益气活血通络汤联合溶栓治疗对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响分析

目的 探讨益气活血通络汤联合溶栓治疗对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响分析。方法 选取86例急性脑梗死患者，根据治疗方法不同分别纳入联合组（n=41）和对照组（n=45），对照组给予常规治疗加以溶栓治疗，联合组在对照组基础上加用益气活血通络汤，比较两组治疗前后血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ang-Ⅱ）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平及NIHSS评分、中医证候评分、总有效率。结果 治疗后，两组患者血清GFAP、Ang-Ⅱ下降，VEGF升高，且联合组变化幅度更大，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后，两组NIHSS评分和中医症候评分均比治疗前下降，且联合组变化幅度更大，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。联合组总有效率比对照组高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 益气活血通络汤联合溶栓治疗对急性脑梗死患者的治疗效果较佳，能有效调节血清GFAP、Ang-Ⅱ、VEGF水平，缓解患者临床症状，促进患者神经功能恢复。     

星蒌通络饮辅助治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的效果及对血液流变学指标的影响

目的 探讨星蒌通络饮辅助治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的效果及对血液流变学指标的影响。方法 2020年2月至2021年4月该院收治的急性缺血性脑卒中患者116例，随机分为观察组与对照组各58例。两组均接受常规西医治疗，观察组联合星蒌通络饮口服，连续治疗14天后比较两组疗效、治疗前后美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）、Barthel指数、血液流变学指标和治疗期间不良反应。结果 观察组治疗总有效率91.4%(53/58)高于对照组的77.6%(45/58),NIHSS评分、血浆黏度、全血还原黏度、全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度均低于对照组，Barthel指数高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P <0.05）。观察组不良反应发生率3.4%(2/58)高于对照组的0，但差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论 星蒌通络饮辅助治疗急性缺血性脑卒中效果优于常规西医治疗，可进一步促进患者神经功能恢复，改善血液流变学指标，未明显增加不良反应发生率。     

血栓通联合吲哚布芬对急性脑梗死患者血液流变学指标及神经功能的影响

目的 分析血栓通联合吲哚布芬对急性脑梗死（ACI）患者血液流变学指标及神经功能的影响。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年12月宜春市中医院收治的78例ACI患者,采用随机数字表法分为两组,对照组、观察组各39例。对照组接受常规基础治疗,观察组在对照组基础上进行血栓通联合吲哚布芬治疗,治疗2周,比较两组疗效;于治疗前、治疗2周,比较两组神经功能[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）],血液流变学指标[纤维蛋白原（FIB）、全血黏度、血浆黏度（PV）]。结果 观察组总疗效为94.87%,高于对照组的79.49%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗2周,两组NIHSS评分显著下降,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组FIB、全血黏度、PV均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 血栓通联合吲哚布芬应用于ACI患者中疗效确切,可减轻患者神经功能损伤程度,改善血液流变学。     

西医常规治疗联合芪蛭通络胶囊对急性缺血性脑卒中介入术后患者恢复的临床研究

目的：探讨西医常规治疗联合芪蛭通络胶囊对急性缺血性脑卒中介入术后患者恢复的临床效果。方法：选取2019年6月至2021年12月就诊于该院介入科的急性缺血性脑卒中患者86例,介入术后按照随机数字表法分组,其中对照组患者43例,给予阿司匹林及常规康复治疗;观察组患者43例,在对照组的基础上联合芪蛭通络胶囊治疗。连续治疗3个月后,比较两组患者的临床疗效、神经功能损伤程度[美国国立卫生院卒中神经功能缺损评分量表(NIHSS)评分]、血液流变学指标(全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度和血浆黏度)水平、生活质量评分[日常生活活动(ADL)评分]及不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗3个月后,观察组患者的总有效率为93.0%(40/43),高于对照组的76.7%(33/43),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后的NIHSS评分均较治疗前降低,且观察组患者低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度和血浆黏度均较治疗前降低,且观察组患者低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后ADL评分均较治疗前升高,观察组患者高于对照组...     

丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠注射液治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的:探讨丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠注射液对急性脑梗死患者血清P-选择素、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及神经功能的影响。方法:选择2013年4月-2016年4月连云港市第一人民医院收治的急性脑梗死患者114例,按随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各57例。对照组患者给予常规治疗;观察组患者在对照组基础上加用丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠注射液40mg加入0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL中,ivgtt,qd。7 d为1个疗程,两组均治疗2个疗程。比较两组患者治疗前和治疗7、14 d时的美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,血清P-选择素、GFAP和VEGF水平,以及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗前,两组患者上述各项指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗7、14 d时的NIHSS评分、血清P-选择素和GFAP水平均明显下降,血清VEGF水平明显上升,且治疗14 d时指标水平(NIHSS评分除外)均明显优于同组治疗7 d时,观察组指标水平均明显优于同期对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者均未见明显不良反应发生。结论:丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠注射液能显著降低急性脑梗死患者血清P-选择素和GFAP水平,提高VEGF水平,促进神经缺损功能恢复,且安全性较高。     

高压氧疗联合注射用丹参多酚酸治疗脑梗死的疗效分析及对患者血液流变学的影响

目的 探讨高压氧疗联合注射用丹参多酚酸治疗脑梗死的疗效及对患者血液流变学的影响。方法 选取2016年1月-2018年2月周口市中心医院收治的脑梗死患者80例,随机分为两组,两组患者均给予降血脂、降血压、改善微循环、降低颅内压、抗凝、抗血小板聚集及脑神经保护药等常规治疗。对照组应用注射用丹参多酚酸,将100 mg注射用丹参多酚酸与250 mL 0.9%的NaCl注射液混合后为患者静脉滴注,1次/d;观察组应用高压氧疗（氧疗压力为0.25~0.30 MPa,时间为3min;氧浓度为80%~90%,温度为18~25℃）联合注射用丹参多酚酸;1个疗程为14 d,连续治疗4个疗程。比较两组患者血细胞比容、全血低切黏度、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度、治疗疗效、巴塞尔（Barthel）指数、神经功能（CSS）分值、神经功能缺损（NIHSS）分值以及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、神经生长因子（NGF）浓度。结果 治疗后两组患者血细胞比容、全血低切黏度、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组各指标均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组治疗疗效显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者Barthel指数明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者CSS分值、NIHSS分值明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者血清NGF浓度均明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 高压氧疗联合注射用丹参多酚酸治疗脑梗死疗效确切。     

依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿司匹林辅助治疗缺血性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的 探讨依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿司匹林辅助治疗缺血性脑卒中的疗效。方法 选取2021年6月～2023年3月诊治为缺血性脑卒中的186例患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为两组。两组均进行常规治疗,对照组（93例）给予阿司匹林肠溶片治疗,观察组（93例）给予依达拉奉右莰醇联合阿司匹林治疗,对比两组患者治疗效果、治疗前后神经功能（NIHSS）评分、日常生活能力（ADL）评分、血液流变学水平、血清氧化应激水平[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）]和神经损伤标志物[神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、特异蛋白100-β(S-100β)]。结果 观察组治疗有效率87.10%(81/93)高于对照组70.97%(66/93),差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组治疗后NIHSS评分均降低,ADL评分均升高,观察组与对照组相比NIHSS评分较低、ADL评分较高,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;两组治疗后全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度水平均降低,观察组水平均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;两组治疗后MDA水平均降低,且观察组水平均较对照组低,两组S...     

银杏内酯注射液联合阿替普酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及其对血清抗氧化因子水平的影响

目的观察银杏内酯注射液联合阿替普酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及其对血清抗氧化因子水平的影响。方法选择2017年5月-2019年4月河南大学淮河医院收治的90例急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各45例。对照组患者应用0.9 mg/kg注射用阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,先将阿替普酶溶于生理盐水配成1 mg/mL的溶液,然后在60 s内将10%的混合液静脉推注,再将余下的混合液在60 min内静脉滴注。观察组患者在对照组用药的基础上静脉滴注银杏内酯注射液,10 mL加入到250 mL生理盐水中,1次/d,连续用药14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较两组治疗前后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、Rankin量表（mRS评分）、血清脂蛋白磷脂酶A2（LpPLA2）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、内皮素-1（ET-1）水平。结果治疗后,对照组和观察组总有效率分别为46.7%和68.9%,两组比较差异存在统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者NIHSS评分、mRS评分均显著降低（P<0.05）;且观察组NIHSS评分、mRS评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者Lp-PLA2、NSE、GFAP水平均显著降低（P<0.05）,且观察组Lp-PLA2、NSE、GFAP水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的血清VEGF、ET-1、TNF-α水平均显著降低（P<0.05）;且观察组血清VEGF、ET-1、TNF-α水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论对急性脑梗死患者采用银杏内酯注射液联合阿替普酶治疗,不仅可以显著减轻患者的神经功能缺损,提高近期疗效,而且具有提高机体抗氧化抗炎能力的作用,值得临床上进一步研究应用。     

活血化痰通络法治疗老年类风湿性关节炎痰瘀阻络证的效果研究

目的 研究老年类风湿性关节炎(RA)痰瘀阻络证应用活血化痰通络法治疗的临床疗效.方法 将老年RA痰瘀阻络证患者60例随机分为观察组与对照组,各30例.对照组予以常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用活血化痰通络法治疗,对比两组的疗效.结果 治疗后观察组的血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后观察组的中医证候积分降低幅度较对照组更为显著(P<0.05);观察组的总有效率为93.33%,显著高于对照组的73.33%(P<0.05).结论中医活血化痰通络法佐治老年RA痰瘀阻络证疗效确切,能够促进临床症状和体征的消退,改善临床预后,值得推广应用.     

丁苯酞软胶囊对中重度脑白质疏松患者认知功能、血清VEGF、Ang-2、S100β、NSE水平的影响

目的 分析丁苯酞软胶囊对中重度脑白质疏松患者认知功能、血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、血管生成素-2（Ang-2）、S100β、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平的影响。方法 选取2019年9月—2020年9月沧州市中心医院收治的中重度脑白质疏松患者98例作为研究对象,按治疗方法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各49例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,包括常规监测血压、血糖等相关危险因素,给予对症处理。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上口服丁苯酞软胶囊,2粒/次,3次/d,两组共治疗12周。比较两组Van Swieten量表分级情况,认知功能,血清VEGF、Ang-2、S100β、NSE水平,大脑中动脉血流速度和PI值。结果 治疗后两组Van Swieten量表分级情况均优于治疗前（P<0.05）,且观察组Van Swieten量表分级情况优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清VEGF、Ang-2水平均高于治疗前,S100β、NSE水平均低于治疗前（P<0.05）;且观察组血清VEGF、Ang-2水平均高于对照组,S100β、NSE水平均低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组MMSE评分、MoCA评分均高于治疗前（P<0.05）,且观察组MMSE评分、MoCA评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组收缩期峰血流速度（V_s）、平均血流速度（V_m）均高于治疗前,PI均低于治疗前（P<0.05）;且观察组V_s、V_m高于对照组,PI低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 丁苯酞软胶囊能减缓或逆转中重度脑白质疏松,改善患者认知功能、脑血流情况,调节血清VEGF、Ang-2、S100β、NSE水平,值得临床应用推广。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.