measurements is discussed.     

Acute vascular access catheters for haemodialysis: complications limiting technique survival

The use of acute vascular access catheters (AVACs) has facilitated the delivery of haemodialysis to patients lacking functioning access. A review of the experience of a tertiary Australian renal treatment centre, consisting of 205 sequential AVACs in 93 patients, was undertaken over 1 year, to identify issues limiting technique survival. Acute vascular access catheters were inserted as acute dialysis access for patients with chronic renal failure (CRF; 21%), failed grafts or fistulae (18%), acute renal failure (12%), failed chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD; 8%) or failed prior AVACs (37%). The majority of AVACs were on the right (74%), and the placement site was simple jugular (69%), tunnelled jugular (15%), femoral (12%), or subclavian (4%). During follow up, 198 of 205 AVACs were removed. The mean AVAC survival was superior (P < 0.0001, Fisher's protected least significant difference (PLSD) for tunnelled jugular AVACS (62 +/- 46 (SD) days) compared with simple jugular (20 +/- 19), subclavian (18 +/- 13) and femoral (7 +/- 6). Causes for AVAC removal were: elective (47%), blockage (31%), infection (20%) or cracked catheter (1%). Routine postremoval tip cultures grew coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS, 46%), negative culture (33%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; 9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9%), Gram-negative rods (1%), Pseudomonas (0.5%) or other uncommon organisms (2%). Blood cultures were drawn through the AVAC in the setting of suspected bacteraemia in 42 of 198 AVACs. Blood cultures were negative in 40%. Positive cultures included Staphylococcus species in 55%: including MRSA (19%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%) and CNS (34%). Rare cultures identified Escherichia coli (2%) or Serratia (2%). Infection and blockage significantly reduced AVAC survival, affecting more than 50% of cases. Approaches to minimize these complications are likely to lead to improved clinical outcomes with AVAC use.