艾芬地尔干预后氯化锂-匹罗卡品致大鼠的慢性期脑电图特征

目的:了解艾芬地尔干预对氯化锂(LiCl)-匹罗卡品(Pilo)致大鼠脑电图随时间变化的特征。方法:通过腹腔注射LiCl-Pilo建立癫动物模型。60只雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组、模型组和艾芬地尔干预组,分别在造模后第7、15、30、60天四个时间点观察各组大鼠行为、脑电图改变,每一个时间点5只大鼠。结果:对照组无性发作,经过4-20天的潜伏期后,干预组及模型组的脑电图波幅及频率骤然减低,在慢性期干预组较模型组的波幅逐渐增高,频率逐渐增快,但仍未达发作当时的水平,且两组间比较差异无统计学意义。干预组较模型组更早更快趋于正常化。结论:艾芬地尔在LiCl-Pilo致大鼠模型中具有抗惊厥作用,慢性期脑电图有特征性改变。     

粉防己碱对戊四唑致大鼠皮层电图和海马超微结构的影响

目的:探讨钙拮抗剂粉防己碱(tetradrine,Tet)对戊四唑(Pentylentetrazol,PTZ)诱导的大鼠癫(癎)模型的作用.方法:健康SD大鼠24只,随机分为4组,对照组和Tet 3个剂量组(15 mg/kg,30 mg/kg,60 mg/kg)各6只.观察大鼠腹腔注射PTZ前后癫(癎)发作的情况,按Racine分级标准分级,同时记录皮层电图(ECoG),观察PTZ注射后到出现(癎)样放电的潜伏期及1 h内(癎)样放电累加的持续时间.电镜观察海马神经元超微结构的改变.结果:对照组给PTZ后均出现癫(癎)发作,程度均为5级,Tet组发作程度明显减轻.ECoG上出现(癎)样放电的潜伏期延长,(癎)样放电在1 h中的持续时间缩短.同时,Tet也能明显减轻PTZ致(癎)大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞线粒体的损伤程度.结论:Tet对PTZ诱导的癫(癎)大鼠的发作有明显的对抗作用,对海马锥体神经元的拟伤具有保护作用.     

粉防己碱对戊四唑致(癎)大鼠皮层电图和海马超微结构的影响

目的:探讨钙拮抗剂粉防己碱(tetradrine,Tet)对戊四唑(Pentylentetrazol,PTZ)诱导的大鼠癫(癎)模型的作用.方法:健康SD大鼠24只,随机分为4组,对照组和Tet 3个剂量组(15 mg/kg,30 mg/kg,60 mg/kg)各6只.观察大鼠腹腔注射PTZ前后癫(癎)发作的情况,按Racine分级标准分级,同时记录皮层电图(ECoG),观察PTZ注射后到出现(癎)样放电的潜伏期及1 h内(癎)样放电累加的持续时间.电镜观察海马神经元超微结构的改变.结果:对照组给PTZ后均出现癫(癎)发作,程度均为5级,Tet组发作程度明显减轻.ECoG上出现(癎)样放电的潜伏期延长,(癎)样放电在1 h中的持续时间缩短.同时,Tet也能明显减轻PTZ致(癎)大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞线粒体的损伤程度.结论:Tet对PTZ诱导的癫(癎)大鼠的发作有明显的对抗作用,对海马锥体神经元的拟伤具有保护作用.     

白藜芦醇对戊四氮慢性点燃大鼠行为及脑电图的影响

目的：探讨白藜芦醇（resveratrol,RV）对戊四氮（pentylenetetrazole,PTZ）慢性点燃大鼠行为及脑电图（EEG）的影响。方法：将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组（A组）、PTZ致癎组（B组）、RV干预组（C组）,每组20只。B组和C组通过腹腔注射PTZ建立慢性癫癎动物模型,观察大鼠行为、脑电图及海马组织学变化情况。结果：腹腔注射RV可明显抑制大鼠的癎样放电,延长发作潜伏期、缩短发作时间,与PTZ致痂组相比重型发作率降低（P〈0．05）;同时在病理学上还能减轻海马神经元的损伤程度。结论：RV可明显抑制PTZ诱导的大鼠癫癎发作,对致癎海马神经元有一定的保护作用。     

锂-匹罗卡品癫(癎)模型的建立及脑电图特征

目的:探讨锂-匹罗卡品癫(癎)模型发作过程的脑电图(EEG)变化.方法: 制作大鼠锂- 匹罗卡品癫(癎)模型于造模前30 min清醒状态至造模时连续EEG监测12 h及造模后第1、3、7、14、28天每天监测EEG 1 h,观察EEG变化并总结分析.结果: EEG改变与表现症状衍变过程之间有阶段性、规律性性放电的特征.结论: EEG的特征性改变是锂- 匹罗卡品急慢性癫(癎)模型点燃成功的判断标准之一.     

COX-2抑制剂对幼鼠反复癎性发作后神经发生的影响

目的:研究环氧合酶-2(COX-2)在癎性发作活化后的表达特点,探讨COX-2抑制剂塞莱昔布(celecoxib,Cel)对癎性活动后海马区神经发生的影响.方法:模型制作:随机将120只体重为50～60 g的3周龄健康Wistar幼鼠分为匹鲁卡品致癎组(EP-Only组)(n=45)和Cel干预致癎组(EP-Cel)(n=45)和生理盐水正常对照组(NS组)(n=30)3组.随机在EP-only及EP-Cel组各取10只匹鲁卡品成功诱导急性发作幼鼠进行腹腔注射溴脱氧尿核苷(BrdU):(1)行为学观察:根据Racine分级评价急性期和慢性期癎性发作行为;(2)形态学检测:各实验组分别在急性发作后第14天,第28天处死大鼠制备组织切片进行免疫组化检测COX-2阳性细胞在各组的表达变化趋势,以及BrdU+神经元特异性核蛋白(NeuN)和BrdU+星形胶质细胞胶原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)荧光免疫双标阳性细胞的表达,观察神经前体细胞的增殖及分化在各组的差异.结果:(1)动物行为学观察:在急性期,EP-only组全身性自发反复性癫癎发作(SRS)发作率(90%)明显高于EP-Cel组(56%)(P<0.01);EP-only组癎性发作Racine分级强度(3.7±1.3)明显高于EP-Cel组发作强度(2.5±1.1)(P<0.05);在慢性期,EP-Only组SRS发生率(50%)明显高于EP-Cel组(30%)(P<0.05;X<'2>检验);EP-Only组平均每天SRS发生的频率(1.9±0.58)明显高于EP-Cel组(0.6±0.3)(P<0.01,t检验);(2)形态学检测免疫组化结果:①COX-2免疫反应阳性细胞的表达:匹鲁卡品致癎第14天后,海马区COX-2阳性细胞表达在EP-Only组明显高于EP-Cel组L(158±18)vs(118±20)](P<0.01);②BrdU+NrdU和BrdU+GFAP免疫双标结果:急性期发作第28天后,BrdU+NeuN免疫双标阳性细胞在EP-Only组明显高于EP-Cel组[(36±4)vs(22±3)];同时EP-Only组门区有BrdU+GFAP免疫双标阳性的新生的胶质细胞明显比EP-Cel组高[(26±3)vs(14±2)].结论:COX-2在癎性发作后被迅速诱导表达,COX-2抑制剂Cel能抑制癎性发作激活的异常神经发生和星形胶质细胞增生,减少慢性期SRS.     

醒脑静对戊四氮致癎大鼠行为学及脑电图的影响

目的：探讨中成药醒脑静（XingNaoJing,XNJ）对戊四氮慢性点燃癫癎大鼠行为学及脑电图的影响。方法：将健康雄性SD大鼠50只随机分成5组（每组10只）：正常对照组、单纯模型组、制模并药物干预的醒脑静组、苯巴比妥组及中西药合用（醒脑静＋苯巴比妥）组,观察分析醒脑静对戊四氮点燃癫癎大鼠首次出现发作时间、各阶段发作级别、发作潜伏期及持续时间和脑电图的影响。结果：醒脑静组首次出现癫癎发作时间较模型组延迟（P〈0．01）,发作级别降低（P〈0．05,P（0．01）,发作潜伏期明显延长（P（0．01）,发作持续时间明显缩短（P〈0．01）,癫癎发作波频率和波幅降低。醒脑静组与苯巴比妥组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。中西药合用组各指标与醒脑静单用组或苯巴比妥单用组比较差异均有统计学意义（P（0．05）。结论：醒脑静具有抑制戊四氮诱发癫癎的作用,与抗癫癎西药合用抗癫癎作用更强。     

γ-羟基丁酸致大鼠失神发作的行为学及皮层电图的对比研究

目的:研究γ-羟基丁酸(GHB)诱导的失神癫癎大鼠模型的行为及皮层脑电图(ECoG)的表现.方法:将20只成年SD大鼠(体重200 g)随机平均分为四组:实验1组,腹腔注射GHB的前体物质γ丁内酯(GBL)100 mg/kg;实验2组,腹腔注射GBL 200 mg/kg;实验3组,腹腔注射GBL 400mg/kg;对照组,腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml.注射后观察比较各组大鼠行为和ECoG的变化.结果:实验1组GBL 100 mg/kg注射8～10 min后行为活动轻度抑制,ECoG背景活动波幅降低;实验2组GBL 200mg/kg注射后见典型失神发作的行为表现伴ECoG上3～5 Hz棘慢波;实验3组GBL 400 mg/kg注射后大鼠的行为活动停止,昏迷,ECoG上伴高幅棘波阵发,间隔5～12 s的长时间抑制波;对照组生理盐水注射后,行为表现正常,ECoG表现为35～42 Hz,波幅20～40μV的快节律,无棘慢节律.结论:GBL能诱发SD大鼠典型的失神发作,对成年SD大鼠致癎的适宜剂量为200 mg/kg.     

mGluR7在氯化锂-匹罗卡品反复致癎大鼠海马的表达及作用

目的:通过氯化锂-匹罗卡品反复致癎大鼠模型,探讨代谢型谷氨酸受体7(mGluR7)在癫癎发作过程中的作用。方法:大鼠分为正常对照组和模型组,用氯化锂-匹罗卡品制作癫癎模型,将模型组中致癎成功鼠分为反复刺激组和静止期组,致癎不成功作为不成功组。制作冰冻切片用免疫组化法检测4组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回mGluR7光密度值。结果:与正常对照组相比,静止期组大鼠海马各区表达均减弱,以齿状回差别最明显,反复刺激组各区表达均明显增强,不成功组无明显改变。结论:mGluR7表达上调提示癫癎多次发作可能增强了其对谷氨酸释放的负反馈调节和摄取作用; mGluR7在静止期表达下调提示其可能有助于慢性期癫癎环路的形成。     

克罗米酚的抗癫癎作用

目的:了解雌激素受体调节剂克罗米酚(clomiphene citrate,CC)对海人藻酸(kainic acid, KA)致癎大鼠癫癎发作行为的影响。方法:健康雌性SD大鼠40只,均行双侧卵巢切除术,术后第八天将动物随机分4组:茶油对照组(OIL组)、KA组、雌二醇(E2) KA组、E2 CC KA组,每组10只。 OIL组、KA组连续5天腹腔注射茶油;E2 KA组连续5天腹腔注射E2(20mg／kg,10mg／ml);E2 CC KA组连续5天腹腔注射E2和CC(2mg／kg,2mg／ml),最后一次打药结束1 h后,致癎各组大鼠(KA 组、E2 KA组、E2 CC KA组)经腹腔注射KA(10mg／kg,2mg／ml),OIL组腹腔注射生理盐水后,连续观察大鼠2 h的行为改变。记录癎样发作的潜伏期、出现重型发作的时间以及发作程度。结果:E2 CC KA组的癫癎发作潜伏期为61．75±19．04 min,较E2 KA组的潜伏期23．8±6．03 min延长,且出现重型癫癎发作的时间晚,为50．20±20．37 min,而E2 KA组出现重型癫癎发作时间平均为30．70 ±13．58 min,两组比较差异有显著意义(P<0．05)。致癎2 h后,致癎各组大鼠的癫癎发作Racine分级比较差异显著意义(P>0．05)。结论:CC有拮抗雌激素的致癎作用,延缓癫癎的发作。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.