2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者尿酸及血脂水平分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并脑梗死怠者尿酸及血脂水平的异常变化.方法 根据病情将患者分为2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组、2型糖尿病组、单纯脑卒中组,另设健康对照组,进行血尿酸和血脂检测.结果 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组与对照组比较总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、血尿酸(UA)明显增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);与单纯糖尿病组比较,LDL-C、ApoB、UA明显增高,HDL-C明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.01);而TC、TG、ApoA1无明显差异(P＞0.05);与单纯脑卒中组比较LDL-C、ApoB、UA明显增高,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 低HDL-C,高UA、LDL-C、ApoB水平是2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的重要危险因素.     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白与血脂的关系浅析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者尿微量蛋白与血脂的关系。方法对76例早期2型糖尿病患者,检测三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐等,并对其进行分析,观察各项指标与尿微量白蛋白的关系。结果对照组与尿微量白蛋白组和2型糖尿病组患者的TG、TC、LDL-C、mAlb的水平比较均明显降低(P<0.01),2型糖尿病组TG、TC、LDL-C、mAlb明显低于微量白蛋白尿组(P<0.01)。应用直线相关分析,UAER与TG(r=0.57,P<0.01)、TC(r=0.61,P<0.01)、LDL-C(r=0.68,P<0.01)呈正相关。结论血脂为尿微量白蛋白的独立危险因素,而尿微量白蛋白是糖尿病并发症的危险因素,2型糖尿病患者血脂异常是糖尿病肾病的重要危险因素之一。     

2型糖尿病合并缺血性卒中患者的临床特点分析

目的分析2型糖尿病合并缺血性卒中患者的临床特点。方法选择2型糖尿病合并缺血性脑卒中患者50例为观察组,50例不伴有2型糖尿病的缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组,比较两组患者血生化检测结果(TC、TG、HDL、FIB及UA)及治疗效果。结果①观察组患者TC、TG、FIB及UA水平均显著高于对照组,HDL水平显著低于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②观察组患者痊愈8例,显效18例,有效10例,治疗有效率为72.00%。对照组患者痊愈11例,显效23例,有效11例,治疗有效率为90.00%。观察组患者治疗有效率显著低于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者合并血脂、UA及FIB代谢异常,治疗效果较差,应该积极控制血糖水平,采取积极的防治措施。     

脂肪肝患者临床特征及病因分析

目的探讨成年人脂肪肝的临床特征,并分析探讨其危险因素。方法选取180例成年人脂肪肝患者（治疗组）,随机选取180例同期体检并与之相匹配的非脂肪肝观察对象作为对照组,测定2组体重指数（BMI）、舒张压（DBP）、收缩压（SBP）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆同醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）及低密度脂蛋白胆同醇（LDL-C）、空腹血糖（FBG）水平、腰围、臀围、腰臀比（WHR）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）,统计分析2组中合并肥胖症、糖尿病、嗜酒、高脂血症的比例。结果治疗组BMI、TG、FBG、TC、LDL-C、腰臀比、ALT指标的水平与对照组比较,均显著升高（P〈0.01）;HDL-C则显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）;治疗组中嗜酒者所占比例较对照组显著升高（P〈0.01）;合并超重肥胖症、糖耐量异常、糖尿病、血酯异常、高血压病的比例较对照组显著升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血症、嗜酒是成年人发生脂肪肝的主要危险因素。     

肥胖者血脂异常的HCT变化与发展结局关系研究

目的 探索肥胖患者血脂异常与红细胞比容(HCT)变化及其发展结局的关系.方法 选取150例血脂异常的肥胖患者为观察组,50例健康者作为对照;测定相关体格指标,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR),检测2组血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),检测2组红细胞压积;根据观察组患者HCT水平分为3组,并随访3年,询问其发展结局.结果 观察组的HCT、TC、TG、LDL-C均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),HDL-C显著低于对照组(P<0.05);TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C均与HCT相关(P<0.01),与血脂异常相关的危险因素包括HCT水平、BMI与WHR;HCT高水平者心脑血管疾病发生率显著高于低水平与中水平者(P<0.05).结论 血脂异常的肥胖患者的HCT水平明显上升,HCT与血脂异常存在密切联系,肥胖、HCT水平的升高是血脂异常发生的危险因素,HCT水平高的血脂异常者懼患心脑血管性疾病的风险更大.     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者血浆内脏脂肪素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的探讨新诊断2型糖尿病患者血浆内脏脂肪素(visfatin)水平与胰岛素抵抗及相关因素的关系。方法选取我院收治的30例初次诊断2型糖尿病患者为观察组,选取同期30例健康查体者作为对照组,测定两组患者血浆visfatin水平,观察不同visfatin水平与胰岛素抵抗及相关因素的关系。结果观察组和对照组比较体质指数(BMI)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、visfatin比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组年龄、男性、UA比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,visfatin表达量与性别、年龄、UA无相关性,与FPG、HbA1c、WHR、BMI、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、LDL-C呈正相关,与ISI呈负相关。结论新诊断2型糖尿病患者血浆visfatin水平与胰岛素敏感性作用有关,与人内脏脂肪的数量有很强的相关性,与糖脂代谢有密切关系。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者252例临床特征分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并冠心病(CHD)的危险因素。方法将确诊为2型糖尿病的252例患者,根据其是否合并冠心病分为A组(114例)和B组(138例)。记录所有患者性别、年龄及病程,计算体质量指数(BMI),并测血压收缩压(SBP),舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(PBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血尿酸(UA)等。结果两组患者年龄、性别及DBP、TC、Hb A1c和胰岛素敏感性指数(IS)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);糖尿病病程、SBP、PBG、TG、LDL-C、尿微量白蛋白(MAU)、尿酸(UA)A组明显高于B组(P<0.05),A组HDL-C、FBG水平低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病病程、高血糖、高血脂、高血压及血尿酸是糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素,应严格控制血糖、血脂、血压等代谢紊乱,预防冠心病的发生。     

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜增厚的相关危险因素分析

目的分析2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层病变及相关危险因素。方法选取符合2型糖尿病诊断标准者2202例,并按照颈动脉内膜中层厚度（CIMT）值进行分组,其中,CIMT≥1mm为增厚组（1663例）,CIMT〈1mm为对照组（539例）。比较两组患者的年龄、性别、收缩压、舒张压、身体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）、血尿酸（UA）、尿蛋白、尿蛋白,肌酐（UACR）,分析与CIMT相关的危险因素。结果增厚组患者的年龄、腰臀比、收缩压、FPG、2hPG、HbAlc、UACR、LDL—C、TC、UA均明显高于对照组,HDL—C明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;年龄、收缩压、TC、HbAlc与CIMT呈正相关（P〈0．05）,性别、HDL—C与CIMT呈负相关（P〈0．05）．FPG、2hPG、BMI、腰臀比、LDL—C、TC、TG、UACR、UA与CIMT无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论年龄、收缩压、HbAlc、HDL—C是糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜增厚的独立危险因素。     

膳食纤维对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者的影响

目的:观察膳食纤维对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者血糖、血压、血脂及胰岛素的敏感性的影响。方法:采用随机、对照研究,选择60例肥胖型2型糖尿病患者,随机分为高纤维组及对照组,每组各30例。两组患者在正常膳食的前提下,高纤维组被提供10g/d混合膳食纤维,并维持原治疗方案,观察8周。治疗前后分别检测两组患者的腰臀比(WHR)、体质指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)。结果:治疗后,高纤维组WHR、BMI、SBP、DBP、FBG、TC、TG、FINS与治疗前相比均有明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);而对照组的各项指标除了FBG外与治疗前相比变化均不明显。治疗前,两组患者的各项指标相比较,差异均无统计学意义。结论:膳食纤维不仅可以显著降低肥胖型2型糖尿病患者的体质量和腰臀比,而且可以明显改善患者的血糖、血压、血脂及胰岛素的敏感性。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死与血清尿酸关系探讨

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清尿酸(UA)与急性脑梗死的关系.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者100例分为2组,2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死50例为观察组,无脑梗死2型糖尿病患者50例为对照组.测定各组血清尿酸及总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,分析与2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的关系.结果 观察组的血清尿酸水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).观察组代、TG、LDL-C与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),HDL-C低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高尿酸血症及低HDL-C是2型糖尿病患者发生脑梗死的2个重要危险因素.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。