快速康复临床护理路径在输尿管结石钬激光碎石手术围手术期的构建和应用

目的：以快速康复理念为基础制定适用于输尿管镜手术的临床护理路径措施,并通过实施个性化护理方案来保障患者术后的康复质量,促进患者身心健康双重快速康复,使患者住院时间缩短,降低住院成本,提高护理质量及患者的住院满意度;方法：收集2020年1～7月在我院行输尿管结石钬激光碎石术患者作为对照组,收集2021年1～7月在我院行输尿管结石钬激光碎石术的患者作为快速康复组,对照组患者围手术期采用传统常规护理方法,快速康复组患者给予快速康复临床护理路径护理干预。比较两组术后康复指标、健康教育知晓率、患者满意度、住院天数、住院费用。结果：快速康复组患者下床活动时间、首次进食时间,拔除尿管的时间早于对照组（P<0.05）;快速康复组住院费用少于对照组,住院时间短于对照组（P<0.05）;快速康复组健康教育知晓率、护理满意度高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：对输尿管结石围手术期患者采用快速康复临床护理路径实施护理,能促进科室单病种护理质量管理,能有效缩短患者的住院天数,减少围术期并发症发生率,促进患者术后恢复,提高患者满意度,快速康复临床护理路径方法优于传统护理方法。     

加速康复外科理念在膝关节置换术围术期应用

目的评价加速康复(ERAS)外科理念在膝关节置换术围术期的应用疗效。方法收集2015年1月至2016年1月收治的因膝关节骨性关节炎行膝关节置换术的82例患者,随机分为ERAS组(n=40)和常规组(n=42),比较两组围手术期疗效。结果患者82例随访1个月。所有患者切口均一期愈合,术后12 d拆线。ERAS组术中出血量、输血量均明显少于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ERAS组术后住院(8.0±3.4)d,明显低于常规组的(11.5±3.6)d,两组平均住院日比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均未发生切口并发症。两组深静脉血栓、泌尿系统感染并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较术后12 d和术后1个月的膝关节KSS评分,ERAS组膝关节KSS评分优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ERAS外科理论在膝关节置换围术期的应用能明显缩短术后住院时间和住院费用,可以促进患者膝关节功能的康复,值得推广和应用。     

结直肠癌同时肝转移运用快速康复理念同期切除的效果

目的 结直肠癌同时肝转移患者行同期切除围术期采用快速康复理念的临床效果.方法将 2010-01至2016-12北京大学肿瘤医院共76例同期行原发灶切除与肝切除患者随机分为快速康复外科(Enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)组和传统康复组,每组38例,分别实施快速康复理念及常规康复理念.观察两组间首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、住院时间、并发症发生率及再次入院率之间的差异.结果 术后首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间及住院时间,ERAS组分别为(3.12±1.03)d、(5.63±1.37)d、(9.20±1.36)d,传统康复组分别为(4.67±1.57)d、(7.87±1.62)d、(11.36±1.74)d,ERAS组各项天数短于传统康复组,差异有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05);而并发症总发病率、再次入院率,ERAS组分别为4(10.5％)、3(7.9％),传统康复组分别为3(7.9％)、2(5.3％),两组比较无明显增加(P＞0.05).结论 快速康复理念应用于结直肠癌同时性肝转移同期切除围手术期康复具有良好的临床效果,值得推广应用.     

快速康复外科理念于军事训练伤致急性髌骨脱位围术期中应用价值

目的探讨快速康复外科(ERAS)理念于军事训练伤致急性髌骨脱位围术期中的应用价值。方法选取北部战区总医院自2013年1月至2018年12月收治的54例急性髌骨脱位官兵为研究对象。根据不同的干预措施将其分为传统康复组(n=26)与快速康复组(n=28)。比较两组官兵术后1、24、48、72 h的疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分,术后1、3、6个月的膝关节功能(Lysholm)评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分。分析并比较两组官兵术后并发症发生情况、住院时间、下地时间及术中出血量。结果快速康复组官兵术后1、24、48、72 h的VAS评分均明显低于传统康复组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);快速康复组术后1、3、6个月的Lysholm评分及术后1、3、6个月的IKDC评分均明显优于传统康复组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);快速康复组下地时间、出血量及住院时间均明显优于传统康复组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论军事训练伤致急性髌骨脱位术围术期中采用ERAS理念临床效果显著,可明显减轻疼痛,改善预后。     

加速康复外科理念在军事训练伤致前交叉韧带断裂围术期临床应用

目的探讨在军事训练伤致前交叉韧带断裂围术期应用加速康复(ERAS)外科理念的临床效果。方法选取58例军事训练伤致前交叉韧带断裂需行韧带重建患者,按围术期处理方法的不同分为加速康复组和传统康复组,每组29例。比较两组患者术后不同时间疼痛的程度、并发症、活动量、膝关节Lysholm评分、膝关节活动度恢复时间及住院时间的差异。结果加速康复组术后1、24、48 h和3~7 d的疼痛视觉模拟评分分别为(1.65±0.94)分、(2.41±1.45)分、(2.09±0.80)分、(1.35±0.73)分,明显低于传统康复组的(6.83±1.02)分、(6.87±1.95)分、(6.39±0.70)分、(5.69±0.63)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与传统康复组相比,加速康复组术后并发症发生率降低、活动量增加、膝关节Lysholm评分增高、膝关节活动度恢复时间及住院时间明显缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ERAS理念在军事训练伤致前交叉韧带断裂围术期中的应用是安全可行的,可以有效地减少并发症的发生、提高患者的术后生存质量、促进膝关节功能恢复、缩短住院时间。     

全膝关节置换术后早期康复对膝关节功能和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的:探讨全膝关节置换术(Total Knee Arthroplasty,TKA)后早期康复对患者功能改善的效果.方法:单侧全膝关节置换术患者60例,随机分为康复治疗组30例和对照组30例,康复治疗组按我科制定的康复训练程序进行早期康复治疗,对照组采用常规CPM机进行持续被动运动,在入院后和出院前分别对两组患者的患膝进行主动关节活动度(AROM),WOMAC量表以及FIM量表的评定,对结果进行比较.结果:出院时两组患者膝关节活动度、WOMAC及FIM评分均比入院时有明显改善(P<0.01),其中康复治疗组AROM显著高于对照组(P<0.01),康复治疗组WOMAC量表每项积分均低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01),康复治疗组的FIM评估在生活自理、转移、行进三项内容积分高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:全膝关节置换术后早期康复能明显改善患者膝关节功能水平,对生活自理、转移、行进三方面能力亦有改善和提高.     

快速康复理念在手辅助腹腔镜Dixon术围手术期的护理体会

目的探讨快速康复外科护理措施在手辅助腹腔镜Dixon术围手术期的有效护理方法。方法 77例行手辅助腹腔镜Dixon术进行随机分为两组,快速康复护理组37例按快速康复外科理念护理患者;传统护理组40例按传统理念护理患者,对两组的临床护理效果进行比较分析。结果快速康复护理组术后离床活动时间、肛门排气时间、住院时间方面明显缩短并发症发生率下降。结论快速康复外科护理措施应用于直肠癌患者的围术期能明显减轻患者痛苦、减少并发症的发生、促进患者术后康复。     

COX-2抑制剂与全膝关节置换术围术期镇痛

全膝关节置换术后疼痛影响术后功能锻炼和患者康复,围术期镇痛是手术成功的关键因素。选择性环氧化酶2(COX-2)抑制剂是新型非甾体类抗炎药的一个分类,用于全膝关节置换围术期镇痛治疗可获得显著疗效。大量临床试验已经证实,在全膝关节置换术围术期使用选择性COX-2抑制剂镇痛消炎安全有效,能够减少术后阿片类药物使用量,减少阿片类药物相关副作用,提高患者镇痛满意度,有利于TKA患者术后功能锻炼及康复。另外,选择性COX-2抑制剂并不增加TKA术后出血风险。     

COX－2抑制剂与全膝关节置换术囤术期镇痛

全膝关节置换术后疼痛影响术后功能锻炼和患者康复,围术期镇痛是手术成功的关键因素。选择性环氧化酶2（COX-2）抑制剂是瓤型非甾体类抗炎药的一个分类,用于全膝关节置换围术期镇痛治疗可获得显著疗效。大量临床试验已经证实,在全膝关节置换术围术期使用选择性COX-2抑制剂镇痛消炎安全有效,能够减少术后阿片类药物使用量,减少阿片类药物相关副作用,提高患者镇痛满意度,有利于TKA患者术后功能锻炼及康复。另外,选择性COX-2抑制剂并不增加TKA术后出血风险。     

本体感觉强化训练对全膝关节置换术后膝关节功能的影响

目的:探讨本体感觉强化训练对全膝关节置换术后患者膝关节功能的影响。方法:120名全膝关节置换术后患者随机分为治疗组(60例)和对照组(60例),两组均给予膝关节置换术后常规康复锻炼,治疗组在此基础上增加本体感觉强化训练。分别于手术前、手术后3个月、6个月、12个月采用膝关节功能评分(HSS)评价临床疗效。结果:术前2组患者膝关节HSS评分组间无差异(P>0.05),术后3个月时2组患者膝关节HSS评分稍改善,两组间部分评分指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后6个月时2组患者膝关节HSS评分明显改善,部分评分指标组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后12个月时2组患者膝关节HSS评分显著改善,全部评分指标组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:全膝关节置换术后早期给予常规康复治疗的基础上辅助本体感觉强化训练,能进一步加速患者膝关节的功能恢复。     

Accuracy of side-cutting implantation instruments for total knee arthroplasty

A new generation of implantation instruments were developed for quadriceps sparing surgical approaches during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). There is little information on the accuracy of the bone cuts performed with the side-cutting technique. A total of 100 patients were randomized to undergo computer-assisted TKA or non-navigated TKA using a mini-subvastus surgical approach and side-cutting implant instrumentation. The radiographic parameters, clinical outcomes and knee scores were evaluated 3 months postoperative. The mechanical axis of the limb was within 3° varus/valgus in 76% of the patients who had navigated procedures versus 66% of patients who had conventional surgery. The tibial slope showed a rate of inaccuracy of 3° or less for 78% of the patients in the navigated total knee arthroplasty group versus 66% of the patients in the conventional group. Clinical outcomes and knee scores were similar in both groups. The navigation technique could not compensate for shortcomings of the implantation instruments.     

Benefits of early ambulation within 24 h after total knee arthroplasty:a multicenter retrospective cohort study in China

Background:Postoperative care has been evolving since the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) was introduced in China.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early ambulation within 24h after unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on postoperative rehabilitation and costs in a Chinese population.Methods:This cohort study of patients with knee osteoarthritis who had undergone TKA at 24 large teaching hospitals between January 2014 and November 2016 involved 2687 patients who began ambulating within 24h (Group A) and 3761 patients who began ambulating later than 24h (Group B).The outcome measurements,such as length of stay (LOS),total hospitalization costs,dynamic pain level,knee flexion range of motion (ROM),results of the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12),incidence of thromboembolic events and other complications,were recorded and compared.Results:The early ambulation group (Group A) had a shorter LOS and lower hospitalization costs and pain levels than the late ambulation group (Group B).There was a favorable effect in enhancing ROM for patients in Group A compared with patients in Group B.In Group A,patients had significantly higher postoperative SF-12 scores than those in Group B.The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary infection was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B.The incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and other complications did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions:Early ambulation within 24h after TKA was associated with reduced LOS,improved knee function,lower hospitalization costs and lower incidence of DVT and pulmonary infection in the Chinese population.     

全膝关节置换术后应用局部间断冰敷治疗效果分析

目的探讨全膝关节置换术后应用局部间断冰敷治疗的临床效果。方法选取2012年11月至2016年11月行全膝关节置换术的患者51例(51膝),其中,术后应用局部间断冰敷治疗(冰敷组)29例,常规治疗(常规组)22例。观察并比较两组患者术后第1、2、3天的膝关节术前术后髌骨中点周径差、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及总引流量。结果术后第2、3天冰敷组膝关节术前术后髌骨中点周径差明显小于常规组(P<0.05),术后第1、2、3天冰敷组VAS明显低于常规组(P<0.05),术后冰敷组总引流量明显少于常规组(P<0.05)。结论全膝关节置换术后应用局部间断冰敷治疗可明显促进患肢局部消肿,缓解术区疼痛,减少术后出血。     

氨甲环酸局部与静脉应用对老年全膝关节置换术患者失血量及输血量影响比较

目的观察和比较局部与静脉应用氨甲环酸对老年全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)失血量及输血量的影响。方法选择2015年3月～2016年2月霸州市第二医院骨科行初次单侧TKA的120例老年患者,其中男性53例,女性67例;年龄60～83岁,平均68.17岁。随机数字表法分为局部应用组与静脉应用组,每组60例。局部应用组于关节腔关闭后在关节腔内注射氨甲环酸0.5g;静脉应用组在止血带加压前15min静脉内注射氨甲环酸10mg/kg。观察和记录术前及术后1、3、5d血红蛋白(Hb)水平以及术前和术后6h纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)及D-二聚体(DD)水平。比较两组术中失血量、术后12h引流量、总引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量和平均输血量。结果两组术前Hb水平无明显差异(P0.05),术后1、3、5d局部应用组Hb水平均明显高于静脉应用组(P0.05);两组术前和术后6h FIB、PT、APTT比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组术后6h D-D水平高于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);局部应用组术后12h引流量、术后总引流量、总失血量及平均输血量少于静脉应用组,差异比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论局部应用氨甲环酸较静脉应用能更有效地降低老年TKA患者的术后失血量及输血量,有利于患者的临床康复。     

计算机导航下解剖标志异常的膝关节置换术

目的 探讨在计算机导航下骨解剖异常的全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)的疗效及其优越性.方法 2007年12月-2008年10月共对5例骨解剖异常的膝关节行TKA(导航组),手术均在计算机导航辅助下进行.随机选取既往未使用计算机导航的5例行TKA患者作为非导航组,均具有正常解剖标志.术后3 d常规摄正、侧位X线片,分别测量α、β、γδ角及关节活动度.结果 术中、术后未发生因导航而出现的并发症.两组α、β、γ及δ角虽然差异无统计学意义,但导航组的极值范围很小,其取得极值的可能性远远小于非导航组.术后导航组膝关节活动范围平均为112.67°,非导航组为106.98°,但两组术前活动范围[导航组(70.87±10.78)°,非导航组(105.08±30.67)°]比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 计算机导航下TRA的近期疗效与机械定位相比无明显优势,但在力线上均明显较机械定位精确.计算机导航下TKA特别对于解剖异常的膝关节,可降低手术难度,提高手术精度.     

Better quadriceps recovery after minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty

Purpose

The proponents of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have reported better functional recovery than conventional TKA. In most of the previous studies, the results were shown with the relatively subjective methods. We investigated the objective results with a dynamometry in this prospective randomized study. It was hypothesized that minimally invasive TKA would have a better and earlier recovery of quadriceps force in terms of the objective numeric data.

Methods

Sixty-six TKAs were prospectively randomized into two groups. Thirty-three knees underwent minimally invasive TKA using mini-midvastus approach and 33 knees underwent conventional TKA using medial parapatellar approach. The quadriceps force was assessed using a dynamometer. The data were collected preoperatively and at postoperative 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year consecutively.

Results

The mean of quadriceps force in minimally invasive TKA group at postoperative 6 weeks was greater than conventional TKA after removing the covariate (preoperative quadriceps force) with analysis of covariance (P = 0.002), but thereafter, the difference was not significant till 1 year. Meanwhile, with repeated measures analysis of variance, conventional TKA group had greater quadriceps recovery than minimally invasive TKA group during postoperative 6 weeks to 3 months (P = 0.035). The proportion of patients unable to recover the quadriceps force to their preoperative levels by 1 year postoperatively was similar in two groups.

Conclusion

Minimally invasive TKA has benefit in quadriceps recovery at earlier rehabilitation period although catch-up recovery in conventional TKA was accelerated from the postoperative 6 weeks to 3 months. It may support the concept of early return to full activity after minimally invasive TKA, and patients might get back early to normal life.

Level of evidence

Therapeutic study, Level I.     

Revision total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of postoperative leg alignment after computer-assisted implantation versus the conventional technique

Accurate reconstruction of leg alignment is one important factor for long-term survival in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Recent developments in computer-assisted surgery focused on systems improving TKA. The aim of the study is to compare the results of computer-assisted revision TKA with the conventional technique. We hypothize that a significantly better leg alignment and component orientation is achieved when using a navigation system for revision TKA. In a prospective study, two groups of 25 revision TKAs each were operated on using either a CT-free navigation system or the classical surgeon-controlled technique. The postoperative leg alignment was analysed on long-leg coronal and lateral X-rays. The mechanical limb axis was significantly better in the navigation-based group. Twenty-three patients (92%) in the computer-assisted group had a postoperative leg axis between 3° varus/valgus deviation, while 19 patients (76%) in the conventional group had a comparable result (p<0.05). Further, significant differences were seen for the coronal orientation of the femoral component. Computer-assisted revision TKA leads to a superior restoration of leg alignment compared with the conventional technique. Particularly the real-time presentation of the actual leg axis and the flexion and extension gaps is useful in revision TKA. Potential benefits in long-term outcome and functional improvement require additional investigation.     

Is previous knee arthroscopy related to worse results in primary total knee arthroplasty?

According to literature, knee arthroscopy is a minimal invasive surgery performed for minor surgical trauma, reduced morbidity and shortens the hospitalization period. Therefore, this type of surgery before total knee arthroplasty (TKA) could be considered a minor procedure with minimum postoperative complication. A retrospective and cohort series of 1,474 primary TKA was performed with re-assessment after a minimum follow-up period of 2 years: 1,119 primary TKA had no previous surgery (group A) and 60 primary TKA had arthroscopic debridement (group B). All the patients underwent a clinical and radiological evaluation as well as IKS scores. Statistical analysis of postoperative complications revealed that group B had a higher postoperative complication rate (P < 0.01). In this group, 30% of local complications were re-operated and 8.3% of these cases underwent revision TKA (P < 0.01). The mean interval between arthroscopy and primary TKA was 53 months. However, statistical analysis did not reveal a direct correlation between arthroscopy/primary TKA interval and postoperative complications/failures (P = 0.55). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed a survival rate of 98.1 and 86.8% at 10 years follow-up for groups A and B, respectively. Our data allow us to conclude that previous knee arthroscopy should be considered a factor related to postoperative primary TKA outcomes as demonstrated by the higher rate of postoperative complications and failures (P < 0.001) as well as a worse survival curve than group A.     

全膝关节表面置换术后负压引流应用的对比研究

目的探讨全膝关节表面置换术后两种负压引流装置的应用效果。方法2001年10月—2005年7月抽取40例全膝关节表面置换术后患者随机分为高负压引流组和低负压对照组(每组20例),进行前瞻性研究。高负压引流组采用自制的高负压引流瓶引流,对照组采用普通负压吸引球引流。观察内容包括引流效率、术后早期体温变化以及愈合情况。结果高负压引流组虽然术后12h内引流量明显高于对照组(P<0.001),但总引流量却明显低于对照组(P<0.001),持续引流时间也明显缩短(P<0.01);术后早期平均体温亦明显低于对照组(P<0.01);对照组3例发生创口延迟愈合,而高负压引流组则无一例发生。结论自制的高负压引流瓶对全膝关节表面置换术后引流效果明显,可减少术后发热的发生,利于伤口的愈合,便于术后早期的功能锻炼。     

TKA outcomes after prior bone and soft tissue knee surgery

Purpose

Bone surgery around the knee joint could represent a more traumatic prior surgical procedure compared to soft tissue knee surgery and may predispose to differing postoperative total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyse the postoperative results as well as complications and failures in two groups of patients that had undergone knee surgery prior to primary TKA (bone surgery and soft tissue surgery) when compared to the no prior surgery group.

Methods

A retrospective and cohort series of 1,474 primary TKA were evaluated at minimum follow-up period of 2 years: 1,119 primary TKA underwent no prior surgery (1,119 patients) (group A), 85 primary TKA (85 patients) (group B) had prior bone procedure [high tibial osteotomy (n = 64), tibial plateau fracture (n = 10) and patellar realignment (n = 11)], and third group of 146 primary TKA (146 patients) (group C) had undergone a soft tissue procedure [arthroscopy (n = 60) and menisectomy (n = 86)] before primary TKA. All the patients underwent a clinical and radiological evaluation as well as International Knee Society (IKS) scores.

Results

Preoperatively, group B had 40 % of cases classified as stage IV knee arthritis (p < 0.02); while 57 % of cases in group A showed higher levels of knee malalignment (p = 0.001) and group C had lower BMI (p = 0.001). Intraoperative complications revealed no difference. Although group B had the poorest postoperative mean values of knee flexion, TKA procedure improved the preoperative mean values of knee flexion in all the study groups. The postoperative complications were more prevalent in group C (p < 0.001), while the percentage of revision TKA was similar for all study groups (p = 0.5). At 120-month follow-up, the Kaplan–Meier survival curve rates showed no difference (p = 0.29).

Conclusion

This study confirms that prior knee surgery could be considered a clinical condition predisposed to higher postoperative complication rate in primary TKA compared to the no prior surgery group. After analysing the three study groups, group C showed a higher rate of postoperative local complications and lower IKS knee scores, while the group B showed the poorest postoperative mean values of knee flexion as well as the need for extended surgical approach (TTO approach) was more prevalent in this study group. However, statistical analysis did not reveal a direct correlation between the type of prior knee surgery and TKA failures.

Level of evidence

IV.