视可尼喉镜在快诱导下静脉全麻气管插管应用中的临床观察

目的 观察视可尼喉镜在快诱导下静脉全麻气管插管的成功率及安全性.方法 100例ASAI～Ⅱ级择期手术患者,在快速静脉全麻诱导后采用视可尼喉镜引导经口腔插管,测量麻醉诱导前(T1)、麻醉诱导后(T2)、气管插管开始时(T3)及气管插管后(T4)以及气管插管后5 min(T5)的HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2,并记录插管操作时间(T3-T4)、次数和并发症.结果 视可尼喉镜引导气管插管的成功率为98%.结论 在快诱导下静脉全麻视可尼喉镜引导经口气管插管,插管迅速,成功率高,对循环功能影响较小,值得推广.     

国产明视插管软镜在经口气管插管中的应用

目的 评价国产明视插管软镜用于经口气管插管的临床效果。方法 择期经口气管插管全身麻醉手术患者120例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄19～73岁,体质量指数17～35 kg·m-2,Mallampati气道分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ级。静脉麻醉诱导后,使用国产明视插管软镜行经口气管插管。记录声门显露时间、气管插管时间(入镜开始至退镜结束)和气管插管次数。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、声门暴露时(T2)、插管后即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)和插管后3 min(T5)时的的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO₂),术后随访气管插管相关并发症。结果 120例患者均以明视插管软镜顺利完成气管插管,插管过程中HR无明显变化,SpO₂维持在96%～100%。与T0比较,T1时患者MAP明显下降(P<0.05);与T1比较,T3～T4时MAP明显升高(均P<0.05)。声门显露时间为(16±8)s,气管插管时间为(22±11)s。气管插管一次成功108例(占90.0％),二次成功9例(占7.5％),三次成功3例(占2.5％)。术后随访无气管插管相关并发症。结论 国产明视插管软镜用于经口气管插管操作简便,气管插管成功率高,损伤小,患者生命体征平稳,值得临床推广应用。     

地佐辛复合右美托咪定在清醒患者纤维支气管镜气管插管术中的应用

目的 探讨地佐辛复合右美托咪定在重症医学科清醒患者纤维支气管镜气管插管术中的镇痛镇静效果及安全性.方法 将本科2015年1月至2016年12月180例需行气管插管机械通气的清醒患者采用随机数字表法分为A、B、C三组,各60例.A组静脉泵注咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg;B组静脉泵注地佐辛0.1 mg/kg+咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg;C组静脉泵注地佐辛0.1 mg/kg+右美托咪定1μg/kg.观察并比较插管前(T1)、插管时(T2)、插管后10 min(T3)患者心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、指端血氧饱和度(SpO2)以及插管过程中患者躁动情况(MAAS评分)、气管插管后10 min患者的镇静效果(Ramsay评分)、转入时疾病严重程度评分(APACHEⅡ评分).结果 3组T3时间点HR均较T1时间点显著下降[A组:(99.0±5.2)次/min比(101.2±7.6)次/min,P＜0.05;B组:(97.3±6.1)次/min比(103.0±9.5)次/min,P＜0.05;C组:(94.4±7.2)次/min比(100.0±8.8)次/min,P＜0.05].3组RR在T2时间点均较同组T1时间点显著下降[A组:(27.1±2.6)次/min比(28.5±3.6)次/min,P＜0.05;B组:(26.3±2.8)次/min比(28.1±3.3)次/min,P＜0.05;C组:(25.1±3.5)次/min比(27.6±3.1)次/min,P＜0.05].B组T3时间点MAP较同组T1、T2时间点下降[(71.2±8.8) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)比(74.3±8.0) mmHg,P＜0.05;(71.2±8.8) mmHg比(74.3±8.8) mmHg,P＜0.05].C组T2时间点MAP较同组T1、T3时间点下降[(68.4±8.1) mmHg比(73.2±6.3),P＜0.05;(68.4±8.1) mmHg比(72.8±7.6) mmHg,P＜0.05].T1时间点,3组HR、RR、MAP差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).T2时间点,C组MAP较A、B两组显著下降[(68.4±8.1)mmHg比(73.6±8.6),P＜0.05;(68.4±8.1) mmHg比(74.3±8.8) mmHg,P＜0.05].T3时间点,C组HR较A、B两组显著下降[(94.4±7.2)次/min比(99.0±5.2)次/min,P＜0.05;(94.4±7.2)次/min比(97.3±6.1)次/min,P＜0.05].插管过程中B、C两组MAAS评分均显著低于A组[(3.2±1.0)比(3.9±1.0),P＜ 0.05;(3.0±1.0)比(3.9±1.0),P＜0.05],但B、C组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).气管插管后10 min,A组Ramsay评分显著低于B、C两组[(2.4±0.9)比(2.7±0.9),P＜0.05;(2.4±0.9)比(2.8±0.9),P＜0.05],但B、C两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论地佐辛复合咪达唑仑或右美托咪定较单纯使用咪达唑仑可显著改善清醒患者气管插管的耐受性并提高镇静效果;地佐辛复合右美托咪定用于清醒患者气管插管镇痛镇静效果确切.     

光棒与直接喉镜在产科全麻气管插管麻醉中的应用比较

目的比较光棒和普通喉镜在产科患者全麻气管插管中的应用效果。方法择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ,需行全麻气管插管的产妇60例,随机分为光棒组(a组)和普通喉镜组(b组)各30例。光棒组采用光棒引导气管插管,喉镜组采用普通喉镜下直视气管插管。观察并记录在相同快速全麻诱导下两组产妇一次插管成功率、插管时间、以及麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管即刻(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)的SBP、DBP、Sp O2和HR。观察插管后有无口腔、咽喉黏膜、牙齿及牙龈的损伤等并发症的发生,术后24 h内随访有无咽喉疼痛和声音嘶哑的发生。结果一次插管成功率及插管时间a组与b组有明显差异,(P<0.05)。a组T1、T2、T3时间点的SBP、DBP和HR变化值较麻醉前T0无明显差异(P>0.05),而b组T2、T3时间点的SBP、DBP和HR变化值较麻醉前T0升高明显,具有显著差异(P<0.05)。术后插管相关并发症a组明显低于b组(P<0.05)。结论光棒引导气管插管在产科全麻孕妇气管插管中简便、易行、成功率高,并发症少,较普通喉镜插管有明显优势。     

右美托咪啶联合舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管前后血流动力学的影响

目的观察右美托咪啶联合舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管前后血流动力学的影响。方法选取2013年1月~2014年1月进行择期手术的老年患者60例,根据数字随机表法分为试验组(30例)和对照组(30例)。试验组在全麻诱导前10min,静脉输注右美托咪啶0.6μg·kg-1,对照组则静脉输注等体积的生理盐水。2组均应用丙泊酚、舒芬太尼、罗库溴铵进行全麻诱导。记录2组患者在诱导前后、气管插管前后的血流动力学变化。结果诱导麻醉后,2组患者的心率均减慢,试验组尤为显著(P<0.05);插管即刻至插管成功后的5min,试验组心率与诱导前比,显著降低(P<0.05);对照组与诱导前相比,心率在插管成功后1min显著升高,在插管即刻、插管成功后3与5min维持诱导前水平;对照组心率增快强于试验组(P<0.05)。与诱导前比较,2组患者诱导后插管前的血压下降,插管即刻2组患者血压显著升高,尤以对照组显著(P<0.05);插管成功后的1~5min试验组血压水平与诱导前相差不大,但对照组血压水平显著高于诱导前,2组差异显著(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪啶联合舒芬太尼在老年人气管插管前后,可显著减少气管插管时的心血管反应、降低心肌耗氧,更好地维持血流动力学稳定。     

布比卡因对维吾尔族手术患者心肌酶谱的影响

目的观察全麻硬膜外布比卡因复合麻醉对维吾尔族上腹部手术患者心肌酶谱的影响。方法随机将择期行上腹部手术维吾尔族患者30例分为两组(每组15例),均先行T8～9或T9～10间隙硬膜外穿刺并置管,成功后用芬太尼2μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg、咪唑安定0.15mg/kg、异丙酚2mg/kg诱导行气管插管,用异氟醚吸入和异丙酚3mg·kg-1·h-1恒速输注维持麻醉。A组手术切皮前由硬膜外导管分次注入0.5%布比卡因1.8mg/kg,用量(17.0±3.2)ml[(82.5±12.6)mg];B组注入1.6%利多卡因、0.16%丁卡因合剂(16.0±4.6)ml。分别监测术前(T0)、全麻诱导后(T1)、插管后5min(T2)及术毕(T3)的血流动力学和心肌酶谱的变化。结果两组谷草转氨酶(GOT)和肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)在术毕较对照值明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);A组乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)在插管后5min及术毕较B组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),其余指标均在正常范围。结论全麻复合硬膜外布比卡因阻滞麻醉对行上腹部手术的维吾尔族患者的心肌酶无明显影响。     

Glide Scope视频喉镜在全麻气管插管中的应用

目的观察Glide Scope视频喉镜在全麻气管插管中应用的可行性。方法 60例择期手术准备行全麻气管插管患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为G组和P组,每组30例,术前处理和麻醉诱导相同。G组采用Glide Scope视频喉镜进行气管插管,P组采用普通直接喉镜进行气管插管。观察两组患者声门显露程度、插管次数、插管时间及手术前(T1)、诱导后(T2)、插管后1min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和插管操作引起的相关并发症。结果声门显露:G组30例均为1级。P组1级17例,2级7例,3级6例,两者相比差异有显著性(P0.05)。插管时间:G组为(30±13)s,P组为(26±19)s,两组相比差异无显著性。血流动力学的变化两组无差异,但在T3时P组HR上升与术前(T1)相差异有显著性(P0.05)。插管引起的相关并发症两组无差异。结论应用Glide Scope视频喉镜气管插管操作简单便捷,声门显露容易清晰,对咽喉部的刺激小,值得在临床推广应用。     

丁卡因预防气管插管应激反应的效果观察

目的探讨丁卡因对全麻气管插管应激反应的预防效果。方法将80例择期全麻手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组于气管插管前2min采用1%的丁卡因行会厌、声门及气管内表面麻醉,对照组则直接行气管插管,比较两组患者在诱导前、插管时、插管后1min及5min的血流动力学变化情况。结果观察组插管前后的血流动力学指标比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),对照组插管后的血流动力学指标与插管前比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),与观察组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),见表1。观察组的RS评分为(1.3±1.1)对照组的RS评分为(3.8±1.2),两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论丁卡因能有效预防全麻气管插管所导致的应激反应,值得临床推广。     

Trachlight光索在老年人经口气管插管中的应用

目的:比较Trachlight光索与直接喉镜在老年人气管插管中对心血管反应的影响.方法:将40例全麻下择期手术患者随机分为Trachlight光索观察组和直接喉镜对照组.观察2组患者麻醉诱导前(To )、诱导后(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(Ts)、气管插管后5 min (T4)的BP,HR及牙齿...     

经视频喉镜左侧行气管导管置入的应用

目的 探讨视频喉镜行左侧气管导管置入的应用效果.方法 择期全麻手术气道正常患者40例随机均分成两组.麻醉诱导后,分别将气管导管从视频喉镜左侧(左侧组)或右侧(右侧组)置入气管,记录插管时间、声门暴露程度、插管一次成功率及不良事件,并记录气管插管前(T1)、气管插管完成即刻(T2)、气管插管后4 min(T3)的BP、HR变化.结果 左侧组插管时间与右侧组相仿[(62.6±12.7)s vs.(61.2±10.7) s](P＞0.05),两组声门暴露程度、插管一次成功率、血流动力学变化均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).两组均无不良事件发生.结论 视频喉镜左侧气管导管置入对于正常气道患者具有可行性.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.