中药专利复方中痔疮治疗的用药规律研究

目的 基于数据挖掘探究中药专利复方治疗痔疮的用药规律,为痔疮的临床治疗提供参考。方法 收集国家知识产权局专利数据库中痔疮治疗的内服专利复方,并运用频次分析、关联规则分析、因子分析、决策树分析等方法探究中药专利治疗痔疮的用药规律。结果 共纳入510件研究专利,涉及中药442味,累计使用5 108次。使用频次靠前的中药有地榆、甘草、槐花、黄柏、当归、大黄等。治疗痔疮的中药多为清热药、止血药、补虚药;以性寒、味苦入肝经或大肠经为主。关联规则共得到中药组合56项;因子分析提取8个公因子;决策树分析得到槐花为最佳识别中药。结论 发现治疗痔疮的关键中药有地榆、甘草、槐花、黄柏、当归、大黄等;揭示了专利中潜在的组方规律,明确了槐花-地榆药对在痔疮治疗中的核心地位,为该病的临床诊治提供了参考。     

2009—2019年中药专利复方治疗失眠的用药规律

目的：分析治疗失眠中药复方的组方用药配伍规律。方法：以国家知识产权局专利检索及分析系统为数据来源,检索治疗失眠的中药复方;采用古今医案云平台 (V1.5.7)、SPSS Clementine 12.0软件、SPSS 22.0软件分别进行频次统计、中药四气五味及归经统计、关联分析、聚类分析、主成分分析等挖掘探讨失眠中药专利组方用药规律。结果：通过检索和筛选,得到中药复方528首,中药327味,平均每首复方包含12.77味中药;山东省地区申请最多为171项,约占总体1/3;得到30种高频中药,以养心安神、补气、补血、补阴药等最常用,四气以平、温、微寒为主,五味以甘、苦、辛味为多见,归经以心、肝经最多。关联规则分析共得到76条,包括药对52条,三味及四味药组20条和4条。聚类分析得到9个药组,主成分分析得到特征值>1的主成分有12个。结论：本文所得结果有一定应用价值及创新性,但因专利质量等问题存在一定局限。     

基于数据挖掘分析中药内服复方专利制剂治疗便秘的用药规律

目的：拟挖掘分析中药内服复方专利制剂治疗便秘的用药规律,为研发中药新方提供参考。方法：通过检索国家专利数据库中治疗便秘的内服中药复方,运用Excel表格建立数据库并对药物频数、性味归经进行统计,运用SPSS26.0软件进行聚类分析、因子分析,IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0软件进行Apriori关联规则分析。结果：纳入治疗便秘的中药内服复方专利数据1156项、涉及中药1051味,得到核心药物：当归、火麻仁、白术、大黄、枳实、肉苁蓉、厚朴、黄芪、白芍;高频药物多归肺、肝、脾胃经,性味多为甘、寒,药物类别以补虚药、泻下药为主。核心对药有当归-黄芪、当归-白芍等,角药有当归-黄芪、白术;当归-肉苁蓉、白术等;并得到4组新的药物组合。结论：国家中药复方专利制剂治疗便秘有规律可循,多以益气养血、滋阴润燥、泻热通便等为治疗原则,得到的核心药物和药物组合有助于指导临床用药。     

现代中医药治疗结直肠癌的用药规律文献研究

目的分析挖掘中医药治疗结直肠癌的组方用药规律。方法检索运用中医药治疗结直肠癌的临床研究相关文献,建立结直肠癌方剂数据库,在此基础上进行频次统计,对纳入标准的高频中药进行中药功效分类、性味归经分析、关联规则分析及系统聚类分析。结果　对治疗结直肠癌的827首方剂进行分析,共涉及251味中药,其中出现频次≥39的中药共67味,累计出现频次为7631次(78.55%),出现频次最高的前5味中药分别是白术、茯苓、黄芪、甘草、薏苡仁;使用最多的药物类别为补虚药、清热药及利水渗湿药;药性选择以温性药最多,药味选择以苦味、甘味药为主,归经选择以脾经为主。关联规则分析发现关联强度较高的药物组合34个,得到党参-薏苡仁-甘草-茯苓-白术等置信度为100%的核心药组,网络展示图提示治疗用药以白术、茯苓、黄芪为主。结论中医药治疗结直肠癌以补脾虚扶正为主,兼清热、利水渗湿,符合中医药治疗结直肠癌的理论基础。     

基于《新编国家中成药》治呕中成药组方分析

目的 探究分析《新编国家中成药》中治疗呕吐的中成药成方规律。方法 遴选并整理《新编国家中成药》所载的关于治疗呕吐的中成药处方,严格按照纳入与排除标准进行中成药筛选后提取药物,运用Microsoft Excel 2010进行频数统计、SPSS Clementine 12.0软件所提供的Apriori模版进行关联规则分析、SPSS 18.0软件进行聚类分析以及因子分析,其中聚类分析采用系统聚类法中的二分类变量资料的Ochiai算法进行,因子分析采用主成分分析法进行。结果 对最终纳入166个中成药处方进行统计分析,频次统计结果显示超过15次以上的使用频次的药物有40种,规则分析结果显示共得到药对关联规则21条,3味中药药组关联规则19条,4味中药药组关联规则8条;通过聚类分析生成树状图后,从中提取出具有关联性的药组8组,因子分析结果显示最终得到公因子13个,共包含11个药组。结论 通过频次排序,药物中以理气药、化湿药为主;药对关联规则中理气化湿药对（陈皮→厚朴、陈皮→半夏）体现理气化湿的特点,三味与四味中药药组多是在陈皮→厚朴药对的基础上进行加味所得。陈皮→半夏可作为具有代表性的理气化湿药对以参与组成治呕中成药。在聚类分析与因子分析的结果中,针对呕吐的治法是以理气化湿为主,以消食导滞为辅。     

基于数据挖掘分析中药治疗头风病的用药规律（英文）

本研究基于数据挖掘的方法,探究中药治疗头风的用药规律,为该病的临床治疗提供参考。首先收集相关数据库及经典中医书籍中主治疾病为头风的中药方剂,然后运用频次分析、关联规则分析、聚类分析、决策树分析等方法探究中药治疗头风的组方规律。经过筛选共得到有关方剂174首,涉及中药227味,累计使用1622次。结果显示治疗头风的中药多属解表类,活血化瘀类和补虚类,以性温味辛入肝经或性温味辛入脾经为主;核心中药主要有川芎、白芷、细辛、防风、甘草等。关联规则分析共得到中药组合92项;聚类分析得到6个治疗头风病的聚类方;决策树分析得到白芷为最佳识别中药,且CHAID算法的准确率最高。本研究通过数据挖掘发现了头风治疗的核心中药,揭示了方剂中潜在的组方规律,明确头风治疗的遣方用药模式,为该病的临床诊治提供了参考。     

基于中医传承辅助平台健脾祛痰法治疗高血压用药规律分析

目的 利用数据挖掘技术分析中医药应用健脾祛痰法治疗高血压的组方用药规律。方法 收集中国知网、维普、万方数据库2003年1月至2023年1月应用健脾祛痰法治疗高血压的临床方剂,借助中医传承辅助平台的统计挖掘功能,分析常用中药的性味归经、功效、频次等,以及基于关联规则的药对配伍和基于聚类分析的核心组合等用药规律。结果 共纳入方剂116首,涉及中药205味,以温、平性,甘、苦、辛味药物为主;主归脾、肝、肺经,使用频次≥15次的茯苓、半夏等20味中药,主要为补虚药、平肝息风药和利水渗湿类;挖掘出7条关联规则,茯苓-白术-天麻-陈皮→半夏等,得到6个核心组方,为二陈汤的类方。结论 应用健脾祛痰法治疗高血压用药符合健脾祛湿、化痰熄风的治法,兼以活血、清热、补肾,体现了“治病必求于本”,重视调补脾胃的中医思想。     

基于数据挖掘的中药复方治疗慢性前列腺炎的用药规律分析

目的： 基于数据挖掘技术分析中药复方治疗慢性前列腺炎的用药特点及组方规律。方法： 检索中国知网以中药复方治疗慢性前列腺炎患者（试验组）的临床随机对照研究文献,并根据纳排标准筛选文献,建立中药复方治疗慢性前列腺炎的方药数据库,然后进行频数分析、关联规则分析及系统聚类分析。结果： 共纳入文献460篇,方剂483首。经频数统计发现慢性前列腺炎最常见的证型是湿热瘀阻型（96）,其次是气滞血瘀型（48）、湿热蕴结型（44）。共涉及277味中药,出现药物频次共5 396次,高频核心药物有34味,排名前5位的药物分别为：甘草、黄柏、丹参、赤芍、败酱草;高频核心药物四气以平、寒、微寒为主;五味以苦、甘、辛为主;归经以肝、脾、肾、胃为主;功效分类以活血化瘀药、清热药、利水渗湿药为主。关联规则得到核心药对组合20个,其中二项12个,三项8个。系统聚类分析得到中药聚类组合6个。结论： 中药复方治疗慢性前列腺炎以活血化瘀、清热利湿为主,辅以补肾助阳、疏肝理气、益气健脾。数据挖掘得出的用药和组方规律对临床治疗慢性前列腺炎具有一定的参考价值,同时为新药开发和新方组合提供思路。     

基于数据挖掘的抗流感病毒中药用药规律研究

目的 采用数据挖掘中关联规则和聚类分析技术,分析中药抗流感病毒的用药规律。方法 汇总抗流感病毒中药专利、经典古方、已上市中成药所包含的中药,采用Excel进行频数分析,SPSS Clementine 12.0进行关联规则分析,SPSS Statistics 27.0进行聚类分析。结果 汇总得到221味中药,甘草、金银花、连翘、石膏等为高频使用中药;药性主要为寒、温;药味主要为苦、辛;归经主要归肺经、心经;功效主要为清热类、解表类;关联规则共得到11组核心药物组合;聚类分析共聚5类。结论 抗流感病毒治疗中医辨证常为“温病”,组方具有一定规律性,对中医药诊疗和新药研发有一定意义。     

基于关联规则的中药治疗过敏性鼻炎用药规律分析

目的探讨中药治疗过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)的用药规律。方法以"中药"和"过敏性鼻炎"为主题词,搜索中国知网、万方数据和维普中文期刊(2010年1月-2019年1月)相关期刊文献,收集文献记载的方剂,建立数据库,进行统计分析。使用Excel 2013、SPSS Modeler 14.1、SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对纳入的中药进行关联规则分析和因子分析。结果纳入符合标准的方剂147篇,共含中药175味,频数共计1 427次。在纳入的175味中药内,频数≥5的中药共57种;功效分类中,以解表药和补虚药最为常见,占比高达72.84%;药性药味中,以辛温药居多;归经分类中,以肺经、脾经和胃经居多。关联规则分析中发现关联强度最高的药对组合为10种,因子分析中提取6个公因子。结论 AR的中医治疗用药以解表药为主,且多与补虚药同用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.