中段食管癌根治术扩大二野清扫淋巴结的临床体会

目的探讨胸中段食管癌扩大二野清扫的淋巴结转移规律。方法从2008年9月至2012年9月对52例胸中段食管癌患者以Ivor-Lewis术式为基础进行扩大二野清扫,并对淋巴结转移规律进行分析。结果 52例患者并发症发生率为36.5%(19/52),死亡1例。淋巴结转移发生率为50%(26/52)。共清扫淋巴结1 426枚,其中99枚淋巴结发生转移,淋巴结转移度为6.9%;主要集中在颈深组、食管旁、喉返神经旁、隆突下、贲门区和胃左动脉旁,淋巴结转移率分别为17.3%、19.2%、7.6%、13.4%、25%和5.7%;转移度分别为15.2%、17.2%、6.1%、19.2%、24.2%和3.0%。早期食管癌和进展期食管癌淋巴结转移率分别为25%和52.1%,转移度分别为1.9%和7.1%,两者转移率和转移度之间差异均有统计学意义(χ2=2.178、1.083,P<0.05)。结论胸中段食管癌有广泛转移的倾向,颈深区及上纵隔区域是胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的重要区域。Ivor-Lewi术式更方便胸中段食管癌切除和现代二野淋巴结的清扫,并且以此为基础经右胸顶对颈深区淋巴结清扫也是安全可行的。     

472例胸段食管癌行颈、胸、腹三野淋巴结清扫术的临床研究

目的探讨胸上、中、下段食管癌在食管壁及淋巴系统内转移的规律。方法对472例胸段食管癌行全胸段食管切除加颈、胸、腹三野淋巴结清扫术。结果全组472例共清扫淋巴结10227枚，平均21．7枚／例，其中1028枚见淋巴结转移，全组27：3例有淋巴结转移，转移率57．8％。胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移方向主要向上纵隔和下颈部；中段食管癌颈、胸、腹均可发生淋巴结转移；胸下段食管癌主要向腹部转移；472例全胸段食管切除，两切端均未发现癌残留。结论胸中段食管癌应行全胸段食管切除加颈、胸、腹三野淋巴结清扫术；胸上段食管癌应行纵隔和下颈淋巴结清扫术；胸下段食管癌淋巴结清扫重点在胸腹部，下颈部清扫可酌情施行。     

食管鳞癌患者三野淋巴结清扫术与二野淋巴结清扫术临床效果的对比研究

目的对比分析及研究食管癌患者采用三野淋巴结清扫术与二野淋巴结清扫术治疗后的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2013年1月行手术治疗的食管鳞癌患者269例,分为二野清扫组(149例)及三野清扫组(120例)。其中男性患者148例,女性患者121例;胸上段癌58例,胸中段癌127例,胸下段癌84例。术后病理均为鳞癌。结果二野清扫组淋巴结切除组数:5¹2组,平均6.24组,转移淋巴结纽数:012组,平均6.24组,转移淋巴结纽数:0⁴组,平均1.15组。三野清扫组平均切除淋巴结纽数8.04组,明显高于二野清扫组6.24组(P=0.015),两组转移淋巴结组数有明显区别(P=0.028)。三野清扫组术后并发症发生率为59.2%(71/120),显著高于二野清扫组46.3%(69/149)(P=0.047),二野淋巴结清扫术组与三野淋巴结清扫术组的四年总生存率分别为48.1%和52.1%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论对于食管癌患者,三野淋巴结清扫术能减少肿瘤局部复发,提高术后病理分期的准确性,改善部分患者生存率,但三野淋巴结清扫术手术并发症发生率比二野淋巴结清扫术高。     

食管癌切除现代二野与传统二野淋巴结清扫手术的疗效对比研究

目的探讨食管癌切除现代二野与传统二野淋巴结清扫不同手术方法对手术疗效的影响和临床实际应用价值。方法 1987年6月～2010年12月本院采用现代二野淋巴结清扫(A组)共治疗胸部食管癌1770例,经左胸径路作传统二野淋巴结清扫(B组)共治疗胸部食管癌220例,对两组临床资料进行对比分析,总结胸腹二野淋巴结转移的发生率、手术切除率、术后并发症的发生率及死亡率,并对两组术后1、3、5年生存率进行随访。结果 A、B两组手术切除率分别为96.9%(1770/1826)和85.3%(220/258),两组在右气管旁三角、上纵隔、下纵隔及腹区的淋巴结转移率分别为20.5%和0;25.8%和4.1%;17.5%和19.1%;20.3%和19.5%。术后并发症发生率两组分别为18.5%(327/1770)和18.2%(40/220),其中肺部并发症均占第一位。手术死亡率分别为0.28%(5/1770)和0.45%(1/220);两组术后1、3、5年的生存率分别为:87.5%(1470/1680)、62.8%(942/1500)、54.2%(732/1350)和78.3%(155/198)、58.4%(90/154)、28.2%(31/110)。结论长期的研究结果表明食管癌切除采用Ivor-Lewis和Akiyama术式对胸腹二野均有良好的显露,淋巴结清扫彻底、方便,尤其对右侧后上纵隔沿喉返神经旁、右胸顶、气管旁三角淋巴结清扫便利。特别对有淋巴结转移的食管癌患者行现代二野淋巴结清扫十分必要,优于传统二野淋巴结清扫,能明显提高术后5年生存率。     

食管癌左胸入路与右胸入路淋巴结清扫彻底性的比较

目的探讨比较食管癌左胸入路与右胸入路淋巴结清扫彻底性。方法选取我院胸外科2012年1月至2017年2月收治的52例食管癌患者,将其随机分为左胸组和右胸组,各为26例,比较两组并发症发生概率、淋巴结清扫情况及生存情况。结果左胸组并发症发生率19.23%与右胸组26.92%比较差异明显,P<0.05;左胸组手术时间及出血量均少于右胸组,差异P<0.05;左胸组淋巴结清扫平均(11.5±4.2)枚显著少于右胸组(18.9±3.8)枚,差异明显,P<0.05。结论对于食管癌患者,左胸入路手术操作较简便,并发症少,右胸入路的方式虽然操作复杂,并发症多,但右胸入路对于气管旁、喉返神经旁、腹野的淋巴结清扫较左胸入路更彻底,可为患者延长生存期,值得临床推广。     

贲门癌淋巴结转移的特点及意义

目的探讨贲门癌肿瘤大小、分化程度、浸润深度与淋巴结转移的关系,以期为贲门癌的诊断和治疗提供帮助。方法对65例采用手术治疗的贲门癌患者淋巴结进行分组并行病理检查,依据转移淋巴结的分布特点,分析转移规律。结果 65例共清扫淋巴结866个,转移度28.1%,转移率72.3%。胸腔淋巴结转移率为18/65(27.7%),腹腔淋巴结转移率为46/65(70.8%)。肿瘤大小、浸润深度、分化程度均与淋巴结转移率相关。结论贲门癌有向胸、腹腔两野淋巴结转移的倾向,多数贲门癌的淋巴结遵循逐站转移、按贲门淋巴在腹腔、胸腔的引流规律转移。外科治疗应根据肿瘤大小选择,以经胸路径为主,腹部切口为辅,清扫胸、腹腔两野淋巴结。     

探讨妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴结的清除数目与转移关系

目的探讨妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴结清除数目与转移关系。方法抽取2015年8月至2016年8月我院接受妇科恶性肿瘤疾病治疗的195例患者,其中子宫内膜癌57例,宫颈癌60例,卵巢癌78例,回顾性分析其临床、病理资料,分析淋巴结清除数目与转移关系。结果患者共清扫淋巴结6069枚,阳性转移率为3.91%;142例患者的淋巴结清扫数目≥22枚,53例患者的淋巴结清扫数目<22枚;淋巴结清除数目≥22枚患者的淋巴结阳性转移率为4.25%,高于淋巴结清除数目<22枚的患者(P <0.05)。结论妇科恶性肿瘤疾病的治疗中淋巴结清除数目对于疾病的预后具有重要的影响,临床上腹膜后淋巴结清扫数目应以≥22枚/例为宜。     

食管癌淋巴结转移的螺旋CT术前评估价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT在诊断食管癌淋巴结转移的临床价值.方法 选择60例经手术、病理证实的食管癌患者的资料进行回顾性分析,以病理结果为标准,进行螺旋CT诊断的淋巴结转移与病理结果对比分析.结果 60 例食道癌患者胸上段 14 例,胸中段 32 例,胸下段(包括腹段)14 例;鳞癌 56 例,腺癌 2 例,腺鳞癌 1 例,小细胞癌1例.术中共廓清淋巴结571枚,转移115枚,其中<8 mm 3 枚,8~10 mm 11枚,10~20 mm 79 枚,≥ 20 m 22枚.胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移有 23 枚,胸中段食管癌淋巴结转移有 65 枚,胸下段食管癌淋巴结有 27 枚.螺旋CT共诊断117枚淋巴结为阳性,正确诊断102枚,误诊15枚(4例8~10 mm,11例 10~20 mm(炎性肿大)),漏诊13例(3例小于8 mm,9例8~10 mm,1例10 mm).以转移淋巴结为研究对象,MSCT 诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性88.7%、特异性96.7%、准确性95.1%、阳性预测值87.2%、阴性预测值97.1%、漏诊率11.3%、误诊率3.3%.结论 食管癌术前螺旋CT扫描对其淋巴结转移的诊断准确性、特异性高,为临床术前选择治疗方案提供客观依据.     

食管癌不同入路开胸手术选择及对淋巴结清扫效果分析

目的 探讨食管癌不同入路开胸手术的选择及对淋巴结清扫效果.方法 选取本院2013年2月至2015年2月收治的78例食管癌患者为研究对象,采用随机数表法将患者分为观察组与对照组,每组39例.观察组采用右胸前外侧腹正中入路二切口术式,对照组采用左胸后外侧入路,对两组手术一般指标、术中淋巴结清扫效果及术后并发症发生情况进行比较.结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间分别为(197.66±38.72) min、(226.43±19.77) ml、(14.76±2.36)d,与对照组比较显著较高(P＜0.05);观察组术中清扫淋巴结数及病检发现转移性淋巴结数分别为(19.34±3.57)枚、(16.67±2.24)枚,与对照组比较均显著较高(P＜0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率为25.64％,与对照组(7.69％)比较显著较高(P＜0.05).结论 右胸前外侧腹正中入路食管癌根治术对淋巴结清扫效果更好,但与左胸入路相比,手术创口较大,术中出血量多,并且术后并发症较多.     

乳腺癌乳房内淋巴结转移规律和检测的初步探讨

目的探讨乳腺癌乳房内淋巴结(IMN)转移规律和有效检测方法。方法对肿瘤位于乳房内侧和中央的25例乳腺癌病人,15例行保留胸大小肌的改良扩大根治术,10例行扩大根治术,清除乳房内淋巴链,常规病理检查,分析乳房内淋巴结检出率、转移率、转移度。结果IMN检出率92%(23/25),转移率44%(11/25),转移度37.1%(23/62)。IMN和腋窝淋巴结均有或均无转移者各10例,IMN阴性、腋窝阳性者4例,IMN阳性、腋窝阴性者1例。临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期IMN转移率分别为25%、30.8%、75.0%。全组病人均无因IMN清扫导致的并发症。结论扩大或改良扩大根治术IMN的检出率高,不需要特殊仪器设备,无额外并发症,在大多数医院现有的条件下,可对IMN的情况准确判断,校正临床分期,指导综合治疗。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.