人参防治去卵巢大鼠骨丢失生化指标的观察

目的探讨人参水煎剂用药后,去卵巢大鼠生化指标的变化,为其抗骨质疏松的预防作用提供依据。方法45月龄SD雌性大鼠,按体重随机分为假手术组、去卵巢组、去卵巢后已烯雌酚阳性用药组、去卵巢人参用药组,共给药4w,除假手术组外,其余大鼠行双侧卵巢摘除术,实验中取12h的尿做尿钙测定,实验结束后,取右尺骨测骨钙和骨羟脯氨酸,取血清做血清中碱性磷酸酶和血总胆固醇测定。结果去卵巢4w后,血碱性磷酸酶有增加趋势(P>005),血总胆固醇增加(P<005),尿钙显著增加(P<001);已烯雌酚用药后尿钙下降(P<005),血总胆固醇下降(P<005),骨钙含量和骨羟脯氨酸含量增加(P<005);人参可使血碱性磷酸酶有增加趋势(P>005),尿钙明显下降(P<001),血总胆固醇变化不明显,骨钙增加(P<005)。结论去卵巢大鼠骨量丢失,骨转换率增高,出现明显的骨质疏松,在生化指标变化上有表现,人参用药后可使骨钙增加,尿钙下降,有一定的防治去卵巢大鼠骨丢失的作用。     

地黄对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠腰椎骨组织整合素β1 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨地黄对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠股骨骨密度、腰椎骨组织整合素β1 mRNA表达的影响。方法 72只雌性大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组、雌二醇组和地黄小、中、大剂量组。假手术组仅行假手术,其余五组行卵巢切除术。术后1w分别灌胃给予17β-雌二醇和地黄小、中、大剂量,连续给药3个月。测定血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶(ALP),尿钙(u-Ca)、磷、尿脱氧吡啶酚(D-Pyr)和肌酐(Cr)。之后处死动物,取出右侧股骨,测定骨密度;取出第2腰椎,测定骨钙(b-Ca)、磷(b-P)含量;取出第4腰椎,采用实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应测定腰椎骨整合素β1 mRNA表达。结果与假手术组相比,模型组血清ALP、u-Ca、D-Pyr/Cr显著增加,股骨密度、腰椎骨整合素β1 mRNA表达均降低。与模型组比较,地黄中、大剂量组和雌二醇组均可使血清ALP、u-Ca、D-Pyr/Cr排出量降低,股骨密度、腰椎骨整合素β1 m RNA表达均增加。结论地黄能抑制由于去卵巢雌激素缺乏引发的骨转换增强,提高骨密度,促进腰椎骨组织整合素β1 m RNA表达,增强骨质量。     

去卵巢大鼠骨细胞中间隙连接蛋白43表达的研究

目的　研究去卵巢致骨质疏松大鼠骨细胞中间隙连接蛋白 43(Cx43)的表达及意义。方法　采用 1 0月龄未孕产 Wistar雌性大鼠 30只 ,随机分为去卵巢组、假手术组和尼尔雌醇治疗组。于术后 8w末测量三组大鼠全身及腰椎骨密度 (BMD) ,采用放免法测定血清雌二醇水平 ,采用SABC免疫组化法观察 Cx43在成骨细胞和破骨细胞中的表达情况。结果　术后 8w末去卵巢组全身及腰椎 BMD和血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组和尼尔雌醇治疗组 (P<0 .0 1 )。去卵巢组成骨细胞内 Cx43阳性表达率 (1 3.8%± 1 .1 4 % )低于假手术组 (63.6%± 2 .46% )和尼尔雌醇治疗组(63.6%± 2 .1 2 % ) (P<0 .0 1 ) ,而破骨细胞内去卵巢组 Cx43阳性表达率 (66.1 %± 1 .37% )高于假手术组 (42 .2 %± 1 .93% )和尼尔雌醇治疗组(41 .8%± 1 .81 % ) (P<0 .0 1 )。上述指标假手术组和尼尔雌醇治疗组差异无显著性。结论　去卵巢大鼠 Cx43在成骨细胞中表达下降 ,而在破骨细胞中表达增加 ,在成骨和破骨细胞中 Cx43表达的变化可能是去卵巢大鼠发生骨质疏松的机制之一。     

去卵巢大鼠骨形成参数和血清碱性磷酸酶的相关性研究

目的　观察去卵巢大鼠骨组织形态计量学参数和血清碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)之间的相关性。方法　 4个半月龄 SD大鼠双侧卵巢去除术后预防用药 90 d。用骨组织形态计量学方法测定大鼠胫骨组织近端松质骨形态计量学参数 ,并测定血清 ALP含量。结果　去卵巢组大鼠血清 ALP含量增加 ,骨形成参数增加 (P<0 .0 5)。去卵巢组和预防用药组骨形成参数与 ALP测量值之间有相关性 (P<0 .0 5)。去卵巢组的骨组织形态计量学参数与 ALP测量值之间的相关系数大于预防用药组。结论　去卵巢大鼠血清 ALP与骨形成参数之间存在相关性 ,这种相关性在给药后下降。     

巴戟天多糖对去卵巢大鼠核因子-κB受体激活因子配体和骨保护素表达的影响

目的观察巴戟天多糖对去卵巢大鼠骨组织核因子-κB受体激活因子配体(RANKL)和骨保护素(OPG)mRNA表达的影响。方法成年雌性SD大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、巴戟天多糖组,采用摘取双侧卵巢法建立骨质疏松模型,造模2 w后开始给药,给药3个月后观察各组大鼠骨密度(BMD),骨钙、骨磷含量,RANKL、OPG mRNA的表达水平。结果给药3个月后巴戟天多糖组能显著提高去卵巢大鼠的BMD和骨钙、磷的含量,上调OPG mRNA表达,下调RANKL mRNA表达,使RANKL/OPG值下降。结论巴戟天多糖对去卵巢所致的大鼠骨质疏松具有良好的防治作用,其机制可能与调控RANKL和OPG mRNA的表达,降低RANKL/OPG值有关。     

骨质疏松大鼠血清IGF-1水平和TGF-β1骨表达的实验研究

目的 观察骨质疏松大鼠不同时期骨密度（BMD）、血清胰岛素样生长因子－1（IGF－1）的浓度以及转化生长因子β1（TGF－β1）的骨表达，进一步探讨绝经后骨质疏松与细胞因子的相关性。方法 用摘除双侧卵巢的方法制备实验大鼠骨质疏松模型，实验组行摘除双侧卵巢术，对照组行假手术，仅切除卵巢周围的脂肪组织，应用HOLOGIC第4代双能X线4500w骨密度仪测量去卵巢不同时期（术后8w、12w、16w)大鼠全身骨密度和腰椎感兴趣区域（L1－L4）骨密度，并采用ELISA法和免疫组化的方法，检测去卵巢大鼠不同时期血清IGF－1水平和骨组织中TGF－β1表达。结果 从术后第8周到第16周去卵巢组腰椎骨密度均明显低于组（P＜0．01），全身骨密度从术后第16周开始降低。从术后第8周到第16周去卵巢组血清IGF－1浓度值均低于对照组（P＜0．05），去卵巢组术后12w骨组织中成骨细胞、软骨细胞、骨基质TGF－β1表达降低。结论 绝经后骨质疏松的发病与IGF－1、TGF－β1的关系密切。     

王不留行对去势大鼠骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响

目的评价中药王不留行对去势大鼠骨质疏松的防治效果。方法采用去卵巢建立大鼠骨质疏松模型。60只雌性大鼠,分假手术组、模型组(去除卵巢),雌二醇(E2)组(去除卵巢+尼尔雌醇)、药物组(去卵巢+王不留行)。术后3个月,双能X线吸收法(DEXA)测量大鼠骨密度(BMD)、骨矿含量(BMC);取大鼠血、尿检测骨代谢指标。结果与模型组比较,药物组BMD和BMC有显著提高。药物组骨钙素(BGP)、骨碱性磷酸酶(ALP)明显升高,同时尿钙/肌酐、尿磷/肌酐、尿羟脯氨酸/肌酐、尿Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽/肌酐均降低。结论王不留行可以有效地阻止去势骨质疏松大鼠的骨量丢失,具有促进骨形成,抑制骨吸收的作用,对去势大鼠骨质疏松有较好的防治作用。     

斑蝥黄质抗去势雌性大鼠骨质疏松的实验研究

目的 探讨斑蝥黄质对去卵巢骨质疏松(OP)模型大鼠股骨的密度、骨矿含量的影响及机制.方法 将72只15周龄SD大鼠随机分为6组,空白组行假手术,其余5组行卵巢切除术,术后用药12 w后处死,测定右侧股骨骨密度、骨矿含量、血清雌二醇(E_2)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量及子宫湿重.结果 与模型组相比,斑蝥黄质高(20 mg/kg)、中(15 mg/kg)、低剂量(10 mg/kg)组和尼尔雌醇组(1.05 mg/kg)能缓解因去势后造成的雌鼠骨密度、骨矿含量、血清E_2及子宫指数的下降(P＜0.05),同时可以抑制血清ALP水平的升高(P＜0.05).结论 斑蝥黄质可以改善骨质量,抑制雌性大鼠去卵巢OP的发生,可能具有类似雌激素的效应.     

中药复骨方对糖皮质激素致骨质疏松骨折大鼠骨代谢及骨密度的影响

目的探讨中药复骨方对糖皮质激素致骨质疏松(GIOP)骨折大鼠骨代谢及骨密度的影响。方法清洁级雌性SD大鼠165只,3月龄,依据随机数字表分为对照组、模型组和治疗组,各55只,适应性培养1 w后,模型组和治疗组大鼠肌肉注射地塞米松1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),3次/w,持续12 w,构建GIOP模型,对照组给予生理盐水;12 w后行手术造成大鼠左侧股骨中段闭合性骨折,治疗组给予复古方药液10 ml/kg灌胃,1次/d,持续8 w治疗,对照组和模型组给予同剂量的生理盐水作对照。测量12、20 w末时大鼠骨密度、血清Ca、P含量、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量、骨钙素(BGP)活性。结果实验12 w末,模型组和治疗组大鼠全身骨密度值显著低于对照,表明大鼠GIOP模型构建成功。20 w末,模型组股骨去骨痂骨密度及骨痂骨密度均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而治疗组股骨去骨痂骨密度及骨痂骨密度均高于模型组(P0.05)。实验12 w末,模型组、治疗组大鼠血清Ca、P含量,ALP、BGP活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。实验20 w末,模型组大鼠血清Ca、P含量,ALP、BGP活性显著低于对照组和治疗组(均P0.05)。结论中药复骨方能够提高GIOP骨折大鼠骨密度,升高GIOP骨折大鼠血清中Ca、P含量,提高ALP、BGP活性,改善GIOP骨折大鼠骨代谢,促进骨折愈合。     

人参总皂苷防治原发性骨质疏松

目的观察人参总皂苷对碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨形成蛋白(BMP)和Smad1的调控作用,探讨人参总皂苷在原发性骨质疏松疾病中的作用机制。方法建立大鼠老年性骨质疏松模型,分别给予人参总皂苷高(60 mg/kg)、中(40 mg/kg)和低剂量(20 mg/kg)治疗;利用X-射线扫描技术检大鼠骨密度(BMD);应用qRT-PCR技术和Western印迹技术检测、分析ALP、BMP、Smad1mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果治疗90 d后与空白组比较,模型组BMD显著降低(P0. 01),造模成功;与模型组比较,阳性组、人参总皂苷高、中剂量组BMD均显著升高(P0. 01,P0. 05)。与空白组比较,模型组ALP、BMP、Smad1 mRNA表达均显著降低(均P0. 01);与模型组比较,阳性组及人参总皂苷高剂量组ALP、BMP、Smad1 mRNA及中剂量组BMP mRNA表达明显升高(P0. 01,P0. 05)。与空白组比较,模型组ALP、BMP、Smad1蛋白表达显著降低(P0. 01);与模型组比较,阳性组、人参总皂苷高、中剂量组ALP、BMP、Smad1蛋白表达显著升高(P 0. 01,P 0. 05)。结论人参总皂苷能上调ALP、BMP、Smad1三者的表达,可能是通过BMP/Smad1信号通路发挥调节骨代谢的作用,对原发性骨质疏松有一定的防治作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.