高效液相色谱法测定Beagle犬血浆塞克硝唑含量

目的建立测定Beagle犬血浆塞克硝唑浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法犬血浆样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白后，上清液60 ℃水浴氮气吹干，甲醇溶解残渣，离心后取上清液进行色谱分析；流动相为甲醇 乙腈 水（24：1.5：74.5）；色谱柱为Inertsil ODS Ⅲ C18(5 μm，150 mm×4.6 mm ID )；检测波长：320 nm；流速：1.0 mL·min 1。结果血药浓度在0.05～100.00 μg·mL 1范围内峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(r＝0.999 8)，色谱峰分离良好，无干扰，平均绝对回收率范围为84.8%～91.7%，平均方法回收率范围为99.3%～102.6%，日内精密度3.4%～5.7%；日间精密度5.0%～6.2%。结论该法简便易行，灵敏度高，重现性好，适用于塞克硝唑药动学和生物利用度的血样测定。     

HPLC法测定塞克硝唑片的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法测定塞克硝唑片中塞克硝唑的含量。方法:色谱柱为 Agilent Zorbox SB-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(15:85),检测波长为311 nm,流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),进样量为20μL。结果:塞克硝唑进样量在0.2～2μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.7%(n=9)。结论:本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于塞克硝唑片剂的含量测定和质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定奥硝唑凝胶中奥硝唑的含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定奥硝唑凝胶中奥硝唑的含量. 方法 采用ODS C₁₈(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm) 的色谱柱;流动相：乙腈－水（20：80）,检测波长：312nm,流速：1 mL•min^-1,塞克硝唑为内标. 结果 奥硝唑浓度在0.63～20.00 μg•mL^-1范围内,峰面积与峰面积/内标比值具有良好线性关系,r＝0.999 9,平均回收率100.2%,RSD=1.2%. 结论 该法建立的含量测定方法 操作简便, 结果 准确、灵敏.     

塞克硝唑的药理及临床应用

对新型抗寄生虫药塞克硝唑的作用机制、药效学、药代动力学、毒理及临床应用情况作一简要综述,并与其他5-硝基咪唑类药物的特性作比较.塞克硝唑与其他硝基咪唑类药物一样具有抗原生虫的生物活性,口服吸收良好,生物利用度为(100±26)%,单剂量口服塞克硝唑0.5～2g,Cmax为35.7～46.3mg@L,Tmax为1.42～3h,消除半衰期(t1/2β)为17～29h.毒性试验表明,塞克硝唑毒性极低且具有良好的耐受性,半数致死量(LD50)约2.5g@kg.塞克硝唑临床上主要用于阿米巴虫病、贾第虫病、滴虫病和细菌性阴道炎的治疗.     

HPLC法同时测定4种硝基咪唑类药物的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时检测4种硝基咪唑类药物甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、塞克硝唑的含量。方法:采用色谱柱:Thermo C_8(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相:甲醇(A)-50 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液(B),梯度洗脱[0～30 min,A-B由5:95→20:80],流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温40℃;检测波长:310 nm;进样量:20μL。结果:本研究建立的检测方法能在同一色谱条件下把4种硝基咪唑类药物甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、塞克硝唑完全分离开来,并对4种硝基咪唑类制剂用所建立的检测方法进行了分析,经与相应的对照物质比较,得到其含量分别为96.0%,82.1%,38.0%,100.1%。结论:该检测技术具有快速、简便、灵敏、重复性好、便于操作,专属性强等优点。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中加替沙星浓度

目的:建立HPLC法测定人血浆中加替沙星浓度的方法。方法:采用噻克硝唑为内标,色谱柱为Polaris C18-A柱(150*4.6mm),流动相为乙腈:0.05M的枸缘酸溶液(22:78),流速1.0ml/min,检测波长为295nm。结果:加替沙星血清浓度在0.015～6.48μg·ml-1范内具有良好线性关系,最低定量限为0.015μg·ml-1,方法回收率为99.1%～101.0%,日内、日间RSD均<7%。结论:本法简便、准确、灵敏,适用于加替沙星血药浓度监测及人体药代动力学研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定塞克硝唑片中塞克硝唑的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定塞克硝唑片中塞克硝唑含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为VP -ODSC18,流动相为乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾-三乙胺(15∶85∶0.4) ,检测波长为311nm ,流速为0.8ml/min。结果:塞克硝唑进样量在0.166μg～0.832μg 范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999) ,平均回收率为99.84 % (RSD=1.05 % ,n=15)。结论:本方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于塞克硝唑原料或制剂的含量测定与质量控制。     

国产塞克硝唑片剂与胶囊剂的生物利用度研究

目的比较供试制剂国产塞克硝唑片剂、胶囊剂与参比制剂进口塞克硝唑片的生物等效性。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法测定24名健康志愿受试者单剂三交叉口服供试制剂塞克硝唑片(T1)、塞克硝唑胶囊(T2)和参比制剂塞克硝唑片(R)相同剂量后,塞克硝唑血药浓度变化情况,经3P87药动学程序处理,并对实验结果进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果三种制剂塞克硝唑药-时曲线下面积AUC0→t分别是(780.86±139.51)、(722.62±113.33)和(720.47±126.83)(μg·h)/ml;达峰时间分别为(1.44±0.37)、(1.35±0.43)和(1.54±0.51)h;峰浓度分别是(26.23±4.99)、(24.85±4.40)和(22.69±3.69)μg/ml。三种制剂的lnAUC0→∞、lnAUC0→t和lnCmax经双单侧t检验,Tmax采用秩和检验进行生物等效性评价,表明T1、T2分别与R为生物等效制剂。供试制剂T1中塞克硝唑的相对生物利用度为(109.3±15.7)%;T2中塞克硝唑的相对生物利用度为(101.0±8.6)%。结论三种制剂为生物等效制剂。     

塞克硝唑栓的研制和质量控制

目的 建立塞克硝唑栓的制备方法及质量控制标准.方法筛选基质,确定栓剂中的主要成分和基质的组成与比例,并采用高效液相色谱法测定栓剂中塞克硝唑的含量.结果以塞克硝唑为主药,使用水溶性基质制备栓剂;塞克硝唑浓度在0.1～60μg·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.93%,RSD为1.7%.结论 该制剂制备工艺简单,质量稳定质量控制方法简便、准确、精密度好.     

HPLC测定兔血浆中的藁本内酯

目的 采用HPLC测定兔血浆中藁本内酯的浓度.方法 样品经正己烷萃取后进样分析.色谱柱为Kromasil C18(150mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水(75:25),流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长328 nm,测定兔灌胃100 mg·kg-1当归挥发油有效部位后的血药浓度变化.结果 藁本内酯在血浆中的线性范围为0.2～6.4 μg·ml-1,最低检测浓度为0.1 μg·ml-1,日内和日间RSD均小于8%,平均回收率分别为97.18%、93.91%.兔灌胃后,Tpeak=1.28±0.12 h,Cmax=3.86±0.24 μg·ml-1,t1/2α=2.04±0.20 h.结论 所建方法符合生物样品的测定要求,可用于兔血浆中藁本内酯的测定和药物动力学研究.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.